Purification of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of the edible microalgal Spirulina maxima

Vo, Thanh-Sang; Ryu, BoMi; Kim, Se-Kwon

doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.05.001

Cited by 209Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive PeptidesSeaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsMast cells and histamine

Purification of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of the edible microalgal Spirulina maxima

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Vo, Thanh-Sang, Ryu, BoMi, Kim, Se-Kwon·2013·Journal of Functional Foods

DOI 10.1016/j.jff.2013.05.001

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Abstract

Abstract Natural bioactive peptides have been known as ingredients in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the potential anti-inflammatory peptides were purified from enzymatic hydrolysate of the edible microalgae Spirulina maxima using gastrointestinal endopeptidases (trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and pepsin). Purification of the hydrolysate resulted in two peptides with amino acid sequences of LDAVNR (P1, 686 Da) and MMLDF (P2, 655 Da). It was found that peptides P1 and P2 exhibited significant inhibition on the release and production of histamine from antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 mast cells. Moreover, the suppressive effect of P1 and P2 on production as well as expression of interleukin-8 in histamine-stimulated EA.hy926 endothelial cells was determined. Notably, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species from mast cells and endothelial cells was decreased in the presence of P1 or P2. Collectively, the peptides P1 and P2 from S. maxima could be used as functional ingredients with potent anti-inflammatory benefits.

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Both P1 and P2 exhibited a suppressive effect on production of intracellular ROS in mast and endothelial cells.
“Both P1 and P2 exhibited a suppressive effect on IL-8 expression in histamine-stimulated EA.hy926 endothelial cells, and on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mast and endothelial cells [33].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
Two novel anti-inflammatory peptides with amino acid sequences LDAVNR (P1) and MMLDF (P2) were purified from the enzymatic hydrolysate of Spirulina maxima.
“Two novel anti-inflammatory peptides with amino acid sequences of LDAVNR (P1, 686 Da) and MMLDF (P2, 655 Da) were purified from the enzymatic hydrolysate of Spirulina maxima.”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
Both P1 and P2 exhibited a suppressive effect on IL-8 expression in histamine-stimulated EA.hy926 endothelial cells.
“Both P1 and P2 exhibited a suppressive effect on IL-8 expression in histamine-stimulated EA.hy926 endothelial cells, and on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mast and endothelial cells [33].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

