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Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

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Iacobucci, Dawn·2010·Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

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Abstract

This article is the second of two parts intended to serve as a primer for structural equations models for the behavioral researcher. The first article introduced the basics: the measurement model, the structural model, and the combined, full structural equations model. In this second article, advanced issues are addressed, including fit indices and sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, and so forth.

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Addressing individual perceptions: An application of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology to building information modelling
Howard, R. G., Restrepo, L., & Chang, C. (2016) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.10.012 · Cited by 191
“A concern of SEM is that goodness of fit can be easily achieved if the parsimony issue (i.e., including unnecessary variables to improve goodness of fit) is ignored (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
The extended Inclusion of Nature in Self scale
Martin, C., & Czellar, S. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.006 · Cited by 202
“For this type of statistical method, measures with at least three items are desirable (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
The effect of market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and human capital on positional advantage: Evidence from the restaurant industry
Jogaratnam, G. (2016) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.10.002 · Cited by 178
The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use
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“The χ 2 statistic for exact model fit can be overly sensitive and biased by a number of model characteristics (Kline, 2011), and thus I used the revised criteria of χ 2 /df < 3 (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
Enhancing consumers' pro-environmental purchase intentions: the moderating role of environmental concern
Canio, F. D., Martinelli, E. M., & Endrighi, E. (2021) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-08-2020-0301 · Cited by 200
Development and test of the Perceived Accessibility Scale (PAC) in public transport.
Lättman, K., Olsson, L., & Friman, M. (2016) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.06.015 · Cited by 164
Effect of Physical Activity on Self-Concept: Theoretical Model on the Mediation of Body Image and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescents
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“A χ2/df ratio < 3 was considered as acceptable (Iacobucci, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Hydrogen fuel station acceptance: A structural equation model based on the technology acceptance framework
Huijts, N., Molin, E., & van Wee, B. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.01.008 · Cited by 161
Application and extension of the UTAUT2 model for determining behavioral intention factors in use of the artificial intelligence virtual assistants
Sebastián, M. G. D. B., Guede, J. R. S., & Antonovica, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993935 · Cited by 180
“The structural equation model (SEM) was used for the analysis of the results, since it allows testing all the relationships between the observed and latent variables simultaneously, by combining multiple regression with factor analysis and provides general adjustment statistics (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
A CSR perspective to foster employee creativity in the banking sector: The role of work engagement and psychological safety
Ahmad, N., Ullah, Z., AlDhaen, E. S., Han, H., & Scholz, M. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102968 · Cited by 183
Investigating the antecedents of consumer behavioral intention for sustainable fashion products: Evidence from a large survey of Italian consumers
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The influence of face and group orientation on the perception of luxury goods: a four market study of East Asian consumers
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Risky Business: Factor Analysis of Survey Data – Assessing the Probability of Incorrect Dimensionalisation
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“In comparisons with other estimation methods ML has been shown to provide the most realistic indices of fit [90,91].”
Result
Using the Daydreaming Frequency Scale to Investigate the Relationships between Mind-Wandering, Psychological Well-Being, and Present-Moment Awareness
Stawarczyk, D., Majerus, S., der Linden, M. V., & D’Argembeau, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00363 · Cited by 160
“Therefore, the model fit was assessed by determining whether the observed χ2 value was less than three times the model degrees of freedom (Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
Using Online Video to Announce a Restatement: Influences on Investment Decisions and the Mediating Role of Trust
Elliott, W. B., Hodge, F. D., & Sedor, L. M. (2011) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-10202 · Cited by 181
“95 are considered good fits (Marsh et al. 2004; Iacobucci 2010).”
Background
Shopping Benefits of Multichannel Assortment Integration and the Moderating Role of Retailer Type
Emrich, O., Paul, M., & Rudolph, T. J. (2015) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.003 · Cited by 171
Why Do Consumers Intend to Purchase Natural Food? Integrating Theory of Planned Behavior, Value-Belief-Norm Theory, and Trust
Carfora, V., Cavallo, C., Catellani, P., Del Giudice, T., & Cicia, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061904 · Cited by 144
“Specifically, a full model includes both a measurement model, which relates the variables to the constructs, and a structural model, which relates the constructs to other constructs [83].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The effects of authentic leadership, organizational identification, and occupational coping self-efficacy on new graduate nurses' job turnover intentions in Canada
