Extending Brain-Training to the Affective Domain: Increasing Cognitive and Affective Executive Control through Emotional Working Memory Training
Open accessAbstract
So-called 'brain-training' programs are a huge commercial success. However, empirical evidence regarding their effectiveness and generalizability remains equivocal. This study investigated whether brain-training (working memory [WM] training) improves cognitive functions beyond the training task (transfer effects), especially regarding the control of emotional material since it constitutes much of the information we process daily. Forty-five participants received WM training using either emotional or neutral material, or an undemanding control task. WM training, regardless of training material, led to transfer gains on another WM task and in fluid intelligence. However, only brain-training with emotional material yielded transferable gains to improved control over affective information on an emotional Stroop task. The data support the reality of transferable benefits of demanding WM training and suggest that transferable gains across to affective contexts require training with material congruent to those contexts. These findings constitute preliminary evidence that intensive cognitively demanding brain-training can improve not only our abstract problem-solving capacity, but also ameliorate cognitive control processes (e.g. decision-making) in our daily emotive environments.
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After removing the most problematic study (Schweizer et al., 2011), the effect of N-back training on nonverbal ability with treated controls is negligible (g = 0.10).
“After only the most problematic study has been removed from the analysis (Schweizer et al., 2011), the effects of N-back training on nonverbal ability with treated controls is negligible (g = 0.10).”
From Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer” (2016) · cites this paper as Schweizer et al., 2011
There is no consensus on transfer to inhibitory control measures, with some WM training studies reporting benefits and others not.
“there is no consensus regarding transfer to inhibitory control measures, with some WM training studies reporting training-related benefits59,60,71,72, yet others failing to find evidence of transfer51,73.”
From Near transfer to an unrelated N-back task mediates the effect of N-back working memory training on matrix reasoning (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Dual n-back working memory training has been associated with improvement on similar dual n-back tasks, other tasks of working memory, and fluid intelligence.
“Dual n-back working memory training has been associated with improvement on similar dual n-back tasks, other tasks of working memory, and the broader construct of fluid intelligence [5–18]”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
Near and far transfer effects, albeit mixed, have been demonstrated after dual n-back training in younger (e.g., under 30) and older (e.g., over 60) age groups.
“Although near and far transfer effects, albeit mixed, have been demonstrated after dual n-back training in younger (e.g., under 30) and older (e.g., over 60) age groups [5–12,15,17,18] effects were not previously investigated in a middle age-range sample.”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
Effects of dual n-back training were not previously investigated in a middle age-range sample.
“Although near and far transfer effects, albeit mixed, have been demonstrated after dual n-back training in younger (e.g., under 30) and older (e.g., over 60) age groups [5–12,15,17,18] effects were not previously investigated in a middle age-range sample.”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
Affective executive control appears to improve following systematic training and to be compromised in individuals suffering from mental health difficulties, including in younger samples.
“Importantly, affective executive control appears to improve following systematic training6 7 and to be compromised in individuals suffering from mental health difficulties, including in younger samples.8”
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- Authors
- Schweizer, S., Hampshire, A., & Dalgleish, T.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Western University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Schweizer, Susanne
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-09-19
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e24372
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3176229
- OpenAlex
- W2057146321
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 11.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- brain training, working memory training, emotional working memory, executive function, affective control, transfer effects, fluid intelligence, emotional Stroop task
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Photic Stimulation, User-Computer Interface, Young Adult, Executive Function
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