The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 66 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A year in review
Open accessOverview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review surveys representative image encryption schemes and image cryptanalysis works published in 2018, classifying them by essential structure and application scenario. It argues that many chaos-based image ciphers remain vulnerable to chosen-plaintext and related attacks, and that widely used security metrics are inadequate.
Key findings
- The dominant image-encryption structure remains permutation-then-diffusion without substitution-box (PTD-WOS); only a small number of chaotic image encryption schemes use an S-box.
- In 2018, about 30 papers on image cryptanalysis were published; the most striking work is said to depreciate the motivation of most chaos-based encryption schemes and to question metrics such as correlation, entropy, histogram variance, NPCR, UACI, key sensitivity, differential-attack robustness, sequence test, and NIST randomness test.
- Many one-round PTD-WOS schemes are reported vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack; examples include schemes in [52,37], a plain-image sensitivity mechanism cancelable with probability 1/256 in [117], and recovery of an equivalent secret key using 512 chosen plain-image/cipher-image pairs in [123].
- The paper summarizes challenges including no specific application scenario in most designs, neglect of special image formats, neglect of S-box importance, omitted weak randomness of chaos-based PRNGs, misuse of security test metrics, and designers ignoring previous cryptanalysis lessons.
Methods
- Literature review/survey from the viewpoint of an image cryptanalyst: representative image encryption schemes proposed in 2018 are selected and classified by essential structure, while almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed due to their small number.
- Source scope includes a Web of Science Core Collection search for “image” and “cryptograph* or encrypt*” in the Topic field, which found about 1,000 publication records in 2018, plus some top conferences on nonlinear sciences and signal processing such as ISCAS and ICME.
- Analysis is qualitative: encryption schemes are grouped into chaos-based, DNA-encoding, transform-domain, encrypted-domain signal processing, and other application scenarios; cryptanalysis works are grouped into single-round PTD-WOS, complex-structure schemes, and other attacks.
Limitations
- The paper does not state a formal limitations section; it notes that almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed because of their small number, but encryption schemes are selected as “most representative” rather than exhaustively.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a reported systematic search protocol, explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis.
- Evident from the text: conclusions about security metrics and scheme vulnerabilities rely on cited works; no new experiments or independent benchmarks are presented.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
21 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 11 Partly supported · 3 Supported so far · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“However, the incurred computational load is not considered for the required security level.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [32] Ahmad, 2018, Cryptanalysis of an image encryption algorithm based on combined chaos for a BAN system, and improved scheme using SHA-512 and hyperchaos, Symmetry-Basel sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6.6, “Computation Efficiency” (page unavailable), explicitly considers computational resources alongside security performance. It says one encryption round is sufficient for strong performance and concludes that the improved scheme has good computational efficiency, contrary to the claim that computational load was not considered. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As the sensitivity mechanism on the plain-image is built via a modulo addition, it can be canceled with a non-negligible probability of 1/256.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (p. 3) says the plain-image sensitivity mechanism is cancelled because of modulo addition and gives a probability of 1/256. It specifies that this probability applies if every pixel in the plain-images is uniformly distributed; the citing sentence omits that condition. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, no permutation operation is adopted in the scheme, causing an equivalent secret key can be derived from one pair of a known plain-image and its corresponding cipher-image.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (pp. 3–4) says one known plain-image and its corresponding cipher-image can yield a mask image that acts as an equivalent secret key. Its use to decrypt another image is conditional on the same secret key and public parameter and a matching plain-image-derived value. Our copy does not attribute the vulnerability to the absence of a permutation operation; Section 3.1 instead discusses a cancelled sensitivity mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similar to the strategy introduced in [2], the permutation relation of a multiple-round PTDWOS is recovered by checking how the changes of the cipher-pixels influence that of the plain-pixels in the scenario of chosenciphertext attack [126].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] Xie, 2017, On the cryptanalysis of Fridrich’s chaotic image encryption scheme, Signal Process sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (p. 4) describes a chosen-ciphertext method that uses the influence relation between cipher-pixels and plain-pixels to estimate the permutation. But the paper tests and critiques that method: Section 3.2 (pp. 4–5) reports keys for which it gives a wrong result or fails, so the unqualified claim that the permutation relation is recovered overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] Hoang, 2018, Cryptanalysis and security improvement for a symmetric color image encryption algorithm, Optik source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The equivalent secret key of such diffusion mechanism can be easily recovered [120].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [120] Zhang, 2018, On the security of a class of diffusion mechanisms for image encryption, IEEE Trans Cybern source
