Cited by 2,263Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Methods and Applications

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Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

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Iacobucci, Dawn·2010·Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

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Abstract

This article is the second of two parts intended to serve as a primer for structural equations models for the behavioral researcher. The first article introduced the basics: the measurement model, the structural model, and the combined, full structural equations model. In this second article, advanced issues are addressed, including fit indices and sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, and so forth.

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Macinati, M. S., & Rizzo, M. G. (2014) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.05.003 · Cited by 45
“04) were greater than the recommended values [93].”
BackgroundMethod
Systemizing: A Cross-Cultural Constant for Motivation to Learn Science.
Zeyer, A., Çetin-Dindar, A., Zain, A. N. M., Juriševič, M., Devetak, I., & Odermatt, F. (2013) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21101 · Cited by 45
The influences of innovative technological introduction on interpretive experiences of exhibition:a discussion on the intention to use augmented reality
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“Marsh et al. (2004) and Iacobucci (2010) discussed the goodness-of-ﬁ t judgment of a model.”
Background
Personal Values and Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: The Mediating Roles of Moral Identity and Machiavellianism
Chowdhury, R. M. M. I. (2020) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146720917431 · Cited by 48
Measuring the Construct of Warranting Value and Testing Warranting Theory
DeAndrea, D., & Carpenter, C. J. (2018) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650216644022 · Cited by 44
“Due to the moderately sized samples, the comparative fit index (CFI) and the standardized root mean residual (SRMR) were used to assess fit (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
Organizational goal ambiguity and senior public managers’ engagement: does organizational social capital make a difference?
Andrews, R., & Mostafa, A. (2017) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852317701824 · Cited by 44
“Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was utilized, which is the most common method of estimation in SEM (Iacobucci, 2009).”
Method
Benefits of ISO 20000 IT service management certification
Cots, S., Casadesús, M., & Marimon, F. (2014) · Information Systems and E-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-014-0271-2 · Cited by 44
“The other documents, even though they are very valuable and helpful for implementing the standard, can be considered complementary ISO/IEC (2010, 2012, 2013a, b, c).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The role of the working memory and language skills in the prediction of word problem solving in 4- to 7-year-old children
Kyttälä, M., Pirjo Aunio, A., Lepola, J., & Hautamäki, J. (2013) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.814192 · Cited by 41
“On the other hand, it has been observed that SEM models can perform equally well with smaller samples (N= 50–100; Iacobucci, 2010), as was also indicated by the power analysis of our final model, which reached the recommendable power value of .80 (see e.g. Kayan Fadlelmula, 2011).”
Background
Depression and Belongingness in General and Workplace Contexts: A Cross-Lagged Longitudinal Investigation
Cockshaw, W. D., Shochet, I. M., & Obst, P. L. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.448 · Cited by 44
“For c2/df a range of upper limits have been proposed, however Iacobucci (2010) has recently recommended a value of 3.”
Background
Flagship stores for FMCG national brands: Do they improve brand cognitions and create favorable consumer reactions?
Nierobisch, T., Toporowski, W., Dannewald, T., & Jähn, S. (2016) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.09.014 · Cited by 50
The Integration of Work and Learning: Tackling the Complexity with Structural Equation Modelling
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Gen Z Employee Adaptive Performance: The Role of Inclusive Leadership and Workplace Happiness
Katsaros, K. (2024) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci14080163 · Cited by 43
Accounting for Environmental Awareness on Green Purchase Intention and Behaviour: Evidence from the Philippines
Abeysekera, I., Manalang, L., David, R., & Guiao, B. G. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912565 · Cited by 52
“The minimum sample size to provide a power of accuracy by eliminating type-one errors and typetwo errors in SEM is to have at least 50 observations [61] to 500 observations [62].”
Background
Practical Assessment of Alcohol Use Disorder in Routine Primary Care: Performance of an Alcohol Symptom Checklist
Hallgren, K. A., Matson, T. E., Oliver, M. M., Witkiewitz, K. A., Bobb, J. F., Lee, A. K., Caldeiro, R. M., Kivlahan, D. R., & Bradley, K. A. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07038-3 · Cited by 47
Feeling trusted and taking-charge behaviour: An internal branding perspective based on self-categorization theory
Rouzi, A., & Wang, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102831 · Cited by 48
Power, buyer trustworthiness and supplier performance: Evidence from the Armenian dairy sector
Gorton, M., Angell, R. J., Dries, L., Urutyan, V., Jackson, E., & White, J. E. (2015) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.05.024 · Cited by 49
“…of the standardized estimates (Table 3) revealed that two reflective items in the buyer trustworthiness scale (Trust2 and Trust6), both with reverse order scales, had low factor loading scores ( .50), compromising convergent validity, and making them candidates for deletion (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
Identification and Attachment in Consumer-Brand Relationships
Sen, S., Johnson, A. R., Bhattacharya, C., & Wang, J. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1548-643520150000012006 · Cited by 43
Advantageous Comparison and Rationalization of Earnings Management: RATIONALIZATION OF EARNINGS MANAGEMENT
