The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.
Open accessAbstract
Although the structure of executive function (EF) during adulthood is characterized by both unity and diversity, recent evidence suggests that preschool EF may be best described by a single factor. The latent structure of EF was examined in 228 3-year-olds using confirmatory factor analysis. Children completed a battery of executive tasks that differed in format and response requirements and in putative working memory and inhibitory control demands. Tasks appeared to be age appropriate, with adequate sensitivity across the range of performance and without floor or ceiling effects. Tests of the relative fit of several alternative models supported a single latent EF construct. Measurement invariance testing revealed less proficient EF in children at higher sociodemographic risk relative to those at lower risk and no differences between boys and girls. At 3years of age, when EF skills are emerging, EF appears to be a unitary, more domain-general process.
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“assessment of executive function plays a significant role in clinical practice, including early detection and intervention planning.40”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
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“Although the unitary or common process approach of EF as a model for young children has a lot of support (Garon et al., 2008; Wiebe et al., 2011; Brydges et al., 2012), there is evidence that some components are dissociable.”
From Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiebe et al., 2011
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“Researchers have also found several developmental differences in EF (e.g., Wiebe et al., 2011; Brydges et al., 2012) suggesting EF are more unidimensional in early development but becomes a multifactorial construct in adolescence and adulthood and asserting that a single factor model of EF is not universally appropriate across development.”
From Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiebe et al., 2011
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Cites
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Cited by
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Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023 · Cited by 1,834
Nigg, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675 · Cited by 1,518
Cognition assessment using the NIH Toolbox
Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S. S., Heaton, R. K., Tulsky, D. S., Zelazo, P. D., Bauer, P. J., Carlozzi, N. E., Slotkin, J., Blitz, D., Wallner-Allen, K., et al. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182872ded · Cited by 1,287
Vision assessment using the NIH Toolbox
Varma, R., McKean‐Cowdin, R., Vitale, S., Slotkin, J., & Hays, R. D. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182876e0a · Cited by 1,200
Hot and Cool Executive Function in Childhood and Adolescence: Development and Plasticity
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x · Cited by 1,403
Metadata
- Authors
- Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wiebe, Sandra A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 436-452
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3033982
- OpenAlex
- W2079516150
- Cited by
- 776
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 31.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH065668, R01MH065668)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA014661, R21DA024769, R01DA023653, DA023653, DA024769, R01DA014661)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- executive function, preschool children, three-year-old children, latent structure, one-factor model, domain generality, working memory, inhibitory control, measurement invariance, sociodemographic risk factors, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function
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