The Conclusion (page not available) reports that the equivalent key streams in the three image ciphers studied can be retrieved using a small number of plaintext images. It also says the diffusion equations analyzed, including the one combining modulo addition and XOR, can be solved with O(1) known plaintexts. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, the sensitivity mechanisms of PRNS on the plain-image built in [80,119,27,92] can be easily canceled by constructing some special plain-images, which has been reported in many cryptanalysis papers such as [1,117].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Slimane, 2018, A novel chaotic image cryptosystem based on DNA sequence operations and single neuron model, Multimed Tools Appl source
- Partly supportedcites [119] Zhu, 2018, Cryptanalyzing and improving a novel color image encryption algorithm using RT-enhanced chaotic tent maps, IEEE Access sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section III and ‘A. Recover the Encryption Key Streams’ show that specially chosen plaintext images, including an all-zero image, let the authors recover key streams in the algorithm they attack. But ‘C. Recover the Target Plain Image’ says those streams are unrelated to the plaintext, so this is not an example of canceling a plain-image-dependent PRNS sensitivity mechanism. Section G says the paper’s improved, plaintext-dependent streams cannot be reused to decrypt a different image. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Kumar, 2018, A cryptographic model for better information security, J Inf Secur Appl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [92] He, 2018, JPEG image encryption with improved format compatibility and file size preservation, IEEE Trans Multimedia source
- Partly supportedcites [1] Li, 2018, Cryptanalysis of a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy, IEEE Access sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “B. Differential Cryptanalysis” (p. 8), the paper says it is very easy to construct plain-images that produce the same keystream in IEAIE, defeating that scheme’s plain-image-dependent mechanism. The cited paper examines IEAIE, identified as [27] in its Introduction (p. 2); our copy does not establish the same result for the other three schemes named in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 (p. 3) says the plain-image sensitivity mechanism in IEAE is canceled by modulo addition, and p. 4 describes an attack when two plain-images generate the same value. The paper does not establish that specially constructed plain-images easily cancel plain-image-dependent PRNS mechanisms across the other cited schemes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In [6], two chosen plain-images are constructed to recover an equivalent version of S-box and PRNS of a chaos-based image encryption scheme using Sbox.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Zhu, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement on an image encryption algorithm design using a novel chaos based S-box, Symmetry-Basel sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 constructs two chosen plaintext images, and Step 4 constructs an array equivalent to the S-box. The paper’s Additional information section says the attack can decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret keystream Y itself; it does not describe recovering an equivalent version of that stream (the claim’s PRNS). (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The underlying weak randomness of chaos-based PRNG is widely omitted.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Li, 2019, Dynamic analysis of digital chaotic maps via state-mapping networks, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) says finite-precision chaotic maps cannot reach an ideal chaotic state and that degraded dynamics may weaken encryption schemes. This supports concern about chaos-based PRNGs, but the paper does not say that image-encryption schemes widely omit or overlook weak randomness. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in a number of papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,30,32,119,131].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [6] Zhu, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement on an image encryption algorithm design using a novel chaos based S-box, Symmetry-Basel source
The Abstract reports security flaws in an image-encryption algorithm and proposes an improved scheme. Section 4, “The Improved Image Encryption Scheme,” says the authors redesigned the scheme to overcome those flaws. This 2018 paper therefore supports its use as one example among the cited papers; it need not establish the claim for every other reference. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Diab, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of the image cryptosystem reusing permutation matrix dynamically, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Wu, 2018, Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption based on three-dimensional bit matrix permutation, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Li, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of a chaotic image encryption by first-order time-delay system, IEEE Multimed. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Wang, 2018, Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Panwar, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of an image encryption scheme using combination of one-dimensional chaotic maps, J Electron Imaging source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Chen, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement in an image encryption scheme using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Nonlinear Dyn source
