Cited by 2,263Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Methods and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

Open access

Iacobucci, Dawn·2010·Journal of Consumer Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article is the second of two parts intended to serve as a primer for structural equations models for the behavioral researcher. The first article introduced the basics: the measurement model, the structural model, and the combined, full structural equations model. In this second article, advanced issues are addressed, including fit indices and sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, and so forth.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) Findings
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2 · Cited by 6,691
Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling
Kenny, D. A., & McCoach, D. B. (2003) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1003_1 · Cited by 1,231
Multicollinearity and Measurement Error in Structural Equation Models: Implications for Theory Testing
Grewal, R., Cote, J. A., & Baumgartner, H. (2004) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1040.0070 · Cited by 1,228
On the Meaning of within-Factor Correlated Measurement Errors
Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1984) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208993 · Cited by 526 · cited 2×
“The latter is run by specifying the “same pattern” of links—the links are the same in both groups but the parameter estimate values might vary—a weaker form of cross-validation. correlations between errors, e.g., in θε or θδ, which are normally assumed to be independent (Gerbing & Anderson 1984).”

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 32

10.1007/BF02294170 · DOI
10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.732 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.229 · DOI
10.2307/3151716 · DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · DOI
Bollen K.A., 1990, Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects, Psychological Bulletin, 107, 256, 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.256 · DOI
Browne M.W., 2002, When fit indices and residuals are incompatible, Psychological Methods, 7, 403, 10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.403 · DOI
10.1080/10705519509540000 · DOI
10.1016/0304-4076(83)90094-5 · DOI
10.1080/00220973.1987.10806438 · DOI
Fan X., 2005, Sensitivity of fit indexes to misspecified structural or measurement model components, Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 343, 10.1207/s15328007sem1203_1 · DOI
10.1080/10705519709540063 · DOI
10.2307/3151718 · DOI
10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.011 · DOI
10.1177/0049124192021002002 · DOI · Paper page
10.1207/s15327906mbr2003_2 · DOI
10.1037/1082-989X.12.2.205 · DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.351 · DOI
10.4135/9781412984966 · DOI
10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_6 · DOI · Paper page
10.1207/s15328007sem1203_2 · DOI
Kline R.B., 2004, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 2nd ed
10.1207/s15328007sem1201_1 · DOI
10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.19 · DOI
Marcoulides G.A., 1996, Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques
10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · DOI
10.1207/s15327906mbr3102_5 · DOI
Muthén B.O., 1984, A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators, Psychometrika, 49, 115, 10.1007/BF02294210 · DOI
10.1207/S15328007SEM0704_3 · DOI
10.1080/10705519609540052 · DOI · Paper page
10.1207/S15328007SEM0704_6 · DOI
10.1207/S15328007SEM0702_1 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,003

Investigating the resources for Integrated Management Systems within resource-based and contingency perspective in manufacturing firms
Savino, M., & Batbaatar, E. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.115 · Cited by 73
Omni-channel capability and customer satisfaction: mediating roles of flexibility and operational logistics service quality
Sorkun, M. F., Hüseyinoğlu, I. Ö. Y., & Börühan, G. (2020) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-07-2019-0235 · Cited by 72
Resource commitment and sustainability: a reverse logistics performance process model
Morgan, T., Tokman, M., Richey, R., & Defee, C. (2018) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-02-2017-0068 · Cited by 71
Mapping the soils of an Argentine Pampas region using structural equation modelling
Angelini, M., Heuvelink, G., Kempen, B., & Morrás, H. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.031 · Cited by 71
Audit Team Time Reporting: An Agency Theory Perspective
Agoglia, C. P., Hatfield, R. C., & Lambert, T. (2015) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2015.03.005 · Cited by 71
Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS)
Choi, A. Y., Israel, T., & Maeda, H. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000183 · Cited by 70
“ML can be used with ordinal data (categories 5) and has demonstrated robust- ness to moderate nonnormality (Enders, 2001; Finney & DiStefano, 2006; Iacobucci, 2010; Rhemtulla, Brosseau-Liard, & Savalei, 2012).”
