Major Global Coronary Artery Calcium Guidelines

2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure

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Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019

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2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

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2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

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2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk

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2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk

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2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol

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2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary

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2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease

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Coronary Calcium Score and Cardiovascular Risk

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2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults

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Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017

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Predictive Value for the Chinese Population of the Framingham CHD Risk Assessment Tool Compared With the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study

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10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Coronary Artery Calcium and Traditional Risk Factors

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Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

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Joint British Societies' consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3)

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2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults.

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Estimating Deaths From Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Global Methodologies of Mortality Measurement

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Clinical indications for coronary artery calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients: Expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

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Coronary Artery Calcium Scores and Risk for Cardiovascular Events in Women Classified as “Low Risk” Based on Framingham Risk Score

Gilchrist, S. C. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2437 · Cited by 347

Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women

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Development and validation of a prediction rule for recurrent vascular events based on a cohort study of patients with arterial disease: the SMART risk score

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Use of Coronary Artery Calcium Testing to Guide Aspirin Utilization for Primary Prevention: Estimates From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Miedema, M. D., Duprez, D. A., Misialek, J. R., Blaha, M. J., Nasir, K., Silverman, M. G., Blankstein, R., Budoff, M. J., Greenland, P., & Folsom, A. R. (2014) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.113.000690 · Cited by 244

The National Lipid Association scientific statement on coronary artery calcium scoring to guide preventive strategies for ASCVD risk reduction

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Sex differences in calcified plaque and long-term cardiovascular mortality: observations from the CAC Consortium

Shaw, L. J., Min, J. K., Nasir, K., Xie, J. X., Berman, D. S., Miedema, M. D., Whelton, S. P., Dardari, Z., Rozanski, A., Rumberger, J. A., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy534 · Cited by 233

Risk Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease With Nontraditional Risk Factors

US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry, S. J., Krist, A. H., Owens, D. K., Barry, M. J., Caughey, A. B., Davidson, K. W., Doubeni, C. A., Epling, J. W., Kemper, A. R., et al. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.8359 · Cited by 232

Risk Assessment Chart for Death From Cardiovascular Disease Based on a 19-Year Follow-up Study of a Japanese Representative Population: NIPPON DATA80

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Coronary Artery Calcium for Personalized Allocation of Aspirin in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in 2019: The MESA Study (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Cainzos-Achirica, M., Miedema, M. D., McEvoy, J. W., Al Rifai, M., Greenland, P., Dardari, Z., Budoff, M., Blumenthal, R. S., Yeboah, J., Duprez, D. A., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.045010 · Cited by 201

Coronary artery calcium for the prediction of mortality in young adults <45 years old and elderly adults >75 years old

Tota-Maharaj, R., Blaha, M. J., McEvoy, J. W., Blumenthal, R. S., Muse, E. D., Budoff, M. J., Shaw, L. J., Berman, D. S., Rana, J. S., Rumberger, J. A., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs230 · Cited by 196

Distribution of 10-Year and Lifetime Predicted Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults

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Contemporary model for cardiovascular risk prediction in people with type 2 diabetes

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Lipid Management in Patients with Endocrine Disorders: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

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Clinician-Patient Risk Discussion for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

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Prediction of individualized lifetime benefit from cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and smoking cessation in apparently healthy people

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Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Scanning in Association With the Net Benefit of Aspirin in Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Ajufo, E. C., Ayers, C. R., Vigen, R., Joshi, P. H., Rohatgi, A. K., de Lemos, J. A., & Khera, A. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4939 · Cited by 116

Coronary Artery Calcium to Guide a Personalized Risk-Based Approach to Initiation and Intensification of Antihypertensive Therapy

McEvoy, J. W., Martin, S. S., Dardari, Z., Miedema, M. D., Sandfort, V., Yeboah, J., Budoff, M. J., Goff, D. C., Psaty, B. M., Post, W. S., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.025471 · Cited by 113

Chinese Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

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Comparison of Prognostic Usefulness of Coronary Artery Calcium in Men Versus Women (Results from a Meta- and Pooled Analysis Estimating All-Cause Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease Death or Myocardial Infarction)

Bellasi, A., Lacey, C. S., Taylor, A. J., Raggi, P., Wilson, P. W. F., Budoff, M. J., Vaccarino, V., & Shaw, L. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.037 · Cited by 95

Comparing Risk Scores in the Prediction of Coronary and Cardiovascular Deaths

Blaha, M. J., Whelton, S. P., Rifai, M. A., Dardari, Z., Shaw, L. J., Al-Mallah, M. H., Matsushita, K., Rozanski, A., Rumberger, J. A., Berman, D. S., et al. (2020) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.12.010 · Cited by 93

The Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trial (DANCAVAS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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Coronary calcium progression rates with a zero initial score by electron beam tomography

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Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Position Statement: Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring

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Yield of Screening for Coronary Artery Calcium in Early Middle-Age Adults Based on the 10-Year Framingham Risk Score

Okwuosa, T. M., Greenland, P., Ning, H., Liu, K., & Lloyd‐Jones, D. M. (2012) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.01.022 · Cited by 56

Coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: An update

Stompór, T. P. (2014) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v6.i4.115 · Cited by 48

Use of the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Discussion of Initiation of Statin Therapy in Primary Prevention

Michos, E. D., Blaha, M. J., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.10.001 · Cited by 42

Coronary artery calcium scoring for individualized cardiovascular risk estimation in important patient subpopulations after the 2019 AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines