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How are witnessed workplace bullying and bystander roles related to perceived care quality, work engagement, and turnover intentions in the healthcare sector? A longitudinal study
Holm, K., Jönsson, S., & Muhonen, T. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104429 · Cited by 42
“The χ 2 test has also been found to be very sensitive to sample size (Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
Driving the dual learning process of management knowledge: A social cognitive theory perspective
Lee, K., & Tseng, Y.-F. (2024) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100940 · Cited by 35
Organizational factors, knowledge management and innovation: empirical evidence from medium- and large-scale manufacturing firms in Ethiopia
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Who Cares More About the Environment, Those with an Intrinsic, an Extrinsic, a Quest, or an Atheistic Religious Orientation?: Investigating the Effect of Religious Ad Appeals on Attitudes Toward the Environment
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“CFI > 0.90 indicates an acceptable fit (Hair et al., 2010), as does SRMR 0.10 (Iacobucci, 2010).”
MethodInfluential
Role of collaborative culture and knowledge management process for stimulating radical and incremental innovation: a comparative moderation approach
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Consumers' evaluation and intention to buy traditional seafood: The role of vintage, uniqueness, nostalgia and involvement in luxury.
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“However, according to Iacobucci (2010): “It is of some comfort that SEM models can perform well, even with small samples (e.g., 50 to 100).”
Sex differences in dementia: on the potentially mediating effects of educational attainment and experiences of psychological distress
Hasselgren, C., Ekbrand, H., Halleröd, B., Fässberg, M. M., Zettergren, A., Johansson, L. H., Skoog, I. G., & Dellve, L. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02820-9 · Cited by 46
“Following standard SEM-procedures, we relied on the following fit indices to evaluate model fit: The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), the Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) and the Weighted Root Mean Square Residual (WRMR). χ2 is also reported, but because it is known to be inflated when N is large [79, 83], we…”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Social Support and Coping Among Afghan Refugees in Canada
Ahmad, F., Othman, N., & Lou, W. Y. W. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00518-1 · Cited by 50
“Other fitness indices were χ2/df = 1.1, RMSEA = 0.04 and CFI = 0.99 all of which indicate acceptable goodness of fit (Bentler and Stein 1992; Iacobucci 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Enhancing board motivation for competitive performance of Thailand’s co-operatives
Chareonwongsak, K. (2017) · doi:10.1016/j.jcom.2017.01.001 · Cited by 42
The Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Innovation Capability and Knowledge Creation on Firm Performance: A Perspective on Small Scale Entrepreneurs
Omar, N. A., Aris, H. M., & Nazri, M. A. (2016) · Jurnal Pengurusan · doi:10.17576/pengurusan-2016-48-15 · Cited by 51
“Moreover, it is also able to gauge the mediation effects of the model simultaneously, instead of measuring individual regression analyses (Iacobucci 2010).”
Background
Farmers’ managerial thinking and management process effectiveness as factors of financial success on Finnish dairy farms
Mäkinen, H. (2013) · Agricultural and Food Science · doi:10.23986/afsci.8147 · Cited by 42
“While there are a plethora of fit indices available and much discussion of their properties (e.g. Hu and Bentler 1998, Shah and Goldstein 2006, Iacobucci 2010), following Kline (2005), the ones used in this study were χ2, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardized root mean…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Gender difference in anxiety and related factors among adolescents
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Impact of information and communications technology alignment on supply chain performance in the Industry 4.0 era: mediation effect of supply chain integration
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“IFI = 0.944, TLI = 0.934, CFI = 0.944, all greater than the 0.9 standards [42].”
Influential
The role of consumer trade-offs in limiting the transition towards circular economy: The case of brand and plastic concern
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Predicting Information Behaviors in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Integrating the Role of Emotions and Subjective Norms into the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) Framework
Kim, H. J., & Hong, H. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1911399 · Cited by 40
“To assess the overall model fit, we examined multiple fit indices following the recommended criteria (e.g., Hu & Bentler, 1999; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
Work–Life Balance for Construction Manual Workers
Chan, A., Chiang, Y., Wong, F., Liang, S., & Abidoye, F. A. (2020) · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001800 · Cited by 41

Authors: Iacobucci, D.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Iacobucci, Dawn
ORCID: Iacobucci, Dawn
Venue: Journal of Consumer Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-10-03
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 90-98
ISSN: 1057-7408 (ISSN-L)
1532-7663
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
OpenAlex: W2038318317
Cited by: 2,263
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 111 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 210 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 193 · 2018: 169 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 34.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
papers.ssrn.com
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Consumer Psychology (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: structural equation modeling, model fit indices, sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, measurement model, structural model

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Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

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