The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 66 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review
Open accessOverview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review surveys representative image encryption schemes and image cryptanalysis works published in 2018, classifying them by essential structure and application scenario. It argues that many chaos-based image ciphers remain vulnerable to chosen-plaintext and related attacks, and that widely used security metrics are inadequate.
Key findings
- The dominant image-encryption structure remains permutation-then-diffusion without substitution-box (PTD-WOS); only a small number of chaotic image encryption schemes use an S-box.
- In 2018, about 30 papers on image cryptanalysis were published; the most striking work is said to depreciate the motivation of most chaos-based encryption schemes and to question metrics such as correlation, entropy, histogram variance, NPCR, UACI, key sensitivity, differential-attack robustness, sequence test, and NIST randomness test.
- Many one-round PTD-WOS schemes are reported vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack; examples include schemes in [52,37], a plain-image sensitivity mechanism cancelable with probability 1/256 in [117], and recovery of an equivalent secret key using 512 chosen plain-image/cipher-image pairs in [123].
- The paper summarizes challenges including no specific application scenario in most designs, neglect of special image formats, neglect of S-box importance, omitted weak randomness of chaos-based PRNGs, misuse of security test metrics, and designers ignoring previous cryptanalysis lessons.
Methods
- Literature review/survey from the viewpoint of an image cryptanalyst: representative image encryption schemes proposed in 2018 are selected and classified by essential structure, while almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed due to their small number.
- Source scope includes a Web of Science Core Collection search for “image” and “cryptograph* or encrypt*” in the Topic field, which found about 1,000 publication records in 2018, plus some top conferences on nonlinear sciences and signal processing such as ISCAS and ICME.
- Analysis is qualitative: encryption schemes are grouped into chaos-based, DNA-encoding, transform-domain, encrypted-domain signal processing, and other application scenarios; cryptanalysis works are grouped into single-round PTD-WOS, complex-structure schemes, and other attacks.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a formal limitations section; it notes that almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed because of their small number, but encryption schemes are selected as “most representative” rather than exhaustively.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a reported systematic search protocol, explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis.
- Evident from the text: conclusions about security metrics and scheme vulnerabilities rely on cited works; no new experiments or independent benchmarks are presented.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
21 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 11 Partly supported · 3 Supported so far · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“However, the incurred computational load is not considered for the required security level.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Ahmad, 2018, Cryptanalysis of an image encryption algorithm based on combined chaos for a BAN system, and improved scheme using SHA-512 and hyperchaos, Symmetry-Basel sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6.6, “Computation Efficiency” (page unavailable), explicitly considers computational resources alongside security performance. It says one encryption round is sufficient for strong performance and concludes that the improved scheme has good computational efficiency, contrary to the claim that computational load was not considered. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As the sensitivity mechanism on the plain-image is built via a modulo addition, it can be canceled with a non-negligible probability of 1/256.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (p. 3) says the plain-image sensitivity mechanism is cancelled because of modulo addition and gives a probability of 1/256. It specifies that this probability applies if every pixel in the plain-images is uniformly distributed; the citing sentence omits that condition. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, no permutation operation is adopted in the scheme, causing an equivalent secret key can be derived from one pair of a known plain-image and its corresponding cipher-image.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (pp. 3–4) says one known plain-image and its corresponding cipher-image can yield a mask image that acts as an equivalent secret key. Its use to decrypt another image is conditional on the same secret key and public parameter and a matching plain-image-derived value. Our copy does not attribute the vulnerability to the absence of a permutation operation; Section 3.1 instead discusses a cancelled sensitivity mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similar to the strategy introduced in [2], the permutation relation of a multiple-round PTDWOS is recovered by checking how the changes of the cipher-pixels influence that of the plain-pixels in the scenario of chosenciphertext attack [126].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] Xie, 2017, On the cryptanalysis of Fridrich’s chaotic image encryption scheme, Signal Process sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (p. 4) describes a chosen-ciphertext method that uses the influence relation between cipher-pixels and plain-pixels to estimate the permutation. But the paper tests and critiques that method: Section 3.2 (pp. 4–5) reports keys for which it gives a wrong result or fails, so the unqualified claim that the permutation relation is recovered overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] Hoang, 2018, Cryptanalysis and security improvement for a symmetric color image encryption algorithm, Optik source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The equivalent secret key of such diffusion mechanism can be easily recovered [120].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [120] Zhang, 2018, On the security of a class of diffusion mechanisms for image encryption, IEEE Trans Cybern source
The Conclusion (page not available) reports that the equivalent key streams in the three image ciphers studied can be retrieved using a small number of plaintext images. It also says the diffusion equations analyzed, including the one combining modulo addition and XOR, can be solved with O(1) known plaintexts. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, the sensitivity mechanisms of PRNS on the plain-image built in [80,119,27,92] can be easily canceled by constructing some special plain-images, which has been reported in many cryptanalysis papers such as [1,117].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Slimane, 2018, A novel chaotic image cryptosystem based on DNA sequence operations and single neuron model, Multimed Tools Appl source
- Partly supportedcites [119] Zhu, 2018, Cryptanalyzing and improving a novel color image encryption algorithm using RT-enhanced chaotic tent maps, IEEE Access sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section III and ‘A. Recover the Encryption Key Streams’ show that specially chosen plaintext images, including an all-zero image, let the authors recover key streams in the algorithm they attack. But ‘C. Recover the Target Plain Image’ says those streams are unrelated to the plaintext, so this is not an example of canceling a plain-image-dependent PRNS sensitivity mechanism. Section G says the paper’s improved, plaintext-dependent streams cannot be reused to decrypt a different image. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Kumar, 2018, A cryptographic model for better information security, J Inf Secur Appl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] He, 2018, JPEG image encryption with improved format compatibility and file size preservation, IEEE Trans Multimedia source