Method
Can Leadership Enhance Patient Satisfaction? Assessing the Role of Administrative and Medical Quality
Asif, M., Jameel, A., Sahito, N., Hwang, J., Hussain, A., & Manzoor, F. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16173212 · Cited by 70
Using structural equation modelling (SEM) to understand the relationships among critical success factors (CSFs) for stakeholder management in construction
Molwus, J., Erdogan, B., & Ogunlana, S. (2017) · doi:10.1108/ecam-10-2015-0161 · Cited by 70
“responses was required to achieve the objectives of the current study (Iacobucci, 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
An Explanatory Model of Work-family Conflict and Resilience as Predictors of Job Satisfaction in Nurses: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement and Communication Skills
Huaman, N., Morales-García, W. C., Castillo-Blanco, R., Saintila, J., Huancahuire‐Vega, S., Morales-García, S. B., Calizaya-Milla, Y. E., & Palacios-Fonseca, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319231151380 · Cited by 88
Reducing personal clothing consumption: A cross-cultural validation of the comprehensive action determination model
Joanes, T., Gwozdz, W., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101396 · Cited by 85
“…clothing consumption behavior was operationalized by the number of items bought in the previous three months. fitted the data well across all countries (χ2 (207, N = 4591) = 1218.61, p < .001, χ2/df = 5.89, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.03 (90% CI [0.03, 0.03], SRMR = 0.03)) (Iacobucci, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Should Organizations Be Forgiving or Unforgiving? A Two-Study Replication of How Forgiveness Climate in Hospitality Organizations Drives Employee Attitudes and Behaviors
Guchait, P., Lanza-Abbott, J., Madera, J. M., & Dawson, M. (2016) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965516633308 · Cited by 87
“The results revealed that the overall fit of the structural model was satisfactory, Δχ2 = 156.49, df = 84, p < .05; CFI = .94; (Incremental fit index) IFI = .94; RMSEA = .08; χ2/df = 1.86 (see Exhibit 1).”
MethodInfluential
How a learning orientation affects drivers of innovativeness and performance in service delivery
Pesämaa, O., Shoham, A., Wincent, J., & Ruvio, A. A. (2013) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2013.01.004 · Cited by 67
Teacher Practice and Integration of ICT: Why Are or Aren’t South African Teachers Using ICTs in Their Classrooms
Graham, M., Stols, G., & Kapp, R. (2020) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13251a · Cited by 68
“Ideally, each factor should have a minimum of three items, although if some constructs had less than three, it would still be acceptable (Iacobucci, 2010).”
The relationship between academic achievement, self-efficacy, implicit theories and basic psychological needs satisfaction among university students
Macakova, V., & Wood, C. P. (2020) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1739017 · Cited by 84
“It should be noted that 100–150 participants are sufficient to test hypotheses with 4 latent variables and for the model to reach convergence (Sideridis et al. 2014; Iacobucci 2010; Gerbing and Anderson 1985).”
Background
Measurement Invariance of the WHODAS 2.0 in a Population-Based Sample of Youth
Kimber, M., Rehm, J. T., & Ferro, M. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142385 · Cited by 74
“06 [27,30,33,34] Adequate model fit was achieved if at least two of these three indices met their respective cutoff points [35–37].”
Background
Adoption of mobile information services: An empirical study
Gao, S., Krogstie, J., & Keng, S.-A. (2014) · Mobile Information Systems · doi:10.3233/mis-130176 · Cited by 68
Integration of Internet-of-Things With Blockchain Technology to Enhance Humanitarian Logistics Performance
Khan, M., Imtiaz, S., Parvaiz, G. S., Hussain, A., & Bae, J. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3054771 · Cited by 96
“74, which was similar to the estimated values and further showed that the model was a good fit [110], [119], [121].”
Result
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) psychometric properties in migrants and native Germans
Bastianon, C. D., Klein, E. M., Tibubos, A. N., Brähler, E., Beutel, M. E., & Petrowski, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02851-2 · Cited by 87
Religious But Not Ethical: The Effects of Extrinsic Religiosity, Ethnocentrism and Self-righteousness on Consumers’ Ethical Judgments
Arli, D. I., Septianto, F., & Chowdhury, R. M. M. I. (2020) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04414-2 · Cited by 72
“Little (2013) states that CFI < 0.85 indicates poor fit, while Iacobucci (2010) states that SRMR > 0.09 demonstrates inadequate fit.”