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Montalvo, G. E. B., Thomaz‐Soccol, V., Vandenberghe, L. P. D. S., de Carvalho, J. C., Faulds, C. B., Bertrand, E., Prado, M. R. M., Bonatto, S. J. R., & Soccol, C. R. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.081 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory effects of collagen hydrolysates from yak (Bos grunniens) bone on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in BALB/c mice
Gao, S., Hong, H., Zhang, C., Wang, K., Zhang, B., Han, Q., Liu, H., & Luo, Y. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2019.103420 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Prediction of Bioactive Peptides from Chlorella sorokiniana Proteins Using Proteomic Techniques in Combination with Bioinformatics Analyses
Tejano, L. A., Peralta, J. P., Yap, E. E. S., Panjaitan, F. C. A., & Chang, Y.-W. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20071786 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“and Chlorella ellipsoidea [11], anti-inflammatory effects from Spirulina maxima [12] and antibacterial property from Spirulina platensis [13].”
Background
Sturgeon hydrolysates alleviate DSS-induced colon colitis in mice by modulating NF-κB, MAPK, and microbiota composition
Gao, R., Shen, Y., Shu, W., Jin, W., Bai, F., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., El-Seedi, H. R., Sun, Q., & Yuan, L. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c9fo02772f · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory activity of lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) protein hydrolysates in THP-1-derived macrophages
Millán-Linares, M. C., Bermúdez, B., Yust, M. D. M., Millán, F., & Pedroche, J. (2014) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.020 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation
Zhu, W., Ren, L., Zhang, L., Qiao, Q., Farooq, M. Z., & Xu, Q. (2020) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2020/6817156 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“There are many food-derived BAPs that can inhibit inflammation via the MAPK or NF-κB pathway (Table 1), such as CR, FL, HC, LL, MK [17], DEDTQAMPFR, DEDTQAMPF [18], DYKKY [19], EAMAPK, AVPYPQ [13], FLV [20], GPETAFLR [21], GPR [22], IPAV [23], IRW [24], IQW [12], LDAVNR, MMLDF [25], MLGATSL, MSYSAGF [18], PAY [26], PR…”
Background
Down-regulation of histamine-induced endothelial cell activation as potential anti-atherosclerotic activity of peptides from Spirulina maxima
Vo, T., & Kim, S. (2013) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.07.001 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent Advances in Microalgae Peptides: Cardiovascular Health Benefits and Analysis
Li, Y., Lammi, C., Boschin, G., Arnoldi, A., & Aiello, G. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03566 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Marine algae: A treasure trove of bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds
Ghallab, D. S., Ibrahim, R. S., Mohyeldin, M. M., & Shawky, E. M. (2024) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116023 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities of gallate-chitooligosaccharides in human lung epithelial A549 cells
Vo, T., Ngo, D., Bạch, L. G., Ngo, D., & Kim, S. (2017) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
A heptameric peptide purified from Spirulina sp. gastrointestinal hydrolysate inhibits angiotensin I-converting enzyme- and angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in human endothelial cells
Heo, S., Ko, S., Kim, C. S., Oh, G., Ryu, B., Qian, Z., Kim, G., Park, W. S., Choi, I., Phan, T. T. V., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.2941 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“previously been produced via the enzymatic hydrolysis of various bioresources that contain a high protein concentration (17,27).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
High-value biochemical products & applications of freshwater eukaryotic microalgae
Russell, C., Rodríguez, C., & Yaseen, M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151111 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Rhodomonas sp.
Derbel, H., Elleuch, J., Mahfoudh, W., Michaud, P., Fendri, I., & Abdelkafi, S. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13053202 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Pepsin: An Excellent Proteolytic Enzyme for the Production of Bioactive Peptides
Ashaolu, T. J., Lee, C., Ashaolu, J. O., Tarhan, Ö., Pourjafar, H., & Jafari, S. M. (2023) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2023.2238814 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“[ 102 ] A m a r a n t h ( A m a r a n t h u s h y p o c h o n d r i a c u s ) ● M e a s u r e m e n t o f N O a n d P r o s t a g l a n d i n”
Influential
Gastrointestinal digestion of food proteins: Anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the derived peptides
Yan, Z., Gui, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, X., Wen, C., Olatunji, O. J., Suttikhana, I., & Ashaolu, T. J. (2024) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114573 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Antimicrobial Peptides from Photosynthetic Marine Organisms with Potential Application in Aquaculture
Beltrán, J. M. G., Arizcún, M., & Chaves-Pozo, E. (2023) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md21050290 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Isolation and characterization of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from trypsin hydrolysis of microalgae protein ( Synechococcus sp. VDW)
Suttisuwan, R., Phunpruch, S., Saisavoey, T., Sangtanoo, P., Thongchul, N., & Karnchanatat, A. (2019) · Food Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/08905436.2019.1673171 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“As a result, researchers are interested in obtaining effective bioactive peptides from marine microalgae (Oh et al. 2015; Qian et al. 2013; Suetsuna and Chen 2001; Vo, Ryu, and Kim 2013).”