- Partly supportedcites [1] Li, 2018, Cryptanalysis of a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy, IEEE Access sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “B. Differential Cryptanalysis” (p. 8), the paper says it is very easy to construct plain-images that produce the same keystream in IEAIE, defeating that scheme’s plain-image-dependent mechanism. The cited paper examines IEAIE, identified as [27] in its Introduction (p. 2); our copy does not establish the same result for the other three schemes named in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (p. 3) says the plain-image sensitivity mechanism in IEAE is canceled by modulo addition, and p. 4 describes an attack when two plain-images generate the same value. The paper does not establish that specially constructed plain-images easily cancel plain-image-dependent PRNS mechanisms across the other cited schemes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In [6], two chosen plain-images are constructed to recover an equivalent version of S-box and PRNS of a chaos-based image encryption scheme using Sbox.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Zhu, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement on an image encryption algorithm design using a novel chaos based S-box, Symmetry-Basel sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 constructs two chosen plaintext images, and Step 4 constructs an array equivalent to the S-box. The paper’s Additional information section says the attack can decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret keystream Y itself; it does not describe recovering an equivalent version of that stream (the claim’s PRNS). (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The underlying weak randomness of chaos-based PRNG is widely omitted.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Li, 2019, Dynamic analysis of digital chaotic maps via state-mapping networks, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) says finite-precision chaotic maps cannot reach an ideal chaotic state and that degraded dynamics may weaken encryption schemes. This supports concern about chaos-based PRNGs, but the paper does not say that image-encryption schemes widely omit or overlook weak randomness. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in a number of papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,30,32,119,131].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [6] Zhu, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement on an image encryption algorithm design using a novel chaos based S-box, Symmetry-Basel source
The Abstract reports security flaws in an image-encryption algorithm and proposes an improved scheme. Section 4, “The Improved Image Encryption Scheme,” says the authors redesigned the scheme to overcome those flaws. This 2018 paper therefore supports its use as one example among the cited papers; it need not establish the claim for every other reference. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Diab, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of the image cryptosystem reusing permutation matrix dynamically, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Wu, 2018, Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption based on three-dimensional bit matrix permutation, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Li, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of a chaotic image encryption by first-order time-delay system, IEEE Multimed. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Wang, 2018, Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Panwar, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of an image encryption scheme using combination of one-dimensional chaotic maps, J Electron Imaging source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Chen, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement in an image encryption scheme using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Nonlinear Dyn source
- Supportedcites [19] Zhu, 2018, Improved cryptanalysis and enhancements of an image encryption scheme using combined 1D chaotic maps, Entropy source
The Conclusions (Section 6) state that the authors identified defects in an image cryptosystem and proposed an improved encryption scheme to address them. This paper supports the citing sentence as one example among the several cited papers; it does not need to document the other papers' remedies. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [20] Feng, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of the hyper-chaotic image encryption scheme based on DNA encoding and scrambling, IEEE Photonics J source
Section 5 identifies security weaknesses in the image-encryption scheme and proposes improvements. Section 5.3 gives specific remedies, including strengthening diffusion. This paper therefore supports its use as one example among the cited papers proposing ways to address reported security defects; it does not establish that the remedies were implemented or proved effective. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Diab, 2018, Secure image cryptosystem with unique key streams via hyper-chaotic system, Signal Process source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As shown in [116,117], the security assessment metrics used in most chaos-based image encryption schemes are unconvincing.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Preishuber, 2018, Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (pp. 5–7) questions several security-assessment metrics used for IEAE, including the Lyapunov exponent, UACI, histograms, and pixel-correlation coefficients. It says IEAE’s security defects also occur in many other image-encryption schemes (p. 4), but does not establish that the metrics used in most chaos-based schemes are unconvincing. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Considering the quantitative test results of the four special schemes on the metrics, it is concluded that the metrics are far ineffective for security analysis”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3. Survey on image cryptanalysis in 2018
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Preishuber, 2018, Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
- Partly supportedcites [1] Li, 2018, Cryptanalysis of a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy, IEEE Access sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (p. 8) says every security metric used to assess IEAIE is incapable of testifying to its real security performance. That supports the criticism of those metrics, but not the broader claim that security-assessment metrics used throughout chaotic cryptography are ineffective. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Based on the preliminary cryptanalysis works given in [16] and [18], both the equivalent secret-key of Pak's scheme and all its unknown parameters are recovered by a little more pairs of chosen plain-image and the corresponding cipher-image in [19].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Wang, 2018, Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Chen, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement in an image encryption scheme using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Nonlinear Dyn source
- Supportedcites [19] Zhu, 2018, Improved cryptanalysis and enhancements of an image encryption scheme using combined 1D chaotic maps, Entropy source
The Introduction says the earlier analyses could not crack all of Pak’s unknown parameters, while this paper’s improved cryptanalysis can decipher both the equivalent secret keys and all unknown parameters. Section 3 describes recovering them using selected plaintext images and their corresponding ciphertext images, including additional pairs for the permutation array (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“But, the correlation among blocks in cipher-images may still facilitate optimizing the attacking on the block-wise permutation schemes analyzed in [114,115] with the advanced jigsaw puzzle solvers.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.5. Generating cipher-images in other application scenarios
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [114] Imaizumi, 2018, A block-permutation-based encryption scheme with independent processing of RGB components, IEICE Trans Inf Syst source
Section 2.2 says jigsaw puzzle solvers use correlations among pieces and should be considered an attack on block-permutation-based encryption. The Introduction says encrypted images retain some pixel correlation, while Section 4.1.2 reports that a solver correctly assembled regions of conventionally encrypted images. The paper also finds its proposed scheme more resistant; the claim's qualified 'may' is consistent with that distinction. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [115] Li, 2016, Cracking a hierarchical chaotic image encryption algorithm based on permutation, Signal Process source