- Supportedcites [19] Zhu, 2018, Improved cryptanalysis and enhancements of an image encryption scheme using combined 1D chaotic maps, Entropy source
The Conclusions (Section 6) state that the authors identified defects in an image cryptosystem and proposed an improved encryption scheme to address them. This paper supports the citing sentence as one example among the several cited papers; it does not need to document the other papers' remedies. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [20] Feng, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement of the hyper-chaotic image encryption scheme based on DNA encoding and scrambling, IEEE Photonics J source
Section 5 identifies security weaknesses in the image-encryption scheme and proposes improvements. Section 5.3 gives specific remedies, including strengthening diffusion. This paper therefore supports its use as one example among the cited papers proposing ways to address reported security defects; it does not establish that the remedies were implemented or proved effective. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Diab, 2018, Secure image cryptosystem with unique key streams via hyper-chaotic system, Signal Process source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As shown in [116,117], the security assessment metrics used in most chaos-based image encryption schemes are unconvincing.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Preishuber, 2018, Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
- Partly supportedcites [117] Li, 2018, Cryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography, IEEE Multimed sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 (pp. 5–7) questions several security-assessment metrics used for IEAE, including the Lyapunov exponent, UACI, histograms, and pixel-correlation coefficients. It says IEAE’s security defects also occur in many other image-encryption schemes (p. 4), but does not establish that the metrics used in most chaos-based schemes are unconvincing. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Considering the quantitative test results of the four special schemes on the metrics, it is concluded that the metrics are far ineffective for security analysis”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3. Survey on image cryptanalysis in 2018
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Preishuber, 2018, Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
- Partly supportedcites [1] Li, 2018, Cryptanalysis of a chaotic image encryption algorithm based on information entropy, IEEE Access sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (p. 8) says every security metric used to assess IEAIE is incapable of testifying to its real security performance. That supports the criticism of those metrics, but not the broader claim that security-assessment metrics used throughout chaotic cryptography are ineffective. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Based on the preliminary cryptanalysis works given in [16] and [18], both the equivalent secret-key of Pak's scheme and all its unknown parameters are recovered by a little more pairs of chosen plain-image and the corresponding cipher-image in [19].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.1. Cryptanalysis of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Wang, 2018, Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Signal Process source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Chen, 2018, Cryptanalysis and improvement in an image encryption scheme using combination of the 1D chaotic map, Nonlinear Dyn source
- Supportedcites [19] Zhu, 2018, Improved cryptanalysis and enhancements of an image encryption scheme using combined 1D chaotic maps, Entropy source
The Introduction says the earlier analyses could not crack all of Pak’s unknown parameters, while this paper’s improved cryptanalysis can decipher both the equivalent secret keys and all unknown parameters. Section 3 describes recovering them using selected plaintext images and their corresponding ciphertext images, including additional pairs for the permutation array (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“But, the correlation among blocks in cipher-images may still facilitate optimizing the attacking on the block-wise permutation schemes analyzed in [114,115] with the advanced jigsaw puzzle solvers.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.5. Generating cipher-images in other application scenarios
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [114] Imaizumi, 2018, A block-permutation-based encryption scheme with independent processing of RGB components, IEICE Trans Inf Syst source
Section 2.2 says jigsaw puzzle solvers use correlations among pieces and should be considered an attack on block-permutation-based encryption. The Introduction says encrypted images retain some pixel correlation, while Section 4.1.2 reports that a solver correctly assembled regions of conventionally encrypted images. The paper also finds its proposed scheme more resistant; the claim's qualified 'may' is consistent with that distinction. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [115] Li, 2016, Cracking a hierarchical chaotic image encryption algorithm based on permutation, Signal Process source
Section 3.1 (p. 3) says that correlations between neighboring blocks persist in HCIE and may help an attacker infer blocks’ relative locations in a cipher-image by comparing their histograms. It cites a jigsaw-puzzle-solving work for that approach (reference [22], p. 8), supporting the citing sentence’s proposed use of puzzle solvers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Such encryption-then-compression framework does not seriously influence the further compression and can withstand the attacks based on conventional jigsaw puzzle solvers [113].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.5. Generating cipher-images in other application scenarios
