Cited by 2,263Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Methods and Applications

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Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

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Iacobucci, Dawn·2010·Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

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Abstract

This article is the second of two parts intended to serve as a primer for structural equations models for the behavioral researcher. The first article introduced the basics: the measurement model, the structural model, and the combined, full structural equations model. In this second article, advanced issues are addressed, including fit indices and sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, and so forth.

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Power structure builds gamer loyalty
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“Even though there is no consensus about threshold values for c2/df (Coughlan, J., Mullen, M. R., and Hooper, 2008) we considered acceptable values those lower or equal to 3 (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
Adolescent Health: A Framework for Developing an Innovative Personalized Well-Being Index
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“The indexes for hypothetical model showed that the measurement model fitted adequately (23, 24).”
Method
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Ludyga, S., Mücke, M., Kamijo, K., Andrä, C., Pühse, U., Gerber, M., & Herrmann, C. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13227 · Cited by 33
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“Using 200 and above sample size is suggested as appropriate for most of the statistical tests including Structural Equation Modeling (Byrne, 2010; Iacobucci, 2010; Kline, 2011).”
Method
Alcohol use and problems as a potential mediator of the relationship between emotion dysregulation and intimate partner violence perpetration.
Grigorian, H. L., Brem, M. J., Garner, A. R., Florimbio, A. R., Wolford‐Clevenger, C., & Stuart, G. L. (2019) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000237 · Cited by 41
“Within the current study, the chi square was nonsignificant, (χ2 (1, 390) = 2.30,p = .13), CFI was equal to .99, TLI was equal to .95, RMSEA was .06, and SRMR was equal to .02.”
Influential
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Are you technologically prepared for mobile shopping?
Prodanova, J., San-Martín, S., & Jiménez, N. H. (2018) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2018.1492561 · Cited by 28
“The factor loadings of the four factors extracted for TR incorporated the previously validated TR construct into the second-order model (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
Sustainability and Economic Performance of the Companies in the Renewable Energy Sector in Romania
Bușu, M., & Nedelcu, A. (2017) · doi:10.3390/su10010008 · Cited by 28
“In their work [44], the authors have chosen to use PLS-SEM because this method is more robust than other methods, like Covariance Based (CB)-SEM, and also less sensitive to distributions that are skewed, surveys with small sizes or to the multicollinearity [45].”
Method
Relationships Between Career Indecision, Search for Work Self-Efficacy, and Psychological Well-Being in Italian Never-Employed Young Adults
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“…200 cases”; see Kline, 2016, p. 16), recently there has been an increasing evidence that SEM models can perform well even with small samples (e.g., 50 to 150; see Iacobucci, 2010; Muthén & Muthén, 2002; Sideridis, Simos, Papanicolaou, & Fletcher, 2014; Wolf, Harrington, Clark, & Miller, 2013).”
Background
Polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor gene and overeating: the intermediary role of endophenotypic risk factors
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“Previous studies recommend that v2 should be inspected in relation to degrees of freedom, and that values 3 indicate a good model fit [Iacobucci, 2010].”
Background
The role of customer entertainment in B2B sales strategy: Comparative insights from professional buyers and salespeople
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“…r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. model fitness were used in accordance with Iacobucci (2010): chi-squared model fit test, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA 0.06), comparative fit index (CFI 0.95), and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“…this The following indices were used to evaluate model fit: chi-square/degrees of freedom (χ 2 / df ), which is considered optimum at <3 [61] and acceptable at <5 [62]; the CFI, TLI and GFI indices, which according to Hu and Bentler [63]) should be >0.95 to consider optimum fit and…”
MethodInfluential
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“A smaller SRMR and a larger CD value indicate a better model fit (Iacobucci, 2010).”
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“For a primer on structural equation models and fit indexes, please see [24].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“…the fit statistics suggest that our small sample size (N=175) was sufficient to produce a valid model based on a strong a priori theoretical framework (Iacobucci, 2009), a general guide for SEM analysis would suggest a minimum sample size of 200, therefore replication of these data is warranted.”
Method
Subjective Poverty, Material Deprivation Indices and Psychological Distress Among Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Social Capital and Usage of Online Social Networks
Achdut, N., Refaeli, T., & Tayri, T. M. S. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02729-0 · Cited by 31
“With large sample size, as in our study (n = 1,457 participants, after excluding 51 cases with at least one missing value), the χ2 value of the model tends to be significant (see also Hoe, 2008; Hooper et al., 2008; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
Using VIKOR with structural equation modeling for constructing benchmarks in the Internet industry
Torlak, N. G., Demir, A., & Budur, T. (2021) · Benchmarking : An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-09-2020-0465 · Cited by 27
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“First, SEM emphasizes comparison among alternative models, rather than the effect size within each model.”
BackgroundInfluential
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“…fit (Brown, 2015); Root-Mean-Square-Error-ofApproximation (RMSEA) with 90% Confidence Interval (CI), and Standardized-Root-Mean-Square-Residual (SRMR) values between 0.08 and 0.05 as indicators of moderate model fit and below <0.05 as indicator of good model fit (Iacobucci, 2010; Brown, 2015).”
MethodInfluential
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“Nevertheless, using chi-square statistics to evaluate model specifications may be problematic in three ways, as discussed below (Cheung & Rensvold, 2002; Dion, 2008; Iacobucci, 2010):”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“The overall fit of the a priori factor models to the data is assessed using a variety of global fit indices (Fan et al., 1999; Bentler, 2007; Iacobucci, 2010) that all measure the discrepancy between the covariance matrix implied by the factor model and the sample covariance matrix (covariance…”
Method
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“SEM is the most commonly used approach to testing mediation as it is efficient in simultaneously estimating both direct and indirect relationships as all three paths are fit at once, in a single model (Iacobucci, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“A recent simulation study showed that a minimal sample size of 50 is sufficient to provide stable estimates for the CFI (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
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Authors: Iacobucci, D.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Iacobucci, Dawn
ORCID: Iacobucci, Dawn
Venue: Journal of Consumer Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-10-03
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 90-98
ISSN: 1057-7408 (ISSN-L)
1532-7663
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
OpenAlex: W2038318317
Cited by: 2,263
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 111 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 210 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 193 · 2018: 169 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 34.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
papers.ssrn.com
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Consumer Psychology (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: structural equation modeling, model fit indices, sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, measurement model, structural model

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Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

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