Working memory training improves children’s syntactic ability but not vice versa: A randomized control trial
Open accessAbstract
We tested several hypotheses about the relation between syntax and working memory (WM). In a pretest/posttest randomized control trial, 104 native Cuban Spanish-speaking children (Mage = 7 years 2 months; 54 girls) took part in syntax training in their first language, syntax training in their second language, WM training, or no training (control). Compared with the control, children in the training conditions showed cognitive transfer from WM to syntax but not from syntax to WM. The result was most striking in the case of their first language, where WM training was as effective as language training in boosting syntactic performance. As well as establishing cognitive transfer at the group level, we also found that individual differences in WM performance, both at baseline and in training, predicted the extent to which children’s syntax improved. The directionality of transfer, the group-level and individual-level results, established in the context of a randomized control design, all point to a strong causal role for domain-general cognition in the processes of language acquisition.
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WM training studies have reported directional or asymmetric transfer effects even when tasks are closely matched in similarity.
“WM training studies have reported directional or asymmetric transfer effects – cases in which training on Task A transfers to Task B, but training on Task B does not comparably transfer back to Task A – even when the two tasks are closely matched in similarity (Liu et al., 2023; Roque-Gutierrez & Ibbotson, 2023).”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Roque-Gutierrez & Ibbotson, 2023
n-back training has been reported to transfer to syntactic processing more than syntactic training transfers back to WM outcomes.
“n-back training has been reported to transfer to syntactic processing more than syntactic training transfers back to WM outcomes (Roque-Gutierrez & Ibbotson, 2023)”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Roque-Gutierrez & Ibbotson, 2023
Roque-Gutierrez and Ibbotson (2023) reported an ability-based transfer advantage in the WM-linguistic domain, indicating that transfer asymmetry in higher-order cognitive training requires more study.
“Roque-Gutierrez and Ibbotson (2023), for example, reported an ability-based transfer advantage in the WM–linguistic domain, indicating that transfer asymmetry in higher-order cognitive training requires more study.”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Roque-Gutierrez and Ibbotson, 2023
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“…have reported directional or asymmetric transfer effects – cases in which training on Task A transfers to Task B, but training on Task B does not comparably transfer back to Task A – even when the two tasks are closely matched in similarity (Liu et al., 2023; Roque-Gutierrez & Ibbotson, 2023).”
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- Authors
- Roque-Gutierrez, E., & Ibbotson, P.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ibbotson, Paul
- ORCID
- Ibbotson, Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-03
- Volume
- 227
- Pages
- 105593
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4311214243
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- working memory training, syntactic development, transfer of learning, bilingual children, Spanish-speaking children, first language vs second language, domain-general cognition, language acquisition, cognitive training
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Training, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Language, Language Development, Memory, Short-Term
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