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [113] Chuman, 2018, Security evaluation for block scrambling-based image encryption including JPEG distortion against jigsaw puzzle solver attacks, IEICE Trans Fund ElectronCommun Comput Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (p. 4) reports strong robustness against jigsaw-puzzle-solver attacks for encrypted images including JPEG distortion. But the Introduction (p. 1) says some solvers can partly assemble encrypted images, and the paper does not establish that encryption has little effect on subsequent compression. The attack-resistance finding is therefore narrower than the citing sentence suggests. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Interestingly, [94] adopts PWLCM as the source producing pseudo-random number sequence, whose randomness is seriously comprised in a digital computer [48].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.4. Signal processing in the encrypted domain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Puteaux, 2018, An efficient MSB prediction-based method for high-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
- Partly supportedcites [48] Li, 2019, Dynamic analysis of digital chaotic maps via state-mapping networks, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) says the paper studies the Logistic and Tent maps as examples and discusses using state-mapping networks to evaluate chaos-based pseudorandom generators. It does not say that the authors adopt PWLCM specifically as a source of pseudorandom number sequences. The statement about compromised randomness is attached to [48] in the citing sentence, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The periods of PRNS obtained by iterating Logistic map and skew tent map in digital computer are rigorously analyzed in [48].”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Li, 2019, Dynamic analysis of digital chaotic maps via state-mapping networks, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 1) says finite-state chaotic-map orbits eventually enter periodic loops, and Section II (p. 2) analyzes the Logistic and Tent maps in digital arithmetic. But the cited paper studies their state-mapping networks rather than rigorously deriving the periods of pseudorandom sequences from both maps; its Tent-map analysis (p. 6) concerns the ordinary Tent map, not a skew tent map. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost all image cryptanalysis works published in 2018 are surveyed due to their small number.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The selected works are representative of the image encryption and cryptanalysis works proposed in 2018.
In the paper
“In [125], the usability of a 4round diffusion-then-permutation without substitution-box is questioned, which can be considered as a special form of 5-round PTDWOS.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Dhall, 2018, Cryptanalysis of image encryption scheme based on a new 1D chaotic system, Signal Process source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the year 2018, about 30 papers on image cryptanalysis were published.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3. Survey on image cryptanalysis in 2018
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the linear relationship between plain-image and the corresponding cipher-image is derived as the adopted permutation is a static rotation of 90 degrees, which is used to support the proposed differential attack.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Dhall, 2018, Cryptanalysis of image encryption scheme based on a new 1D chaotic system, Signal Process source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only the four most significant bits of compressed samples are encrypted, which may cause some and even all visual information of the encrypted object revealed.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.1.5. Encrypting images with compressing techniques
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Pudi, 2018, Secure and lightweight compressive sensing using stream cipher, IEEE Trans Circ SystII source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among some reversible and irreversible gates, including XOR, Toffoli and Fredkin gates, only Fredkin gate can help the supported encryption scheme to withstand chosen-ciphertext attack.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [131] Annaby, 2018, On security of image ciphers based on logic circuits and chaotic permutations, Multimed Tools Appl source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In [133], Lin et al. further derive coefficients of the nominal matrix of a stream cipher based on 8-D self-synchronous chaotic system in the scenarios of known-plaintext attack and chosen-ciphertext attack, respectively.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] Lin, 2018, Cryptanalysis of a chaotic stream cipher and its improved scheme, Int J Bifur Chaos source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Using the strong correlation among neighboring bits in every bit-plane in a natural image, a cipher-text only attack is proposed in [34] to recover the approximate version of the original plain-image with good visual quality.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Khelifi, 2018, On the security of a stream cipher in reversible data hiding schemes operating in the encrypted domain, Signal Process source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among them, the most striking work is depreciating motivation of most chaos-based encryption schemes in [116], refuting any superiority of chaos-based encryption schemes than several variants of AES in terms of computational effort and security performance”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3. Survey on image cryptanalysis in 2018