BackgroundInfluential
Social media brand engagement: dimensions, drivers and consequences
Chahal, H., Wirtz, J., & Verma, A. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-11-2018-2937 · Cited by 98
Brand experience and brand attitude: examining a credibility-based mechanism
Nayeem, T., Murshed, F., & Dwivedi, A. (2019) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-11-2018-0544 · Cited by 84
Psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler as hedonic and eudaimonic well-being measure in an Italian context
Giangrasso, B. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0040-3 · Cited by 98
Exploring waste prevention behaviour through empirical research
Corsini, F., Gusmerotti, N. M., Testa, F., & Iraldo, F. (2018) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.037 · Cited by 77
Metacognition as a Mediating Variable Between Neurocognition and Functional Outcome in First Episode Psychosis
Davies, G., Fowler, D. G., & Greenwood, K. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw128 · Cited by 66
The Long arm of Job Insecurity: Its Impact on Career-Specific Parenting Behaviors and Youths' Career Self-Efficacy.
Zhao, X., Lim, V. K. G., & Teo, T. S. H. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.018 · Cited by 67
“Scholars have suggested a sample size of at least 150–200 to perform structural equation modeling analyses (Hoe, 2008; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Background
Bringing Loyalty to E-health: Theory Validation Using Three Internet-Delivered Interventions
Crutzen, R., Cyr, D., & de Vries, N. K. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1837 · Cited by 69
“09 [38,39].”
Leadership impact on organizational commitment: the mediating role of management control systems choice
Kleine, C., & Weißenberger, B. E. (2013) · Journal of Management Control · doi:10.1007/s00187-013-0181-3 · Cited by 63
“2009), and (3) multiple mediating effects (Ringle et al. 2012; Iacobucci 2010).”
Background
The Impact of Coworkers’ Safety Violations on an Individual Worker: A Social Contagion Effect within the Construction Crew
Liang, H., Lin, K.-Y., Zhang, S., & Su, Y.-K. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15040773 · Cited by 66
“At present, there is still no consensus concerning the best indices for assessing the overall fitness of SEM models [71].”
Background
Fuzzy Structural Equation Model to Assess Construction Site Safety Performance
Gunduz, M., Birgonul, M., & Ozdemir, M. C. (2016) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001259 · Cited by 66
Pillars of judgment: How memory abilities affect performance in rule-based and exemplar-based judgments.
Hoffmȧnn, J., von Helversen, B., & Rieskamp, J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0037989 · Cited by 72
Explaining the intention to use digital personal data stores: An empirical study
Mariani, M. M., Styvén, M. E., & Teulon, F. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120657 · Cited by 116
EU quality label vs organic food products: A multigroup structural equation modeling to assess consumers’ intention to buy in light of sustainable motives
Canio, F. D., & Martinelli, E. M. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109846 · Cited by 75
How to create flow experience in exergames? Perspective of flow theory
Huang, H.-C., Pham, T. T. L., Wong, M., Chiu, H., Yang, Y.-H., & Teng, C.-I. (2018) · Telematics and informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.001 · Cited by 65
Clustering of Midlife Lifestyle Behaviors and Subsequent Cognitive Function: A Longitudinal Study
Kesse‐Guyot, E., Andreeva, V. A., Lassale, C. M., Herçberg, S., & Galan, P. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302121 · Cited by 70
Integration of TAM Model of Consumers’ Intention to Adopt Cryptocurrency Platform in Thailand: The Mediating Role of Attitude and Perceived Risk
Namahoot, K. S., & Rattanawiboonsom, V. (2022) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2022/9642998 · Cited by 79
“Iacobucci [73] claimed that among the SEM fit indicators, the chi-square (χ2) revealed the only inferential statistic, while all the others were descriptive statistics.”
Background
The impact of tailoring criteria on agile practices adoption: A survey with novice agile practitioners in Brazil
Campanelli, A. S., Camilo, R. D., & Parreiras, F. S. (2017) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.12.012 · Cited by 58
Assessing users satisfaction with web digital library: the case of Universiti Teknologi MARA
Masrek, M. N., & Gaskin, J. E. (2015) · International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-06-2015-0019 · Cited by 91
Is psychological flexibility a mediator between perceived stress and general anxiety or depression among suspected patients of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?
Huang, C., Xie, J., Owusua, T., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Qin, C., & He, Q. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111132 · Cited by 64
“Four indices were employed to assess the goodness of fit of the model (Iacobucci, 2010): Chi-square statistic (χ 2 ) and its p-value>0.”
Influential
Insight, duration of untreated psychosis and attachment in first-episode psychosis: prospective study of psychiatric recovery over 12-month follow-up
Gumley, A. I., Schwannauer, M., Macbeth, A., Fisher, R., Clark, S., Rattrie, L., Fraser, G., McCabe, R., Blair, A., Davidson, K., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126722 · Cited by 63
“23 Goodness of fit of all models was evaluated using the Satorra– Bentler robust fit statistics.”