Section 3.1 (p. 3) says that correlations between neighboring blocks persist in HCIE and may help an attacker infer blocks’ relative locations in a cipher-image by comparing their histograms. It cites a jigsaw-puzzle-solving work for that approach (reference [22], p. 8), supporting the citing sentence’s proposed use of puzzle solvers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such encryption-then-compression framework does not seriously influence the further compression and can withstand the attacks based on conventional jigsaw puzzle solvers [113].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.5. Generating cipher-images in other application scenarios
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [113] Chuman, 2018, Security evaluation for block scrambling-based image encryption including JPEG distortion against jigsaw puzzle solver attacks, IEICE Trans Fund ElectronCommun Comput Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (p. 4) reports strong robustness against jigsaw-puzzle-solver attacks for encrypted images including JPEG distortion. But the Introduction (p. 1) says some solvers can partly assemble encrypted images, and the paper does not establish that encryption has little effect on subsequent compression. The attack-resistance finding is therefore narrower than the citing sentence suggests. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Interestingly, [94] adopts PWLCM as the source producing pseudo-random number sequence, whose randomness is seriously comprised in a digital computer [48].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.4. Signal processing in the encrypted domain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Puteaux, 2018, An efficient MSB prediction-based method for high-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
- Partly supportedcites [48] Li, 2019, Dynamic analysis of digital chaotic maps via state-mapping networks, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) says the paper studies the Logistic and Tent maps as examples and discusses using state-mapping networks to evaluate chaos-based pseudorandom generators. It does not say that the authors adopt PWLCM specifically as a source of pseudorandom number sequences. The statement about compromised randomness is attached to [48] in the citing sentence, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The periods of PRNS obtained by iterating Logistic map and skew tent map in digital computer are rigorously analyzed in [48].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Li, 2019, Dynamic analysis of digital chaotic maps via state-mapping networks, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) says finite-state chaotic-map orbits eventually enter periodic loops, and Section II (p. 2) analyzes the Logistic and Tent maps in digital arithmetic. But the cited paper studies their state-mapping networks rather than rigorously deriving the periods of pseudorandom sequences from both maps; its Tent-map analysis (p. 6) concerns the ordinary Tent map, not a skew tent map. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed due to their small number.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The selected works are representative of the image encryption and cryptanalysis works proposed in 2018.
In the paper
“In [125], the usability of a 4round diffusion-then-permutation without substitution-box is questioned, which can be considered as a special form of 5-round PTDWOS.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Dhall, 2018, Cryptanalysis of image encryption scheme based on a new 1D chaotic system, Signal Process source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the year 2018, about 30 papers on image cryptanalysis were published.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3. Survey on image cryptanalysis in 2018
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the linear relationship between plain-image and the corresponding cipher-image is derived as the adopted permutation is a static rotation of 90 degrees, which is used to support the proposed differential attack.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Dhall, 2018, Cryptanalysis of image encryption scheme based on a new 1D chaotic system, Signal Process source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only the four most significant bits of compressed samples are encrypted, which may cause some and even all visual information of the encrypted object revealed.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.1.5. Encrypting images with compressing techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Pudi, 2018, Secure and lightweight compressive sensing using stream cipher, IEEE Trans Circ SystII source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among some reversible and irreversible gates, including XOR, Toffoli and Fredkin gates, only Fredkin gate can help the supported encryption scheme to withstand chosen-ciphertext attack.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [131] Annaby, 2018, On security of image ciphers based on logic circuits and chaotic permutations, Multimed Tools Appl source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In [133], Lin et al. further derive coefficients of the nominal matrix of a stream cipher based on 8-D self-synchronous chaotic system in the scenarios of known-plaintext attack and chosen-ciphertext attack, respectively.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] Lin, 2018, Cryptanalysis of a chaotic stream cipher and its improved scheme, Int J Bifur Chaos source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Using the strong correlation among neighboring bits in every bit-plane in a natural image, a cipher-text only attack is proposed in [34] to recover the approximate version of the original plain-image with good visual quality.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Khelifi, 2018, On the security of a stream cipher in reversible data hiding schemes operating in the encrypted domain, Signal Process source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among them, the most striking work is depreciating motivation of most chaos-based encryption schemes in [116], refuting any superiority of chaos-based encryption schemes than several variants of AES in terms of computational effort and security performance”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3. Survey on image cryptanalysis in 2018
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Preishuber, 2018, Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once the basic encryption operations are repeated some rounds or S-box is used, the structure of the whole encryption scheme become much more complex, which dramatically increases the hardship of the corresponding cryptanalysis.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actually, deep learning can also be used to test security of an encryption scheme via adversarial training.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As emphasized in the abstract of the special report on PRNG test suite of NIST,”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dependence of PRNS on the plain-image can be canceled with a non-negligible probability due to the commutative principle of summation and quantization error of calculating function in a finite-precision computer.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.1.2. Design of single round PTDWOS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As only one round of the two basic operations are used, the encryption schemes designed in [52,37] are both vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.1.2. Design of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Liu, 2018, A new simple chaotic system and its application in medical image encryption, Multimed Tools Appl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Muhammad, 2018, Secure surveillance framework for IoT systems using probabilistic image encryption, IEEE Trans Ind Inf source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a lookup table, S-box is an efficient way to obscure the relationship between the secret key and the cipherimage.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prejudice on the value of cryptanalysis obstructs the progress of image security.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strangely enough, it is seldom adopted in image encryption schemes.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“-The authors proposing a successful attack, e.g.chosen-plaintext attack in [30], on a given image encryption scheme may not own comprehensive knowledge on designing secure image encryption schemes.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Diab, 2018, Secure image cryptosystem with unique key streams via hyper-chaotic system, Signal Process source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which makes essential improvement on the security level of the analyzed schemes very hard.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The selected works are representative of the image encryption and cryptanalysis works proposed in 2018.