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Preishuber, 2018, Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once the basic encryption operations are repeated some rounds or S-box is used, the structure of the whole encryption scheme become much more complex, which dramatically increases the hardship of the corresponding cryptanalysis.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.2. Cryptanalysis of some image encryption schemes with complex structure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Actually, deep learning can also be used to test security of an encryption scheme via adversarial training.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 3.3. Other image cryptanalysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As emphasized in the abstract of the special report on PRNG test suite of NIST,”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dependence of PRNS on the plain-image can be canceled with a non-negligible probability due to the commutative principle of summation and quantization error of calculating function in a finite-precision computer.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.1.2. Design of single round PTDWOS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“As only one round of the two basic operations are used, the encryption schemes designed in [52,37] are both vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 2.1.2. Design of single round PTDWOS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Liu, 2018, A new simple chaotic system and its application in medical image encryption, Multimed Tools Appl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Muhammad, 2018, Secure surveillance framework for IoT systems using probabilistic image encryption, IEEE Trans Ind Inf source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a lookup table, S-box is an efficient way to obscure the relationship between the secret key and the cipherimage.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prejudice on the value of cryptanalysis obstructs the progress of image security.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strangely enough, it is seldom adopted in image encryption schemes.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“-The authors proposing a successful attack, e.g.chosen-plaintext attack in [30], on a given image encryption scheme may not own comprehensive knowledge on designing secure image encryption schemes.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Diab, 2018, Secure image cryptosystem with unique key streams via hyper-chaotic system, Signal Process source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which makes essential improvement on the security level of the analyzed schemes very hard.”
§ When an attacker meets a cipher-image in 2018: A Year in Review > 4. The challenges on design and analysis of image encryption schemes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The selected works are representative of the image encryption and cryptanalysis works proposed in 2018.
“The most representative works among them are selected and classified according to their essential structures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Classifying the surveyed works according to their essential structures is a valid way to organize and compare them.
“The most representative works among them are selected and classified according to their essential structures.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“The development of quantum cryptography and quantum chaos attracts image presentation in quantum world and study on how to utilize quantum properties for protecting image data [106, 107].”
Cited work 10.1371/journal.pone.0206460 · retracted 2025-12-17 · notice 10.1371/journal.pone.0338963 · this paper published 2019-10
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“There are some papers focusing on designing S-box with chaotic maps [9, 10, 11, 12].”
Cited work 10.1007/s00521-016-2511-5 · retracted 2024-07-22 · notice 10.1007/s00521-024-10125-1 · this paper published 2019-10
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Khan, M., & Asghar, Z. (2016) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-016-2511-5 · Cited by 185 · cited 1×
“There are some papers focusing on designing S-box with chaotic maps [9, 10, 11, 12].”
BackgroundRetractedA novel image encryption scheme based on quantum dynamical spinning and rotations
Khan, M., & Waseem, H. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206460 · Cited by 74 · cited 1×
“The development of quantum cryptography and quantum chaos attracts image presentation in quantum world and study on how to utilize quantum properties for protecting image data [106, 107].”
BackgroundRetractedSOME BASIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CHAOS-BASED CRYPTOSYSTEMS
ALVAREZ, G., & LI, S. (2006) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127406015970 · Cited by 2,119 · cited 1×
“– Many image encryption schemes are not designed and presented following the basic rules and general guidelines given in [35, 132], which makes essential improvement on the security level of the analyzed schemes very hard.”
Background2D Logistic-Sine-coupling map for image encryption
Hua, Z., Jin, F., Xu, B., & Huang, H. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.03.010 · Cited by 601 · cited 1×
“[38], Hua et al. design a sine-transform-based chaotic system (STBCS) of generating one-dimensional (1-D) chaotic maps by performing a sine transform to the combination of the outputs of two maps. In [42], Hua et al. design a two-dimensional (2-D) Logistic-Sine-couplingmap (LSCM) and use it as a source of PRNS control…”
MethodImage encryption using 2D Hénon-Sine map and DNA approach
Wu, J., Liao, X., & Yang, B. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.06.008 · Cited by 430 · cited 1×
“In [82], 2-D Hénon-Sine map (2D-HSM) is constructed as a PRNG to control the involved DNA rules, DNA operation and the position permutation.”