Fallatah, F., Laschinger, H. K. S., & Read, E. A. (2016) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.11.020 · Cited by 145
The influence of managers' awareness of climate change, perceived climate risk exposure and risk tolerance on the adoption of corporate responses to climate change
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The effects of m‐learning on motivation, achievement and well‐being: A Self‐Determination Theory approach
Jeno, L. M., Adachi, P. J. C., Grytnes, J., Vandvik, V., & Deci, E. L. (2018) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12657 · Cited by 166
“For example, large sample sizes in SEM models are important when the expected effects are vague, and measures included are unreliable, whereas smaller samples of 50–100 participants may suffice for models with stronger effects and reliable measures, such as those in the current study (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
Development and initial psychometric properties of a panic buying scale during COVID-19 pandemic
Lins, S., & Aquino, S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04746 · Cited by 142
“Values up to 3 of relative chisquare indicator are acceptable (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Anxiety, crowding, and time pressure in public self-service technology acceptance
Gelbrich, K., & Sattler, B. (2014) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-02-2012-0051 · Cited by 157
“Moderating effects were tested using multi-group analyses and x difference tests within a nested model approach (Iacobucci, 2010; Muthén and Muthén, 2011).”
Method
Personal norms in a globalized world: Norm-activation processes and reduced clothing consumption
Joanes, T. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.191 · Cited by 152
“…model was overall adequate with χ2(1910, N = 4123) = 6749.57, p 0.001, CMIN/DF = 3.53, NFI = .97, CFI = .98, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = .02 (90% confidence interval = [.02, .02], SRMR = .02, suggesting the proposed factor structure is one possible representation of the given data (Iacobucci, 2010).”
MethodInfluential
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Alnawas, I. A., & Hemsley‐Brown, J. (2019) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2019.1568339 · Cited by 175
“The use of reflective-measurement models or formative-measurement models has been the subject of much debate between researchers (see Edwards, 2011; Hardin, Chang, Fuller, & Torkzadeh, 2011; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
The Struggle of Giving Up Personal Goals
Brandstätter, V., Herrmann, M., & Schüler, J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213500151 · Cited by 150
Effects of guided inquiry virtual and physical laboratories on conceptual understanding, inquiry performance, scientific inquiry self-efficacy, and enjoyment
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Negative News and Investor Trust: The Role of $Firm and #CEO Twitter Use
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Modeling predictors of acceptance and use of electronic medical record system in a resource limited setting: Using modified UTAUT model
Shiferaw, K. B., & Mehari, E. A. (2019) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2019.100182 · Cited by 162
Identity Threats as a Reason for Resistance to Artificial Intelligence: Survey Study With Medical Students and Professionals
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“” We extended existing measures for threats toward professional recognition and professional capabilities following the procedure of MacKenzie et al [37], as outlined in Multimedia Appendix 2 [9,28,29,37-46].”
Method
Assessing the intentions to use internet banking
Namahoot, K. S., & Laohavichien, T. (2018) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-11-2016-0159 · Cited by 142
The joint influence of financial risk perception and risk tolerance on individual investment decision‐making
Nguyen, L. T. M., Gallery, G. T., & Newton, C. J. (2017) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/acfi.12295 · Cited by 156
Testing the mediation effect of person–organization fit on the relationship between high performance HR practices and employee outcomes in the Egyptian public sector
Mostafa, A. M. S., & Gould-Williams, J. S. (2013) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.826917 · Cited by 131
“MLE is a flexible approach to parameter estimation and has proven to be quite robust against violations of the multivariate normality assumption (Iacobucci 2009; Hair, Black, Babin and Anderson 2010).”
Background
Building skills in the context of digital transformation: How industry digital maturity drives proactive skill development
Ostmeier, E., & Strobel, M. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.020 · Cited by 183
Conducting Mediation Analysis in Marketing Research
Demming, C. L., Jahn, S., & Boztuğ, Y. (2017) · doi:10.15358/0344-1369-2017-3-76 · Cited by 125
“A third advantage of SEM is its provision of model fit indices (Hu and Bentler 1998; Iacobucci 2010).”
Background

Authors: Iacobucci, D.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Iacobucci, Dawn
ORCID: Iacobucci, Dawn
Venue: Journal of Consumer Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-10-03
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 90-98
ISSN: 1057-7408 (ISSN-L)
1532-7663
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
OpenAlex: W2038318317
Cited by: 2,263
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 111 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 210 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 193 · 2018: 169 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 34.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
papers.ssrn.com
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Consumer Psychology (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: structural equation modeling, model fit indices, sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, measurement model, structural model

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Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

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