“The most representative works among them are selected and classified according to their essential structures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Classifying the surveyed works according to their essential structures is a valid way to organize and compare them.
“The most representative works among them are selected and classified according to their essential structures.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“The development of quantum cryptography and quantum chaos attracts image presentation in quantum world and study on how to utilize quantum properties for protecting image data [106, 107].”
Cited work 10.1371/journal.pone.0206460 · retracted 2025-12-17 · notice 10.1371/journal.pone.0338963 · this paper published 2019-10
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“There are some papers focusing on designing S-box with chaotic maps [9, 10, 11, 12].”
Cited work 10.1007/s00521-016-2511-5 · retracted 2024-07-22 · notice 10.1007/s00521-024-10125-1 · this paper published 2019-10
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Khan, M., & Asghar, Z. (2016) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-016-2511-5 · Cited by 185 · cited 1×
“There are some papers focusing on designing S-box with chaotic maps [9, 10, 11, 12].”
BackgroundRetractedA novel image encryption scheme based on quantum dynamical spinning and rotations
Khan, M., & Waseem, H. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206460 · Cited by 74 · cited 1×
“The development of quantum cryptography and quantum chaos attracts image presentation in quantum world and study on how to utilize quantum properties for protecting image data [106, 107].”
BackgroundRetractedSOME BASIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CHAOS-BASED CRYPTOSYSTEMS
ALVAREZ, G., & LI, S. (2006) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127406015970 · Cited by 2,119 · cited 1×
“– Many image encryption schemes are not designed and presented following the basic rules and general guidelines given in [35, 132], which makes essential improvement on the security level of the analyzed schemes very hard.”
Background2D Logistic-Sine-coupling map for image encryption
Hua, Z., Jin, F., Xu, B., & Huang, H. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.03.010 · Cited by 601 · cited 1×
“[38], Hua et al. design a sine-transform-based chaotic system (STBCS) of generating one-dimensional (1-D) chaotic maps by performing a sine transform to the combination of the outputs of two maps. In [42], Hua et al. design a two-dimensional (2-D) Logistic-Sine-couplingmap (LSCM) and use it as a source of PRNS control…”
MethodImage encryption using 2D Hénon-Sine map and DNA approach
Wu, J., Liao, X., & Yang, B. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.06.008 · Cited by 430 · cited 1×
“In [82], 2-D Hénon-Sine map (2D-HSM) is constructed as a PRNG to control the involved DNA rules, DNA operation and the position permutation.”
MethodPuteaux, P., & Puech, W. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2799381 · Cited by 396 · cited 1×
“In contrast to many data hiding schemes focusing on LSB, an efficient MSB predictionbased method for RDH-EI is proposed in [94], where reserving embedding room before encryption and vacating embedding room after encryption are discussed, respectively.”
MethodA novel bit-level image encryption algorithm based on 2D-LICM hyperchaotic map
Cao, C., Sun, K., & Liu, W. (2017) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.08.020 · Cited by 386 · cited 1×
“In [61], a bit-level image encryption algorithm is designed by operating multiple rounds of bitwise shift operation and XOR in two directions, where a hyperchaotic map is constructed as the source of PRNG by cascading sine map and Logistic map.”
MethodLakshmanan, S., Mani, P., Lim, C. P., Rakkiyappan, R., Balasubramaniam, P., & Nahavandi, S. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2619345 · Cited by 351 · cited 1×
“nearchaoticmap)[25,26], and coupled map lattice [27]. Rigorously, only the encryptionschemesusingspecialchaosmethodologiescanbe classified as chaos-based encryption schemes, e.g. chaos synchronization [28, 29]. As the opposite of image cryptography,someimpressiveimagecryptanalysisworkswere developed in 2018 [30, 31, 32…”
BackgroundMedical image encryption using high-speed scrambling and pixel adaptive diffusion
Hua, Z., Yi, S., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.10.004 · Cited by 350
Secure Surveillance Framework for IoT Systems Using Probabilistic Image Encryption
Muhammad, K., Hamza, R., Ahmad, J., Lloret, J., Wang, H., & Baik, S. W. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2791944 · Cited by 299 · cited 4×
“As only one round of the two basic operations are used, the encryption scheme designed in [51, 37] are both vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Puteaux, 2018, An efficient MSB prediction-based method for high-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur, 13, 1670, 10.1109/TIFS.2018.2799381 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An image encryption scheme based on a new hybrid chaotic map and optimized substitution box
Farah, M. A. B., Farah, A., & Farah, T. (2019) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-019-05413-8 · Cited by 310
Mansouri, A., & Wang, X. (2020) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2020.02.008 · Cited by 296
An Efficient Image Encryption Scheme Based on the LSS Chaotic Map and Single S-Box
Lu, Q., Zhu, C., & Deng, X. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2970806 · Cited by 281
“Chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is the strongest one of the four classical cipher attack methods [35].”