MethodPuteaux, P., & Puech, W. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2799381 · Cited by 396 · cited 1×
“In contrast to many data hiding schemes focusing on LSB, an efficient MSB predictionbased method for RDH-EI is proposed in [94], where reserving embedding room before encryption and vacating embedding room after encryption are discussed, respectively.”
MethodA novel bit-level image encryption algorithm based on 2D-LICM hyperchaotic map
Cao, C., Sun, K., & Liu, W. (2017) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.08.020 · Cited by 386 · cited 1×
“In [61], a bit-level image encryption algorithm is designed by operating multiple rounds of bitwise shift operation and XOR in two directions, where a hyperchaotic map is constructed as the source of PRNG by cascading sine map and Logistic map.”
MethodLakshmanan, S., Mani, P., Lim, C. P., Rakkiyappan, R., Balasubramaniam, P., & Nahavandi, S. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2619345 · Cited by 351 · cited 1×
“nearchaoticmap)[25,26], and coupled map lattice [27]. Rigorously, only the encryptionschemesusingspecialchaosmethodologiescanbe classified as chaos-based encryption schemes, e.g. chaos synchronization [28, 29]. As the opposite of image cryptography,someimpressiveimagecryptanalysisworkswere developed in 2018 [30, 31, 32…”
BackgroundMedical image encryption using high-speed scrambling and pixel adaptive diffusion
Hua, Z., Yi, S., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.10.004 · Cited by 350
Secure Surveillance Framework for IoT Systems Using Probabilistic Image Encryption
Muhammad, K., Hamza, R., Ahmad, J., Lloret, J., Wang, H., & Baik, S. W. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2791944 · Cited by 299 · cited 4×
“As only one round of the two basic operations are used, the encryption scheme designed in [51, 37] are both vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDynamic Analysis of Digital Chaotic Maps via State-Mapping Networks
Li, C., Feng, B., Li, S., Kurths, J., & Chen, G. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2018.2888688 · Cited by 270 · cited 3×
“ic map can demonstrate complex bifurcation dynamics in continuous domain. Actually, the real structure of the final chaotic systems obtained with any above way in digital computer should be analyzedas [47] with the perspectiveof state-mappingnetwork. 2.1.2. Design of single round PTDWOS Among the encryption schemes com…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOn the cryptanalysis of Fridrich’s chaotic image encryption scheme
Xie, E. Y., Li, C., Yu, S., & Lü, J. (2017) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.10.002 · Cited by 268 · cited 2×
“Following the framework of Fridrich’s image encryption scheme cryptanalyzed in [2], many image encryption schemes adopting permutationthen-diffusion without substitution-box (PTDWOS) have been proposed since 1998 [3, 4, 5].”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationBrief review on application of nonlinear dynamics in image encryption
Özkaynak, F. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4056-x · Cited by 262 · cited 3×
“Especially, all image encryption schemes published in the journal Nonlinear Dynamics before 2018 are critically reviewed in [35].”
BackgroundCryptanalyzing an image encryption algorithm based on autoblocking and electrocardiography
Li, C., Lin, D., Lü, J., & Hao, F. (2018) · IEEE MultiMedia · doi:10.1109/mmul.2018.2873472 · Cited by 261 · cited 4×
“In [113], security of a block-wise image encryption scheme using an ECG signal and the plain-image to determine the used PRNG is analyzed comprehensively.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationYu, C., Li, J., Li, X., Ren, X., & Gupta, B. B. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4637-6 · Cited by 258
Depreciating motivation and empirical security analysis of chaos-based image and video encryption
Preishuber, M., Hutter, T., Katzenbeisser, S., & Uhl, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2812080 · Cited by 256
Cryptanalysis of a Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Information Entropy
Li, C., Lin, D., Feng, B., Lu, J., & Hao, F. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883690 · Cited by 247 · cited 3×
“Designing image encryption schemes (algorithms, techniques, methods) and further processing in the domain of the cipher-images received intensive attention from researchers in the field of security, signal procressing, nonlinear science, and etc [1].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCryptanalyzing an Image-Scrambling Encryption Algorithm of Pixel Bits
Li, C., Lin, D., & Lü, J. (2017) · IEEE Multimedia · doi:10.1109/mmul.2017.3051512 · Cited by 223 · cited 1×
“Due to simplicity and obvious security enhancing effect of position permutation, it is widely used in image encryption scheme [89, 108].”