Method
How does media richness foster online gamer loyalty?
Tseng, F., Huang, T., Pham, T. T. L., Cheng, T. C. E., & Teng, C. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102439 · Cited by 73
Conceptualization of e-servicescapes in the fitness applications and wearable devices context: Multi-dimensions, consumer satisfaction, and behavioral intention
Kim, M. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102562 · Cited by 63
Effects of games on students’ emotions of learning science and achievement in chemistry
Chen, S.-F., Husnaini, S. J., & Chen, J. (2020) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2020.1817607 · Cited by 63
Putting identity into the community: Exploring the social dynamics of urban regeneration
Heath, S. C., Rabinovich, A., & Barreto, M. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2296 · Cited by 69
Establishing the use of cloud computing in supply chain management
Cao, Q., Schniederjans, D. G., & Schniederjans, M. (2017) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-017-0123-6 · Cited by 63
“This sample size is considered acceptable, given that our model has more than three to four items per construct, is not complex and has good reliabilities (Iacobucci 2010).”
Background
Direct effects of quality management on competitive advantage
Elshaer, I. A., & Augustyn, M. M. (2016) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/ijqrm-07-2014-0086 · Cited by 56
“Iacobucci (2010) notes, for example, that “SEM models can perform well, even with small samples (e.g. 50 to 100)” (p. 92).”
Background
Internalized stigma and quality of life domains among people with mental illness: the mediating role of self-esteem
Oliveira, S., Carvalho, H., & Esteves, F. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1124387 · Cited by 63
“The ratio between the chi-square value and degrees of freedom ( 2/df 3, Iacobucci, 2010; Schreiber et al., 2006).”
Background
Artificial Intelligence Tool Adoption in Higher Education: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Understanding Impact Factors among Economics Students
Şova, R., Tudor, C. D., Tartavulea, C. V., & Dieaconescu, R. I. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13183632 · Cited by 95
“This allows for a more rigorous validation of the hypothesized model compared to traditional statistical methods [66,71].”
Postpartum Depression in Mothers and Fathers: The Role of Parenting Efficacy Expectations During the Transition to Parenthood
Gross, C., & Marcussen, K. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0629-7 · Cited by 61
“not overly complex and the variables demonstrate good reliability (Bearden et al. 1982; Bollen 1990; Iacobucci 2010), as is the case in our research.”
Does change in the neighborhood environment prevent obesity in older women?
Michael, Y., Nagel, C., Gold, R., & Hillier, T. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.047 · Cited by 61
“Conversely, an RMSEA or SRMR value of ≤.05 indicates good model fit (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
The impact of enabling performance measurement on managers’ autonomous work motivation and performance
der Hauwaert, E. V., Hoozée, S., Maussen, S., & Bruggeman, W. (2021) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2021.100780 · Cited by 82
Factors that influence parents’ intentions of using autonomous vehicles to transport children to and from school
Jing, P., Du, L., Chen, Y., Shi, Y., Zhan, F., & Xie, J. (2021) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.105991 · Cited by 67
This Is My Hometown! The Role of Place Attachment, Congruity, and Self-Expressiveness on Residents’ Intention to Share a Place Brand Message Online
Styvén, M. E., Mariani, M. M., & Strandberg, C. (2020) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2020.1810594 · Cited by 81
“Hair et al. (2010), as well as Iacobucci (2010), point out that sample-size decisions must be based on several different factors.”
Influential
Habit and social influence as determinants of PowerPoint use in higher education: A study from a technology acceptance approach
Chávez-Herting, D., Pros, R. C., & Tarrida, A. C. (2020) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2020.1799021 · Cited by 60
“In terms of absolute sample size, Iacobucci (2010) stated that a sample size of 100 participants is usually su ﬃ cient in simple models.”
Background
Examining the role of learning support in blended learning for adults' social inclusion and social capital
Cocquyt, C., Zhu, C., Diep, A. N., Greef, M. D., & Vanwing, T. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103610 · Cited by 82
High-performance HR practices, positive affect and employee outcomes
Mostafa, A. (2017) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-06-2016-0177 · Cited by 60
“MLE has been found to be quite robust against violations of the multivariate normality assumption (Iacobucci 2009).”