BackgroundZhou, M., & Wang, C. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107484 · Cited by 236
“Therefore, communication security in a digital world becomes a serious problem and gains more and more attention [1] .”
BackgroundChai, X., Bi, J., Gan, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107684 · Cited by 227
Self-citationGenerating Multi-Scroll Chua’s Attractors via Simplified Piecewise-Linear Chua’s Diode
Wang, N., Li, C., Bao, H., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2933365 · Cited by 192
“The representative image encryption schemes published in year 2018 are reviewed in [50].”
MethodSelf-citationInitials-Boosted Coexisting Chaos in a 2-D Sine Map and Its Hardware Implementation
Bao, H., Hua, Z., Wang, N., Zhu, L., Chen, M., & Bao, B. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.2992438 · Cited by 192
“Certainly, implementing the 2-D sine map-based PRNG and cryptosystem for secure communications [34] and image encryptions [35] deserves further”
MethodA 3D model encryption scheme based on a cascaded chaotic system
Gao, S., Wu, R., Wang, X., Wang, J., Li, Q., Wang, C., & Tang, X. (2022) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2022.108745 · Cited by 179
Design and application of an S-box using complete Latin square
Hua, Z., Li, J., Chen, Y., & Yi, S. (2021) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-021-06308-3 · Cited by 177
“In [24], the attack can also build the equivalent keys for the diffusion process by selecting plain images to encrypt.”
BackgroundA robust meaningful image encryption scheme based on block compressive sensing and SVD embedding
Zhu, L., Song, H., Zhang, X., Yan, M., Zhang, T., Wang, X., & Xu, J. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107629 · Cited by 167
Designing a 2D infinite collapse map for image encryption
Cao, W., Mao, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107457 · Cited by 166
Chai, X., Wu, H., Gan, Z., Han, D., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2020.10.007 · Cited by 162
Self-citationMulti-Channel Deep Networks for Block-Based Image Compressive Sensing
Zhou, S., Yan, H., Liu, Y., Li, C., & Zhang, J. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2020.3014561 · Cited by 147
“As CS has the potentials of significantly improving the sampling speed and sensor energy efficiency, it has been applied in many practical applications, including single pixel imaging [2], fast magnetic resonance imaging [3], high-speed video cameras [4] and image encryption [5].”
Self-citationAn improved image encryption algorithm with finite computing precision
Chen, C., Sun, K., & He, S. (2019) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107340 · Cited by 139
Feng, W., Qin, Z., Zhang, J., & Ahmad, M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123571 · Cited by 144
“Consequently, in many application scenarios, traditional The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Lefei Zhang . encryption schemes such as Data Encryption Standard (DES) cannot well meet the requirements of protecting image data [3], [4].”
BackgroundMethodHidden attractors and multistability in a modified Chua’s circuit
Wang, N., Zhang, G., Kuznetsov, N. V., et al. (2020) · Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation · doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2020.105494 · Cited by 129
A robust image encryption scheme using chaotic tent map and cellular automata
Naskar, P. K., Bhattacharyya, S., Nandy, D., & Chaudhuri, A. (2020) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-020-05625-3 · Cited by 124
“As mentioned in [64,65], to withstand dynamical degradation, several approaches have been put forward, for example, adoption of higher precision [66], perturbing chaotic states [67], perturbing control parameters [68], cascading multiple chaotic maps [69], switching multiple chaotic maps [70] and…”
Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Plane-Level Image Filtering and Discrete Logarithmic Transform
Feng, W., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Qin, Z., Zhang, J., & He, Y. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10152751 · Cited by 128
“Furthermore, the representation of the secret key should also use a more canonical binary sequence form, otherwise it easily leads to the key sensitivity problem pointed out by Li et al [3,44].”
BackgroundA novel image encryption system merging fractional-order edge detection and generalized chaotic maps
Ismail, S. M., Said, L. A., Radwan, A. G., Madian, A. H., & Abu-ElYazeed, M. F. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107280 · Cited by 115
Novel image encryption scheme based on chaotic signals with finite-precision error
Zhou, S., Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.11.104 · Cited by 112
Self-citationSecurity measurement of a medical communication scheme based on chaos and DNA coding
Chen, L., Li, C., & Li, C. (2022) · Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation · doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2021.103424 · Cited by 109
“Similar to digitized Logistic map and Tent map analyzed in [24], the degradation patterns of CLS map and CLT map are similar (regardless of the implementation precision and quantization schemes).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAn efficient image encryption using deep neural network and chaotic map
Maniyath, S. R., & V, T. (2020) · Microprocessors and Microsystems · doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103134 · Cited by 105
Framework for Efficient Medical Image Encryption Using Dynamic S-Boxes and Chaotic Maps
Ibrahim, S., Alhumyani, H. A., Masud, M., Alshamrani, S. S., Cheikhrouhou, O., Muhammad, G., Hossain, M. S., & Abbas, A. M. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3020746 · Cited by 103
“Although necessary, these statistical tests are not sufficient and further analysis must be performed to show the resistance of the proposed framework to specific cryptanalysis scenarios [45], [46].”