Self-citationTowards Privacy-Preserving Content-Based Image Retrieval in Cloud Computing
Xia, Z., Zhu, Y., Sun, X., Qin, Z., & Ren, K. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing · doi:10.1109/tcc.2015.2491933 · Cited by 199
Cryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption using combination of the 1D chaotic map
Wang, H., Xiao, D., Chen, X., & Huang, H. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.11.005 · Cited by 195 · cited 6×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn efficient pixel-level chaotic image encryption algorithm
Ye, G., Pan, C., Huang, X., & Mei, Q. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4391-y · Cited by 192 · cited 2×
“Following the framework of Fridrich’s image encryption scheme cryptanalyzed in [2], many image encryption schemes adopting permutationthen-diffusion without substitution-box (PTDWOS) have been proposed since 1998 [3, 4, 5].”
MethodInfluentialSine-transform-based chaotic system with FPGA implementation
Hua, Z., Zhou, B., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2017.2736515 · Cited by 180 · cited 1×
“cascading two existing chaotic maps [38]; iteratively expanding a parametric 2-D Cat matrix to any higher dimension [24]; arbitrarily combining six basic nonlinear operations [39]; anti-control [40]; constructing hyperchaotic system [41].”
MethodCracking a hierarchical chaotic image encryption algorithm based on permutation
Li, C. (2016) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2015.07.008 · Cited by 173 · cited 1×
“But, the correlation among blocks in cipher-images may still facilitate the advanced jigsaw puzzle solvers to optimize the attacking on the block-wise permutation schemes analyzed in [110, 111].”
Self-citationZhu, C., & Sun, K. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2817600 · Cited by 171 · cited 3×
“urgently. •The previous lessons drawn by tough cryptanlaysis are ignored by the designers of new image encryption schemes. For example, the sensitivity mechanisms of PRNS on the plain-image built in [79, 115, 27, 89] can be easily cancelled by constructing some special plain-images, which has been reportedin many cryp…”
BackgroundMethodSahari, M. L., & Boukemara, I. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4390-z · Cited by 157 · cited 1×
“In [54], a PRNG based on a 3-D chaotic map is designed.”
MethodRobust Encryption of Quantum Medical Images
El‐Latif, A. A. A., Abd-El-Atty, B., & Talha, M. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2777869 · Cited by 156 · cited 1×
“• Quantum image encryption The developmentof quantumcryptographyand quantum chaos attracts image presentation in quantum world and study on how to utilize quantum properties for protecting image data [109, 110]. In [111], a quantum representation model is proposed to let quantum hardware encrypt any number of plainima…”
BackgroundReversible Data Hiding in Homomorphic Encrypted Domain by Mirroring Ciphertext Group
Xiang, S., & Luo, X. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2017.2742023 · Cited by 150 · cited 1×
“In [96], a RDH-EI is designed using homomorphic multiplication and probabilistic properties of Paillier cryptosystem, where the embedding room is reserved before encryption.”
MethodSearchable Encryption over Feature-Rich Data
Wang, Q., He, M., Du, M., Chow, S. S. M., Lai, R. W. F., & Zou, Q. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2016.2593444 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“In [104], a searchable symmetric encryption over encrypted multimedia data is proposed by considering the search criteria as a high-dimensional feature vector, which are further mapped by locality sensitive hashing (LSH).”
BackgroundDesigning permutation–substitution image encryption networks with Henon map
Ping, P., Xu, F., Mao, Y., & Wang, Z. (2017) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2017.12.048 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“the XOR operation and position permutation on amedicalimage. Asonlyoneroundofthetwobasicoperations are used, the encryptionschemes designedin [52, 37] are both vulnerable to chosen-plaintextattack. In[53], Pinget al. encrypttwoadjacentpixelswithpositionpermutationcontrolledby2-DHe´nonmapandmodulo addition. In [54], Pi…”
MethodDesign and FPGA-Based Realization of a Chaotic Secure Video Communication System
Chen, S., Yu, S., Lü, J., Chen, G., & He, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2017.2703946 · Cited by 143 · cited 1×
“cascading two existing chaotic maps [38]; iteratively expanding a parametric 2-D Cat matrix to any higher dimension [24]; arbitrarily combining six basic nonlinear operations [39]; anti-control [40]; constructing hyperchaotic system [41].”