Background
Effects of Spirulina platensis on insulin secretion, dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity and both carbohydrate digestion and absorption indicate potential as an adjunctive therapy for diabetes
Hannan, J. M. A., Ansari, P., Azam, S., Flatt, P. R., & Abdel‐Wahab, Y. H. A. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520002111 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Proteomics Characterization of Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides with Anti-Allergic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Abril, A. G., Pazos, M., Villa, T. G., Calo‐Mata, P., Barros‐Velázquez, J., & Carrera, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204400 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
GPETAFLR: A new anti-inflammatory peptide from Lupinus angustifolius L. protein hydrolysate
Millán-Linares, M. C., Millán, F., Pedroche, J., & Yust, M. D. M. (2015) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.07.016 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…peptides in the range 1-5 kDa have been detected in casein hydrolysates (Mukhopadhya et al., 2014), and anti-inflammatory peptides with molecular weight lower than 1 kDa have been isolated from microalgae and aquatic organisms (Lee et al., 2012; Vo et al., 2013; Ahn, Cho, & Je, 2015).”
Background
Microalgae as functional food ingredients: nutritional benefits, challenges, and regulatory considerations for safe consumption
Martínez-Ruiz, F., Andrade-Bustamante, G., Holguín-Peña, R., Renganathan, P., Gaysina, L., Sukhanova, N., & Puente, E. (2025) · Biomass · doi:10.3390/biomass5020025 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A critical review on immunomodulatory peptides from plant sources; action mechanisms and recent advances
Ashaolu, T. J., Zarei, M., Agrawal, H., Kharazmi, M. S., & Jafari, S. M. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2183380 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Peptides like Leu-Asp-Ala-Val-Asn-Arg and MetMet-Leu-Asp-Phe among all other plant-based IPs usually have low MW and hydrophobic properties (Kong et al. 2008; Vo, Ryu, and Kim 2013).”
A review of bioactive peptides as functional food ingredients: mechanisms of action and their applications in active packaging and food quality improvement
Najafian, L. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo00362k · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Systemic Review on Microalgal Peptides: Bioprocess and Sustainable Applications
Sathya, R., MubarakAli, D., MohamedSaalis, J., & Kim, J.-W. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13063262 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Additionally, these anti-inflammatory peptides reduce reactive oxygen species production, which releases the inhibition of histamine and IL-8 expression [73].”
Background
Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibition and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Polypeptide Isolated from Chicken Feather Meal in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Inkanuwat, A., Sukaboon, R., Reamtong, O., Asawanonda, P., Pattaratanakun, A., Saisavoey, T., Sangtanoo, P., & Karnchanatat, A. (2019) · Food Technology and Biotechnology · doi:10.17113/ftb.57.02.19.5964 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Anti-inflammatory Leu-Asp-Ala-Val-Asn-Arg (683 Da) and Met-Met-Leu-Asp-Phe (655 Da) from Spirulina maxima (11), Gln-Cys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Val-Gln-Ser-Ala-Val (1061 Da) from Ruditapes philippinarum (5) and Gln-Cys-Gln-Cys-Ala-Val-GluGly-Gly-Leu (1007 Da) from Crassostrea gigas were also isolated from marine organisms (36), w…”
Background
GR15 peptide of S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMe) from Arthrospira platensis demonstrated antioxidant mechanism against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in in-vitro MDCK cells and in-vivo zebrafish larvae model
Velayutham, M., Guru, A., Arasu, M. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., Choi, K. C., Elumalai, P., Harikrishnan, R., Arshad, A., & Arockiaraj, J. (2021) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.10.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory peptide therapeutics and the role of sulphur containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) in inflammation suppression: A review
Biji, C. A., Balde, A., & Nazeer, R. A. (2024) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-024-01893-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Advanced Insights into Walnut Protein: Structure, Physiochemical Properties and Applications
Zhao, Y., He, W., Zhao, S., Jiao, T., Hu, H., Li, J., Zhang, L., & Zang, J. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12193603 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Transport of ACE Inhibitory Peptides Ile‐Gln‐Pro and Val‐Glu‐Pro Derived from Spirulina platensis Across Caco‐2 Monolayers
He, Y., Li, T., Chen, J., She, X., Ren, D., & Lu, J. (2018) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14350 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Protein extraction and bioactive hydrolysate generation from two microalgae, Porphyridium purpureum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Stack, J., Gouic, A. V. L., Tobin, P. R., Guihéneuf, F., Stengel, D. B., & Fitzgerald, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2018.1134 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Furthermore,anti-inflammatory peptides have been purified from enzymatic hydrolysate of Spirulina maxima (Vo et al., 2013), andS. platensis peptides have been reported to possess anti-hypertensive, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-tumor and antiaging activities (Ovando et…”
Background