BackgroundJiang, D., Liu, L., Zhu, L., Wang, X., Rong, X., & Chai, H. (2021) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2021.108220 · Cited by 93
Efficient Image Encryption Scheme Using Henon Map, Dynamic S-Boxes and Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Ibrahim, S., & Alharbi, A. A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3032403 · Cited by 103
“Acomprehensive review of recent image encryption schemes can be found in [44].”
BackgroundThe Graph Structure of the Generalized Discrete Arnold's Cat Map
Li, C., Tan, K., Feng, B., & Lü, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.2021.3051387 · Cited by 90
“chaotic cryptography [21], image encryption [22], image privacy protection [23], [24], hashing scheme [25], PRNG [11], [26], random perturbation [27], designing unpredictable path flying robot [28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHiding cipher-images generated by 2-D compressive sensing with a multi-embedding strategy
Chai, X., Wu, H., Gan, Z., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107525 · Cited by 88
Self-citationGan, Z., Chai, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-020-04808-8 · Cited by 83
Self-citationAyubi, P., Setayeshi, S., & Rahmani, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102472 · Cited by 83
An audio encryption scheme based on Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform and mixed chaotic keystreams
Farsana, F. J., Devi, V. R., & Gopakumar, K. (2019) · Applied Computing and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aci.2019.10.001 · Cited by 81
An Image Encryption Scheme Based on DNA Computing and Multiple Chaotic Systems
Samiullah, M., Aslam, W., Nazir, H., Lali, M. I., Shahzad, B., Mufti, M. R., & Afzal, H. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2970981 · Cited by 81
“Motivated by image encryption schemes and cryptanalysis [19], we contribute by designing and proposing a symmet-”
MethodAn improved image encryption algorithm for satellite applications
Bentoutou, Y., Bensikaddour, E.-H., Taleb, N. C.-E., & Bounoua, N. (2019) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2019.09.027 · Cited by 85
Generating grid chaotic sea from system without equilibrium point
Wang, N., Zhang, G., Kuznetsov, N. V., et al. (2021) · Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation · doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2021.106194 · Cited by 79
Efficient Quantum Blockchain With a Consensus Mechanism QDPoS
Li, Q., Wu, J., Quan, J., Shi, J., & Zhang, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3203316 · Cited by 83
“Since the first quantum key distribution 66 (QKD) protocol was proposed in 1984 [19], various quantum 67 cryptographic protocols have emerged one after another, such 68 as quantum homomorphic encryption protocols [20], [21], 69 quantum voting methods [22], [23], quantum image encryp- 70 tion [24], [25], and quantum di…”
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“It can be clearly seen that without the key, the content of the original image cannot be obtained by unauthorized users only from the encrypted image Ie or the marked encrypted image Iew, and both of images have security from the analysis in [33].”
BackgroundInfinitely many coexisting conservative flows in a 4D conservative system inspired by LC circuit
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A novel image encryption algorithm based on bit-plane matrix rotation and hyper chaotic systems
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Universal Chosen-Ciphertext Attack for a Family of Image Encryption Schemes
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“A comprehensive review of the application of nonlinear dynamics for image encryption can be found in [37], [46], [47].”
BackgroundCryptanalyzing Two Image Encryption Algorithms Based on a First-Order Time-Delay System
Liu, S., Li, C., & Hu, Q. (2021) · IEEE Multimedia · doi:10.1109/mmul.2021.3114589 · Cited by 66
Self-citationParametric Control for Multi-Scroll Attractor Generation via Nested Sine-PWL Function
Wang, N., Zhang, G., & Li, H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2020.3026473 · Cited by 64
“CHAOS played a critical role in applications of chaosbased secure communication systems [1], [2].”
A Bijective Image Encryption System Based on Hybrid Chaotic Map Diffusion and DNA Confusion
ElKamchouchi, D. H., Mohamed, H. G., & Moussa, K. H. (2020) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e22020180 · Cited by 63
“The algorithm utilizes a standard diffusion and confusion configuration [23].”
MethodReview of Chaos Detection Techniques Performed on Chaotic Maps and Systems in Image Encryption
Muthu, J. S., & Murali, P. (2021) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-021-00778-3 · Cited by 62
“[4] Review of image cryptanalysis published in 2018 Features the challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes 6.”
BackgroundYang, Y., Huang, L., Xiang, J., et al. (2021) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153710 · Cited by 60
Cryptanalysis and enhancement of an image encryption scheme based on a 1-D coupled Sine map
Liu, Y., Qin, Z., Liao, X., & Wu, J. (2020) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-020-05654-y · Cited by 58
Batch image encryption using cross image permutation and diffusion
Song, W., Fu, C., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., & Wang, P. (2023) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103686 · Cited by 61
Self-citationA Novel Method for Performance Improvement of Chaos-Based Substitution Boxes
Artuğer, F., & Özkaynak, F. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12040571 · Cited by 58
“New methods and countermeasures should be constantly researched as new attack techniques are developed [1,2].”