Background
A methodological review of structural equation modelling in higher education research
Green, T. (2015) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2015.1021670 · Cited by 69
An Examination of Functional Difficulties From Internet Use: Media Habit and Displacement Theory Explanations
Tokunaga, R. S. (2016) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12081 · Cited by 72
A holistic management tool for measuring internal marketing activities
Huang, Y.-T., & Rundle-Thiele, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-03-2015-0112 · Cited by 74
Measurement Invariance of Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scales Across Italian and Belarusian Students
Sirigatti, S., Penzo, I., Iani, L., Mazzeschi, A., Hatalskaja, H., Giannetti, E., & Stefanile, C. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0082-0 · Cited by 60
“On the other hand, there were no substantial differences between groups in the RMSEA, SRMR, CFI, and PGFI values.”
MethodInfluential
Does customer co-creation value lead to electronic word-of-mouth? An empirical study on the short-video platform industry
Xie, X.-Z., Tsai, N.-C., Xu, S., & Zhang, B.-Y. (2019) · The Social science journal (Fort Collins) · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2018.08.010 · Cited by 59
“Furthermore, the squared multiple correlation (SMC) for each item was between 0.486 and 0.684, and thus was above the 0.3 recommended by Iacobucci (2010).”
Influential
An investigation of the relationship between supply chain management practices (SCMP) on supply chain performance measurement (SCPM) of Indian retail chain using SEM
Gawankar, S. A., Kamble, S., & Raut, R. D. (2017) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-12-2015-0123 · Cited by 65
How and when the effect of ethical leadership occurs? A multilevel analysis in the Chinese hospitality industry
Qin, Q., Wen, B., Ling, Q., Zhou, S., & Tong, M. (2014) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-02-2013-0073 · Cited by 77
“The goodness-of-fit of the models was assessedwith Chi-square tests, the standardized rootmean square residual (SRMR), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), the non-normed fit index (NNFI) and the comparative fit index (CFI) (Bagozzi, 2010; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Method
How does green suit me? Consumers mentally match perceived product attributes with their domain‐specific motives when making green purchase decisions
Hahnel, U. J. J., Gölz, S., & Spada, H. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1471 · Cited by 66
Both Hair Cortisol Levels and Perceived Stress Predict Increased Symptoms of Depression: An Exploratory Study in Young Adults
Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Elliot, C., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., Pühse, U., & Brand, S. (2013) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000351735 · Cited by 61
Deep versus superficial anthropomorphism: Exploring their effects on human trust in shared autonomous vehicles
Wu, M., Wang, N., & Yuen, K. F. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107614 · Cited by 54
Development and validation of sources of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and outcome expectations: A social cognitive career theory perspective
Adebusuyi, A. S., Adebusuyi, O. F., & Kolade, O. (2021) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100572 · Cited by 69
Studying the relationship between causes and effects of poor communication in construction projects using PLS-SEM approach
Gamil, Y., & Rahman, I. A. (2021) · Journal of Facilities Management · doi:10.1108/jfm-04-2021-0039 · Cited by 103
Promoting resident-tourist interaction quality when residents are expected to be hospitable hosts at destinations
Xiong, L., Wang, H.-H., Yang, Y., & He, W.-J. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.12.008 · Cited by 58
Effects of environmental corporate social responsibility on environmental well‐being perception and the mediation role of community resilience
Rela, I., Awang, A. H., Ramli, Z., Sum, S. M., & Meisanti, M. (2020) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1956 · Cited by 58
“A large size is required for reliable analysis in the structural equation model (SEM; Iacobucci, 2010), and the applicable sample size for the research is 30 – 500 family leaders (Roscoe, 1975).”
Improving CSR performance by hard and soft means: The role of organizational citizenship behaviours and the internalization of CSR standards
Testa, F., Boiral, O., & Saizarbitoria, I. H. (2018) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1502 · Cited by 68
Citizens’ Adoption Behavior of Mobile Government (mGov): A Cross-Cultural Study
Shareef, M., Dwivedi, Y. K., Laumer, S., & Archer, N. (2016) · Information systems management · doi:10.1080/10580530.2016.1188573 · Cited by 58
“By using different sample sizes, Iacobucci (2010) tried to estimate the effect of sample size on different model fit parameters and finally suggested that any sample size of 50 is appropriate for SEM, depending on the number of latent variables.”