Immunomodulating peptides for food allergy prevention and treatment
Lozano‐Ojalvo, D., & López‐Fandiño, R. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1275519 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…microalgae Spirulina maxima and, particularly, the pentapeptides DAVNR and MMLDF, inhibit histamine release form RBL-2H3 mast cells sensitized with dinitrophenyl (DNP)-specific IgE and stimulated with DNP-BSA, in parallel with a suppressive effect on intracellular ROS production (Vo et al., 2013).”
Background
Biopeptides with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in the prevention and treatment of diabesity disease
Leo, E. E. M., Acevedo‐Fernández, J. J., & Campos, M. R. S. (2016) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.051 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Growth performance and physiological status evaluation of Spirulina platensis algae supplementation in broiler chicken diet
El-Hady, A. M. A., Elghalid, O. A., Elnaggar, A. S., & El-Khalek, E. A. (2022) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reconsidering the potential of direct microalgal biomass utilization as end-products: A review
Choi, H. I., Sung, Y. J., Hong, M. E., Han, J., Min, B. K., & Sim, S. J. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111930 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of A. platensis-Derived Peptides: A Green and Sustainable Protein-Rich Supplement
Begum, N., Qi, F., Yang, F., Khan, Q. U., Faizan, Fu, Q., Li, J., Xiu, W., Wang, X., Wang, J., et al. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12112608 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The chemical methods listed use enzymes for cell wall degradation, as well as a buffer, surfactants, ionic liquids, a strong base, or acid [56].”
Peptides Released from Extruded Adzuki Bean Protein through Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion Exhibit Anti-inflammatory Activity
Shi, Z., Dun, B., Wei, Z., Liu, C., Tian, J., Ren, G., & Yao, Y. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01712 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory effect of enzymatic hydrolysates fromStyela clavaflesh tissue in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages andin vivozebrafish model
Ko, S., & Jeon, Y. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.219 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Recently, some anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported in certain bioresource proteins, including microalgae, salmon pectoral fin and mussel [40-42].”
Background
The role of peptides derived from Spirulina maxima in downregulation of FcεRI‐mediated allergic responses
Vo, T., Ngo, D., Kang, K., Park, S., & Kim, S. (2014) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400329 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pyropia yezoensis Extract Suppresses IFN-Gamma- and TNF-Alpha-Induced Proinflammatory Chemokine Production in HaCaT Cells via the Down-Regulation of NF-κB
Ha, Y., Lee, W.-H., Jeong, J., Park, M., Ko, J.-Y., Kwon, O. W., Lee, J., & Kim, Y. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051238 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Separation and identification of collagen peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysate ofSalmo salarskin and their anti‐inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )‐induced RAW264 .7 inflammatory model
Liu, H., & Лі, Б. (2022) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.14122 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Characterization and Exploration of the Neuroprotective Potential of Oat-Protein-Derived Peptides in PC12 Cells and Scopolamine-Treated Zebrafish
Rafique, H., Hu, X., Ren, T., Dong, R., Aadil, R. M., Zou, L., Sharif, M. K., & Li, L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010117 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Moreover, the results of this study included highly negative”
Result
Unveiling the rise of microalgae-based foods in the global market: Perspective views and way forward
Ang, W. S., Kee, P. E., Lan, J. C.-W., Chen, W.-H., Chang, J.-S., & Khoo, K. S. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105390 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effect of Dietary Microalgae (Spirulina platensis) on Growth Performance, Ingestive Behavior, Hemato-Biochemical Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Fayoumi Broilers
Hassan, R., Refaie, M., EL-Shoukary, R. D., Rehan, I. F., Zigo, F., Karaffová, V., & Amer, H. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12111892 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Innovative Bioactive Products with Medicinal Value from Microalgae and Their Overall Process Optimization through the Implementation of Life Cycle Analysis—An Overview
Papadaki, S., Tricha, N., Panagiotopoulou, M., & Krokida, M. K. (2024) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md22040152 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Food-derived bio-functional peptides for the management of hyperuricemia and associated mechanism
Wang, Y., Ma, M., Huang, Y., Fan, S., Peng, J., Li, S., Su, X., Wang, Y., & Lu, C. (2023) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2022.9250149 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Preparation and purification of an immunoregulatory peptide from Stolephorus chinensis of the East Sea of China
Xu, B., Ye, L., Tang, Y., Zheng, J., Tian, X., Yang, Y., & Yang, Z. (2020) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Evaluation of the co-production of total carotenoids, C-phycocyanin and polyhydroxyalkanoates by Arthrospira platensis
dos Santos, R. R., Corrêa, P. S., Dantas, F. M. L., & Teixeira, C. M. L. L. (2019) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100226 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Microalgal proteins: Unveiling sustainable alternatives to address the protein challenge