Secure medical image transmission using deep neural network in e‐health applications
Alarood, A. A., Faheem, M., Al‐Khasawneh, M. A., et al. (2023) · Healthcare Technology Letters · doi:10.1049/htl2.12049 · Cited by 53
“Many previous studies have dealt with Security images in general [11], and medical images in particular [12].”
BackgroundImage encryption application in a system for compounding self-excited and hidden attractors
Peng, X., & Zeng, Y. (2020) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110044 · Cited by 53
A color image encryption algorithm based on an improved Hénon map
Gao, X. W. (2021) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/abed7d · Cited by 52
A Review of Techniques for Implementing Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication on Hardware
Lucca, A. V., Sborz, G. A. M., Leithardt, V. R. Q., et al. (2020) · Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks · doi:10.3390/jsan10010003 · Cited by 51
“Software applications involve Bitcoin digital signature scheme [4], OpenSSL protocols [5], image encryption [6,7], and others.”
MethodA secure medical image transmission scheme aided by quantum representation
Janani, T., & Brindha, M. (2021) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102832 · Cited by 54
Cryptanalysis of an image block encryption algorithm based on chaotic maps
Ma, Y., Li, C., & Ou, B. (2020) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102566 · Cited by 100
“In recent years, more and more image encryption algorithms have been proposed to withstand the challenge [3, 4, 5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA novel image compression and encryption scheme based on conservative chaotic system and DNA method
Wu, X., Shi, H., Ji’e, M., Duan, S., & Wang, L. (2023) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113492 · Cited by 49
Color image encryption via Hénon-zigzag map and chaotic restricted Boltzmann machine over Blockchain
Zhao, F., Liu, M., Kun, W., & Zhang, H. (2020) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106610 · Cited by 47
A Color Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Compressive Sensing and Block-Based DNA Coding
He, Q., Li, P., & Wang, Y. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3406766 · Cited by 49
Survey on JPEG compatible joint image compression and encryption algorithms
Li, P., & Lo, K. (2020) · IET Signal Processing · doi:10.1049/iet-spr.2019.0276 · Cited by 47
“Current review papers [2–4] often analyse encryption techniques operated on various image types, a comprehensive review on JPEG related encryption schemes and the guideline for designing scenario-oriented JPEG encryption method are missing.”
BackgroundDesigning an authenticated Hash function with a 2D chaotic map
de la Fraga, L. G., Mancillas-López, C., & Tlelo‐Cuautle, E. (2021) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-021-06491-3 · Cited by 45
A novel grayscale image encryption approach based on chaotic maps and image blocks
Girdhar, A., Kapur, H., & Kumar, V. (2021) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-021-07585-x · Cited by 44
Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., & Zhu, H. P. (2021) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-021-06576-z · Cited by 43
Towards Deep Learning for Efficient Image Encryption
Panwar, K., Kukreja, S., Singh, A., et al. (2023) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.046 · Cited by 40
SIEA: Secure Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Systems Optimization Algorithms and PUFs
Muhammad, A. S., & Özkaynak, F. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13050824 · Cited by 41
A Secure and Efficient Image Transmission Scheme Based on Two Chaotic Maps
Feng, W., Zhang, J., & Qin, Z. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/1898998 · Cited by 38
Muhammad, Z. M. Z., & Özkaynak, F. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2930606 · Cited by 38
“Various template attacks, evaluation guides, design criteria are prepared [4]–[6], [20]–[22], [28], [29], [32], [34], [35].”
BackgroundRobust multiple color images encryption using discrete Fourier transforms and chaotic map
Tang, Y., Shao, Z., Zhao, X., et al. (2021) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2021.116168 · Cited by 38
Li, H., Li, T., Feng, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Gan, L., & Li, C. (2021) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102844 · Cited by 40
Self-citationSecurity Analysis of a Color Image Encryption Algorithm Using a Fractional-Order Chaos
Wen, H., Zhang, C., Huang, L., Ke, J., & Xiong, D. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23020258 · Cited by 42
“In the past two decades, chaotic image encryption technology has been widely discussed and has become a research hotspot [6].”
BackgroundUnkeyed hash function based on chaotic sponge construction and fixed-point arithmetic
Teh, J. S., Alawida, M., & Ho, J. J. (2020) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-020-05504-x · Cited by 38
IESCA: An efficient image encryption scheme using 2-D cellular automata
Roy, S., Shrivastava, M., Rawat, U., Pandey, C. V., & Nayak, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102919 · Cited by 37
A Novel Parallelizable Chaotic Image Encryption Scheme Based on Elliptic Curves
Abbas, A. M., Alharbi, A. A., & Ibrahim, S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068931 · Cited by 39
“The use of dynamic key-dependent S-boxes adds another layer of confusion, which increases key space and improves security of image encryption schemes [42].”
BackgroundPing, P., Yang, X., Zhang, X., Mao, Y., & Khalid, H. (2021) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2021.103263 · Cited by 37
Buffeting Chaotification Model for Enhancing Chaos and Its Hardware Implementation
Zhang, Z., Zhu, H. P., Ban, P., Wang, Y., & Zhang, L. Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3174288 · Cited by 36
“Due to the above shortcomings, when classic simple chaotic maps are directly applied in applications, they may not necessarily achieve the desired benefits and their inherent short-comings may turn into potential (security) vulnerabilities [15].”