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Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement executive summary: coronary artery calcium scoring

Hamilton-Craig, C. R., Chow, C. K., Younger, J. F., Jelinek, V. M., Chan, J. H., & Liew, G. Y. H. (2017) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.01134 · Cited by 34

Coronary artery calcium in primary prevention

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Worldwide Dyslipidemia Guidelines

Bartłomiejczyk, M. A., Penson, P. E., & Banach, M. (2019) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-019-0597-x · Cited by 25

Comparison of Transatlantic Approaches to Lipid Management: The AHA/ACC/Multisociety Guidelines vs the ESC/EAS Guidelines

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Clinical Implications of the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Japanese Patients

Yamamoto, H., Kitagawa, T., & Kihara, Y. (2014) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.26427 · Cited by 24

Coronary Artery Calcium as a Synergistic Tool for the Age‐ and Sex‐Specific Risk of Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality: The Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium

Dzaye, O. D. A., Rifai, M. A., Dardari, Z., Shaw, L. J., Al-Mallah, M. H., Marshall, C. H., Rozanski, A., Mortensen, M. B., Duebgen, M., Matsushita, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015306 · Cited by 23

Coronary Artery Calcium Score for Personalization of Antihypertensive Therapy

Parcha, V., Malla, G., Kalra, R., Li, P., Pandey, A., Nasir, K., Arora, G., & Arora, P. K. (2021) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16689 · Cited by 21

Utilizing coronary artery calcium to guide statin use

Golub, I. S., Lakshmanan, S., Dahal, S., & Budoff, M. J. (2021) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.011 · Cited by 16

National Heart Foundation of Australia: position statement on coronary artery calcium scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Australia

Jennings, G., Audehm, R. G., Bishop, W., Chow, C. K., Liaw, S., Liew, D., & Linton, S. M. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51039 · Cited by 13

Calibration between the Estimated Probability of the Risk Assessment Chart of Japan Atherosclerosis Society and Actual Mortality Using External Population: Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan (EPOCH-JAPAN)

Nakai, M., Miyamoto, Y., Higashiyama, A., Murakami, Y., Nishimura, K., Yatsuya, H., Saitoh, S., Sakata, K., Iso, H., Miura, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.31286 · Cited by 10

2019 Chinese expert consensus statement on aspirin application in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

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What the Guidelines Do Not Say: Statin Non-benefit Groups

Morris, P. B., & McLain, K. H. (2014) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-014-0468-3 · Cited by 7

Coronary artery anomalies in patients with zero calcium score: A new evidence supports the 2016-NICE guidance

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EFFECT ON PATIENT ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STATIN THERAPY BASED ON THE NATIONAL GUIDELINES-SUPPORTED POOLED COHORT RISK EQUATION OR A CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE VANGUARD STUDY FOR THE CORCAL RANDOMIZED CLINICAL OUTCOMES TRIAL

Muhlestein, J. B., Knowlton, K. U., Le, V. T., LAPPE, D. L., May, H. T., Min, D. B., Johnson, K. M., Cripps, S. T., Schwab, L. H., Braun, S. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(20)30632-x · Cited by 2

Using coronary artery calcium to guide cardiovascular risk reduction: insights from the CAUGHT-CAD trial

Venkataraman, P., Marwick, T. H., Marwick, T. H., Huynh, Q. L., & Huynh, Q. L. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2950 · Cited by 1

2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Allen, N. B., Almarzooq, Z., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P. K., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Bansal, N., Beaton, A., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001303 · Cited by 1,284

2026 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

Palaniappan, L. P., Allen, N. B., Almarzooq, Z., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P. K., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Bansal, N., Currie, M. E., Earlie, R. S., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001412 · Cited by 343

When Does a Calcium Score Equate to Secondary Prevention?

Budoff, M. J., Kinninger, A., Gransar, H., Achenbach, S. S., Al-Mallah, M. H., Bax, J. J., Berman, D. S., Cademartiri, F., Callister, T. Q., Chang, H., et al. (2023) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.03.008 · Cited by 125

Effects of Combining Coronary Calcium Score With Treatment on Plaque Progression in Familial Coronary Artery Disease

Nerlekar, N., Vasanthakumar, S. A., Whitmore, K., Soh, C. H., Chan, J., Goel, V., Ryan, J. D. M., Jones, C., Stanton, T., Mitchell, G. K., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.0584 · Cited by 70

Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic People In Vivo: Measurements Suitable for Biomarker and Mendelian Randomization Studies

Garg, P. K., Bhatia, H. S., Allen, T. S., Grainger, T., Pouncey, A. L., Dichek, D. A., Virmani, R., Golledge, J., Allison, M., & Powell, J. T. (2023) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.123.320138 · Cited by 70

Coronary Artery Calcium in ACC/AHA Prevention Guidelines

Irannejad, K., Mora, R., Krishnan, S., Lakshmanan, S., Roy, S., & Budoff, M. J. (2026) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2026.07.014 · Cited by 1

Comparative systematic review of coronary artery calcium scoring guidelines: CSANZ versus ACC/AHA and ESC recommendations

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Coronary Artery Calcium: Recommendations for Risk Assessment in Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines

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Coronary Artery Calcium

Taha, M. B., Ahuja, D., Patel, K. V., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., & Nasir, K. (2022) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98824-1_22

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring in Current Clinical Practice: How to Define Its Value?

Kianoush, S., Mirbolouk, M., Makam, R. C. P., Nasir, K., & Blaha, M. J. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-017-0582-y · Cited by 14