Xu, Y., Tong, X., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, X., Han, J., Liu, Z., Ding, J., Diao, C., Mumby, W., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133747 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Neuroprotective Role of Cyanobacteria with Focus on the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential: Current Status and Perspectives
Rodrigues, F. G., Reis, M. A., Ferreira, L., Grosso, C., Ferraz, R., Vieira, M., Vasconcelos, V. M., & Martins, R. F. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29204799 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Isolation, identification and molecular docking of anti-inflammatory peptides from walnut ( Juglans regia L.) meal hydrolysates
Xu, Y., Feng, Y., Yang, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, M., Guo, Y. Y., & Ren, D. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo00768e · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Food Peptides for the Nutricosmetic Industry
Dini, I., & Mancusi, A. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12040788 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Microalgae biomass–A source of sustainable dietary bioactive compounds towards improved health and well-being
Silva, M., Geada, P., Pereira, R. N., & Teixeira, J. A. (2025) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2025.100926 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Vo et al. (2013) purified two peptides (LDAVNR and MMLDF) from an enzymatic hydrolysate of Spirulina maxima , which were able to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production from endothelial cells and inhibit ROS production and interleukin (IL)-8 expression, two of the main inflammatory process…”
Influential
Strategies for improvement of bioactive compounds production using microalgal consortia: An emerging concept for current and future perspective
Udaypal, U., Goswami, R. K., & Verma, P. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103664 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Whole-plant foods and their macromolecules: untapped approaches to modulate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Huang, R., Zhu, Z., Wu, Q., Bekhit, A. E.-D. A., Wu, S., Chen, M., Wang, J., & Ding, Y. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1975093 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For example, peptides of 3 kDa from Spirulina maxima have been found to exhibit the most superior anti-inflammatory activity than those of >10, 5–10, and 3–5 kDa (Vo, Ryu, and Kim 2013).”
BackgroundResult
The immune‐enhancing potential of peptide fractions from fermented Spirulina platensis by mixed probiotics
An, J., Feng, Y., Zheng, J., Addy, M., Zhang, L., & Ren, D. (2020) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13245 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Antioxidant and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from Hippocampus abdominalis
Kim, H., Je, J.-G., Ryu, B., Kang, N., Fernando, I. P. S., Jayawardena, T. U., Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Oh, J.-Y., Lee, T.-G., & Jeon, Y. (2018) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-018-3179-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The protease hydrolysis is believed to increase the bioavailability of the active peptides and avoid the additional digestion in the gastrointestinal tract [20].”
Self-citation
Algae-derived compounds: Bioactivity, allergenicity and technologies enhancing their values
Mirzapour‐Kouhdasht, A., García‐Vaquero, M., & Huang, J. (2024) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130963 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Potential anti-inflammatory activity of walnut protein derived peptide leucine-proline-phenylalanine in lipopolysaccharides-irritated RAW264.7 cells
Wang, Q., Zhi, T., Han, P., Li, S., Xia, J., Chen, Z., Wang, C., Wu, Y.-L., Jia, Y., & Ma, A. (2021) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2021.1982870 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The tripeptide was composed of three hydrophobic amino acids, high hydrophobicity benefited for the peptide to cross the cellular membrane (Vo et al., 2013).”
Spirulina maxima peptides suppress mast cell degranulation via inactivating Akt and MAPKs phosphorylation in RBL-2H3 cells
Vo, T., Kim, Y.-S., Ngo, D., Le, P. U., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2018) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.096 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Microalga nannochloropsis gaditana as a sustainable source of bioactive peptides: a proteomic and in silico approach
Paterson, S., Alonso-Pintre, L., Morato-López, E., González de la Fuente, S., Gómez-Cortés, P., & Hernández-Ledesma, B. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14020252 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Similarly, N. oculata has been reported to generate protein hydrolyzates and peptides with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-1-inhibitory, antithrombotic, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMKII)-inhibitory activities [17,18].”
Advantageous Preparation of Digested Proteic Extracts from Spirulina platensis Biomass
Verdasco-Martín, C. M., Echevarrieta, L., & Otero, C. (2019) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal9020145 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Application research and progress of microalgae as a novel protein resource in the future
Ma, S. L., Sun, S., Li, T. Z., Yan, Y. J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2431208 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Inflammation is a normal part of the immune system’s response, but it can also cause discomfort and lead to inflammatory diseases due to symptoms such as redness, swelling, fever, and pain (Romay, Ledón, and González 1998; Suttisuwan et al. 2019; Vo, Ryu, and Kim 2013).”
Influential