BackgroundQian, K., Feng, W., Qin, Z.-T., Zhang, J., Luo, X., & Zhu, Z. (2022) · Frontiers of Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.963795 · Cited by 35
A method for generation of substitution box based on random selection
Artuğer, F., & Özkaynak, F. (2021) · Egyptian Informatics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eij.2021.08.002 · Cited by 35
Generating multi-wing hidden attractors with only stable node-foci via non-autonomous approach
Yang, Y., Huang, L., Xiang, J., et al. (2021) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ac2859 · Cited by 35
Dynamics and Optimization Control of a Robust Chaotic Map
Li, C., Qian, K., He, S., et al. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2950457 · Cited by 34
“Compared with traditional schemes, chaotic information encryption technology is suggested to have higher security and rapidity [3], [4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn authentication protocol based on chaos and zero knowledge proof
Major, W., Buchanan, W. J., & Ahmad, J. E. (2020) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-020-05463-3 · Cited by 37
“– Collision Resistance - it should be computationally infeasible to find two (or more) different messages that hash to the same value [33].”
BackgroundFeng, W., & Zhang, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038006 · Cited by 34
“Among them, chaotic systems are being favored bymore andmore researchers [2], [4], [5], [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialSecure Optical Image Communication Using Double Random Transformation and Memristive Chaos
Wen, H., Wu, J., Ma, L., et al. (2022) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2022.3233129 · Cited by 34
“update speed of the algorithm is faster than ever before [6], [7], [8], [9], [10].”
BackgroundA novel chaotic map constructed by geometric operations and its application
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Feng, W., He, Y., Li, H., & Li, C. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2959137 · Cited by 33
“And in order to continuously improve the efficiency and security of chaotic image encryption, many new chaotic image encryption algorithms are proposed every year [5], [14]–[16].”
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“Similar to the need to protect some important private information in our lives (such as [36,37]), we need to protect some important data information from being leaked.”
BackgroundDesigning a digital image encryption scheme using chaotic maps with prime modular
Ghazanfaripour, H., & Broumandnia, A. (2020) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106339 · Cited by 33
Hiding data in dual color images reversibly via weighted matrix
Chowdhuri, P., & Jana, B. (2019) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2019.102420 · Cited by 31
An audio encryption based on distinct key blocks along with PWLCM and ECA
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Memristive chaotic system-based hybrid image encryption application with AES and RSA algorithms
Sahin, M. E. (2023) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/acdba0 · Cited by 29
Coexisting asymmetric behavior and free control in a simple 3-D chaotic system
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Xiang, Y., Xiao, D., Zhang, R., Liang, J., & Liu, R. (2020) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2020.08.019 · Cited by 29
A Color Image Encryption Scheme Combining Hyperchaos and Genetic Codes
Nazir, H., Bajwa, I. S., Abdullah, S., Kazmi, R., & Samiullah, M. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3143096 · Cited by 29
Designing a fast image encryption scheme using fractal function and 3D Henon Map
Anandkumar, R., & Kalpana, R. (2019) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2019.102390 · Cited by 30
An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Selection of Robust Cryptographic Primitives
Muhammad, Z. M. Z., & Özkaynak, F. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2982827 · Cited by 27
“One of the most striking subjects among these alternative researches is design studies based on nonlinear dynamics [2], [3].”
BackgroundTarget wave in the network coupled by thermistors
Zhang, X., Yao, Z., Guo, Y., & Wang, C. (2020) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110455 · Cited by 26
Dynamic Analysis of a One-Parameter Chaotic System in Complex Field
Zhao, X., Liu, J., Liu, H., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2968226 · Cited by 26
Liu, B., Xiang, H., & Liu, L. (2020) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2020/4926937 · Cited by 26
“According to essential structure and used methodologies, the encryption schemes using chaotic system are roughly divided into the following five parts: randomness-oriented chaos enhancement, single round of encryption, multiple rounds of encryption, encrypting multiple images simultaneously, and compression image encr…”
MethodInfluentialA novel current-controlled memristor-based chaotic circuit
Guo, Q., Wang, N., & Zhang, G. (2021) · Integration · doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2021.05.008 · Cited by 25
Towards feature representation for steganalysis of spatial steganography
Wang, P., Liu, F., & Yang, C. (2019) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107422 · Cited by 25
Break an enhanced plaintext-related chaotic image encryption algorithm
Zhou, R., & Yu, S. (2024) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2024.114623 · Cited by 24
A Novel Image Encryption Scheme Based on PWLCM and Standard Map
Chen, Y., Tang, C., & Yi, Z. (2020) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2020/3026972 · Cited by 27
“Many chaos-based image encryption schemes have been proposed by the researchers working in the field of nonlinear dynamic and information security [2, 3].”
BackgroundLee, S.-W., & Sim, K.-B. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10091127 · Cited by 24
“To address this problem, symmetric key algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), and Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (LEA) with a block encryption structure have been applied to increase security [3,4].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, C., Zhang, Y., & Xie, E. Y.
- Affiliations
- Hunan University (CN)
- Xiangtan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Chengqing
- Venue
- Journal of Information Security and Applications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 48
- Pages
- 102361
- ISSN
- 2214-2126 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2923415235
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 20
- FWCI
- 18.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Journal of Information Security and Applications (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Keywords
- image encryption, cryptanalysis attacks, image security
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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