Method
Exploring AI tool adoption in higher education: evidence from a PLS-SEM model integrating multimodal literacy, self-efficacy, and university support
Zhao, Z., An, Q., & Liu, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1619391 · Cited by 77
“We relied on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to reduce the risk of common method bias (Iacobucci, 2010), and we verified the variance inflation factor (VIF) values.”
Influential
Brand logo and brand gender: examining the effects of natural logo designs and color on brand gender perceptions and affect
Machado, J. C., Fonseca, B., & Martins, C. (2020) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/s41262-020-00216-4 · Cited by 71
“…fit index [RFI] = 0.915, incremental fit index[IFI] = 0.955, normed fit index [NFI] = 0.931, goodness-of-fit index [GFI] = 0.896, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.086, standardized root mean square residual [SRMSR] = 0.078), considering existing recommendations (Iacobucci 2010).”
MethodInfluential
The importance of consumer motives for green mobility: A multi-modal perspective
Herberz, M., Hahnel, U. J. J., & Brosch, T. (2020) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.06.021 · Cited by 67
An extensive study to assess the sustainability drivers of production performances using a resource-based view and contingency analysis
Savino, M., & Shafiq, M. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.191 · Cited by 57
Customer journey management capability in business-to-business markets: Its bright and dark sides and overall impact on firm performance
Homburg, C., & Tischer, M. (2023) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-023-00923-9 · Cited by 98
“Cronbach’s alphas (CAs), composite reliabilities (CRs), and average variances extracted (AVEs) of the second-order construct and first-order dimensions were all above the required thresholds (Bagozzi & Yi, 2012; Iacobucci, 2010).”
Neurophysiological correlates of interference control and response inhibition processes in children and adolescents engaging in open- and closed-skill sports
Ludyga, S., Mücke, M., Andrä, C., Gerber, M., & Pühse, U. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.001 · Cited by 59
Aligning employees’ attitudes and behavior with hospitality brands: The role of employee brand internalization
Xiong, L., & King, C. (2019) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.06.006 · Cited by 69
“According to Iacobucci (2010), when variables are reliable and effects are strong, a smaller sample can be adequate for a structural equation modeling analysis.”
Background
Validity of the Male Depression Risk Scale in a representative Canadian sample: sensitivity and specificity in identifying men with recent suicide attempt
Rice, S., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Kealy, D., Seidler, Z. E., Dhillon, H. M., & Oliffe, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1417565 · Cited by 64
Individualizing gamified systems: The role of trait competitiveness and leaderboard design
Höllig, C. E., Tumasjan, A., & Welpe, I. M. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.046 · Cited by 81
How disclosure medium affects investor reactions to CEO bragging, modesty, and humblebraggingPreprint
Grant, S. M., Hodge, F., & Sinha, R. K. (2018) · Accounting, Organizations and Society · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2943768 · Cited by 56
“Models with CFI close to 0.95, minimum fit χ2 p > 0.05, χ2/df < 3.0, RMSEA < 0.10, and SRMR < 0.08 are considered good fits (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Iacobucci, 2010; Marsh, Hau, & Wen, 2004). disclosure medium, on perceived CEO credibility (p = 0.04, one-tailed).”
Influential
Perceived school climate across the transition from elementary to middle school.
Madjar, N., & Cohen‐Malayev, M. (2015) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000129 · Cited by 60
A Minority Stress Model for Suicidal Ideation in Gay Men.
Michaels, M. S., Parent, M. C., & Torrey, C. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12169 · Cited by 56
Childhood neglect predicts disorganization in schizophrenia through grey matter decrease in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Cancel, A., Comte, M., Truillet, R., Boukezzi, S. C., Rousseau, P., Zendjidjian, X. Y., Sage, T., Lazerges, P., Guedj, É., Khalfa, S., et al. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12455 · Cited by 61
“With regard to our limited sample, we maintained our tested models parsimonious by considering a very small number of measured variables in the models and did not include adjustment variable or error coefficients (52).”
Method
A structural equation model of energy consumption in the United States: Untangling the complexity of per-capita residential energy use
Estiri, H. (2015) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.01.002 · Cited by 56
Do global talent management programs help to retain talent? A career-related framework
Bonneton, D., Schworm, S. K., Festing, M., & Muratbekova-Touron, M. (2019) · International journal of human resources management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2019.1683048 · Cited by 55
“The vague, folklore rule of thumb considering requisite sample size, e.g. “n> 200”, can be conservative, and is surely simplistic’ (Iacobucci, 2010, p. 92).”
