A cross-syndrome study of the development of holistic face recognition in children with autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome
Abstract
We report a cross-syndrome comparison of the development of holistic processing in face recognition in school-aged children with developmental disorders: autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome. The autism group was split into two groups: one with high-functioning children and one with low-functioning children. The latter group has rarely been studied in this context. The four disorder groups were compared with typically developing children. Cross-sectional trajectory analyses were used to compare development in a modified version of Tanaka and Farah's part-whole task. Trajectories were constructed linking part-whole performance either to chronological age or to several measures of mental age (receptive vocabulary, visuospatial construction, and the Benton Facial Recognition Test). In addition to variable delays in onset and rate of development, we found an atypical profile in all disorder groups. These profiles were atypical in different ways, indicating multiple pathways to, and variable outcomes in, the development of face recognition. We discuss the implications for theories of face recognition in both atypical and typical development, including the idea that part-whole and rotation manipulations may tap different aspects of holistic and/or configural processing.
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- Authors
- Annaz, D., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Johnson, M. H., & Thomas, M. S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Annaz, Dagmara
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 456-486
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2133897619
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- face recognition (cognition), holistic face processing, configural processing, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, developmental disorders, children, developmental trajectories, mental age, high-functioning autism, low-functioning autism, receptive vocabulary, visuospatial construction
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Down Syndrome, Face, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Visual Perception, Williams Syndrome, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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