Potential protection of peptides from Spirulina maxima against allergy and early atherosclerosis via IgE and histamine receptor signaling pathways
Vo, T., & Kim, S. (2013) · 한국생물공학회 학술대회
Self-citation
Discovery of novel bioactive peptides from spirulina (arthrospira) maxima
Montalvo, G. E. B. (2018) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
A heptameric peptide purified from Spirulina sp. gastrointestinal hydrolysate inhibits angiotensin I-converting enzyme- and angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction in human endothelial cells
Heo, S., Ko, S., Kim, C. S., Oh, G., Ryu, B., Qian, Z., Kim, G., Park, W. S., Choi, I., Phan, T. T. V., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.2941 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citation
Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells by natural compound Lava Spirulina maxima extract
Chei, S., Song, J., Seo, Y., Lee, K., Jin, H., Oh, H., Oh, J., & Lee, B. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.795.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Purification and anti-inflammatory action of tripeptide from salmon pectoral fin byproduct protein hydrolysate
Ahn, C., Cho, Y.-S., & Je, J. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.112 · Cited by 237 · see citing works

Authors: Vo, T.-S., Ryu, B., & Kim, S.-K.
Affiliations: Pukyong National University (KR)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Kim, Se-Kwon
ORCID: Vo, Thanh-Sang
Ryu, BoMi
Kim, Se-Kwon
Venue: Journal of Functional Foods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-07
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 1336-1346
ISSN: 1756-4646 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.05.001
OpenAlex: W2083421143
Semantic Scholar: 08ed729b45ce31cef2ca7b019a57bb5d305e4885
Cited by: 209
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doaj.org
Licence: cc-by-sa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Functional Foods (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
Keywords: anti-inflammatory peptides, Spirulina maxima, enzymatic hydrolysate, peptide purification, histamine release, mast cells, RBL-2H3 cells, interleukin-8, endothelial cells, reactive oxygen species, microalgae, nutraceuticals

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Purification of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of the edible microalgal Spirulina maxima

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