Background
What Drives M-Shoppers to Continue Using Mobile Devices to Buy?
Rodríguez–Torrico, P., Gutiérrez, S. S. M., & Cabezudo, R. S. J. (2019) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2018.1534211 · Cited by 65
“Thus, following literature recommendations (Iacobucci, 2010), the previously validatedfirst-order constructs (navigation and safety m-experiences) could then be incorporated into the second-order measurement model.”
Background
Innovate or die: How should knowledge-worker teams respond to technological turbulence?
Chen, T., Li, F., Chen, X.-P., & Ou, Z. (2018) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.008 · Cited by 59
How field office leaders drive learning and creativity in humanitarian aid: Exploring the role of boundary‐spanning leadership for expatriate and local aid worker collaboration
Salem, M., Quaquebeke, N. V., & Besiou, M. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2246 · Cited by 67
Disentangling supply chain management competencies and their impact on performance
Flöthmann, C., Hoberg, K., & Gammelgaard, B. (2018) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-02-2017-0120 · Cited by 59
“The structural model yielded an acceptable fit: CFI¼ 0.921, IFI¼ 0.922, TLI¼ 0.915, RMSEA¼ 0.054 with P-CLOSE¼ 0.080 (Hu and Bentler, 1999; Iacobucci, 2010; Kline, 2011).”
Influential
Personal aspirations and brand engagement in self-concept
Razmus, W., Jaroszyńska, M., & Palęga, M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.018 · Cited by 57
“…marketing consequences of self–brand relationship (Albert, Merunka, & Valette-Florence, 2013; Belaid & Behi, 2011; Carroll & Ahuvia, 2006; Kim, Park, & Kim, 2014; Sprott, Czellar, & Spangenberg, 2009; Thomson, MacInnis, & Park, 2005; Whan Park, MacInnis, Priester, Eisingerich, & Iacobucci, 2010).”
Measuring Business Process Management using business process orientation and process improvement initiatives
Nadarajah, D., & Kadir, S. S. A. (2016) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-01-2014-0001 · Cited by 55
The portrait of the procrastinator: Risk factors and results of an indecisive personality
Tibbett, T. P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.014 · Cited by 55
Consumer behavioral intention toward sustainable biscuits: An extension of the theory of planned behavior with product familiarity and perceived value
Dangelico, R. M., Ceccarelli, G., & Fraccascia, L. (2024) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3774 · Cited by 55
Impact of social support on the resilience of youth: mediating effects of coping styles
Cao, F., Li, J., Wei, X., & Cai, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331813 · Cited by 70
Assessing the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable business excellence in a turbulent scenario
Savastano, M., Zentner, H., Spremić, M., & Cucari, N. (2022) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2022.2063717 · Cited by 64
Low-carbon consumer behaviour in climate-vulnerable developing countries: A case study of Sri Lanka
Gunarathne, N., Kaluarachchilage, P. K. H., & Rajasooriya, S. M. (2019) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104592 · Cited by 52
Who am I if you can’t see me? The “self” of young travellers as driver of eWOM in social media
Styvén, M. E., & Foster, T. (2018) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-12-2017-0057 · Cited by 65
“Model results and hypothesis tests After validating the measures, the path model in Amos was estimated with maximum likelihood estimation (recommended by, e.g. Iacobucci, 2010) to test the hypotheses.”
Method
Strengthening Loyalty of Online Gamers: Goal Gradient Perspective
Teng, C. (2016) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2016.1204195 · Cited by 56
“The number of participants exceeded 200, conforming to the suggestion in the literature [23] regarding sufficient sample size in order to analyze a structural equation model.”
Background
Impact of mindfulness on construction workers’ safety performance: The mediating roles of psychological contract and coping behaviors
Liang, H., Shi, X., Yang, D., & Liu, K. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105534 · Cited by 62

Authors: Iacobucci, D.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Corresponding author: Iacobucci, Dawn
ORCID: Iacobucci, Dawn
Venue: Journal of Consumer Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-10-03
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 90-98
ISSN: 1057-7408 (ISSN-L)
1532-7663
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
OpenAlex: W2038318317
Cited by: 2,263
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 111 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 210 · 2021: 208 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 193 · 2018: 169 · 2017: 129 · 2016: 128 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 34.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
papers.ssrn.com
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Consumer Psychology (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: structural equation modeling, model fit indices, sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, measurement model, structural model

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks