Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information.
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Pilot results indicated that common psychology distractor tasks such as the n-back task resulted in large amounts of noise in model outputs, while other distractors were of limited effect due to in-context retrieval.
“This decision was based on pilot results indicating that common psychology distractor tasks such as the n-back task (Kirchner, 1958) resulted in large amounts of noise in model outputs, while other distractors were of limited effect on the model due to it being able to retrieve the earlier stimuli in-context.”
From Mind Your Step (by Step): Chain-of-Thought can Reduce Performance on Tasks where Thinking Makes Humans Worse (2024) · cites this paper as Kirchner, 1958
The n-back task is a common and well-established continuous performance test for measurements of working memory performance.
“The n-back task is a common and well-established continuous performance test for measurements of working memory performance [33], [34].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [33]
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“We administered in total nine WM tasks, consisting of three n-back tasks (the current element has to be matched with the element presented n trials ago; Kirchner, 1958), two running memory tasks (a sequence of items with a random length is presented after which the four last items has to be recalled; Pollack et al.”
MethodInfluentialWhich “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back
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Liu, R., Geng, J., Wu, A. J., Sucholutsky, I., Lombrozo, T., & Griffiths, T. L. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.21333 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This decision was based on pilot results indicating that common psychology distractor tasks such as the n-back task (Kirchner, 1958) resulted in large amounts of noise in model outputs, while other distractors were of limited effect on the model due to it being able to retrieve the earlier stimuli…”
Heiland, E. G., Lindh, F., Regan, C., Ekblom, Ö., Kjellenberg, K., Larsen, F. J., Fernström, M., Nyberg, G., Ekblom, M. M., & Helgadóttir, B. (2024) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-024-00308-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
From distraction to delay: Unpacking academic procrastination
Fabio, R. A., Ricciardello, M., & Picciotto, G. (2026) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.19203
“Finally, the N-back task was used to assess working memory, originally introduced by Kirchner (1958) as a visuospatial task with four levels (“0-back” to “3-back”) and by Mackworth (1959) as a visual letter task with up to six levels of load.”
- Authors
- Kirchner, W. K.
- Affiliations
- 3M (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kirchner, Wayne K.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1958
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 352-358
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2111107118
- Cited by
- 1,798
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 153 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- age differences, short-term memory, memory retention, aging
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Memory
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