MethodA novel plaintext-related image encryption scheme using hyper-chaotic system
Li, Z., Peng, C., Li, L., & Zhu, X. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4426-4 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“In [56], nine special pixels in the plain-image are selected to generate initial conditions of Lorenz system with Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA-256).”
MethodOn the security of a class of diffusion mechanisms for image encryption
Zhang, L. Y., Liu, Y., Pareschi, F., Zhang, Y., Wong, K.-W., Rovatti, R., & Setti, G. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2017.2682561 · Cited by 132 · cited 1×
“The equivalent secret key of such diffusion mechanism can be easily recovered [116].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSeparable Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted JPEG Bitstreams
Qian, Z., Zhou, H., Zhang, X., & Zhang, W. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2016.2634161 · Cited by 128 · cited 1×
“To deal with the compressed images, [95] proposes a separable RDH for encrypted JPEG bitstreams, where the original bitstream is losslessly reconstructed using an iterative recovery algorithm.”
MethodA novel scheme for image encryption using substitution box and chaotic system
Ullah, A., Jamal, S. S., & Shah, T. (2017) · Nonlinear dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-017-3874-6 · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“Only a few chaotic image encryption schemes use S-box such as [6, 7, 8].”
BackgroundImage encryption based on modified Henon map using hybrid chaotic shift transform
Sheela, S. J., Suresh, K. V., & Tandur, D. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5782-2 · Cited by 122 · cited 2×
“Reference [57] proposes an image encryption scheme based on two rounds of position permutation and XOR operation, which are controlled by PRNSs generated by 2-D”
MethodA plaintext-related image encryption algorithm based on chaos
Zhang, Y., & Tang, Y. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4577-1 · Cited by 121 · cited 2×
“In [26], PWLCM is used as PRNG to control combination of two rounds of position permutation and modular addition.”
MethodSelf-citationA New Chaotic Image Encryption Scheme Using Breadth-First Search and Dynamic Diffusion
Yin, Q., & Wang, C. (2018) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127418500475 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“In [48], 1-round PTDWOS is proposed, where the algorithm on traversing a graph with the strategy of breadthfirst search is used to implement position permutation, and a hyperchaotic system is used as PRNG to realize the second permutation and diffusion with XOR (bitwise exclusive OR) and modular addition.”
MethodZhou, N., Yan, X., Liang, H., Tao, X., & Li, G. (2018) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-018-2104-6 · Cited by 113 · cited 1×
“The development of quantum cryptography and quantum chaos attracts image presentation in quantum world and study on how to utilize quantum properties for protecting image data [106, 107].”
BackgroundSun, S. (2018) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2018.2817550 · Cited by 111 · cited 1×
“onand XOR. Then,the intermediate image is further encrypted in the DNA domain with XOR operation. In [80], a scheme encrypting optical image is designed with the same strategy as that in [77, 79]. In [81], an image encryption scheme using pixel-level scrambling, bit-level scrambling, and DNA encoding is proposed, wher…”
MethodCryptanalysis and enhancements of image encryption based on three-dimensional bit matrix permutation
Wu, J., Liao, X., & Yang, B. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.06.014 · Cited by 110 · cited 2×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
MethodA new simple chaotic system and its application in medical image encryption
Liu, J., Ma, Y., Li, S., Lian, J., & Zhang, X. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5534-8 · Cited by 109 · cited 2×
“As only one round of the two basic operations are used, the encryption scheme designed in [51, 37] are both vulnerable to chosen-plaintext attack.”
MethodA chaotic color image encryption using integrated bit-level permutation
Teng, L., Wang, X., & Meng, J. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4605-1 · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“In [59], multiple rounds of PTDWOS are implemented in the level of bit plane, where Skew Tent map is used as source of PRNS.”
MethodA New 1D Chaotic Map and $\beta$ -Hill Climbing for Generating Substitution-Boxes
Alzaidi, A. A., Ahmad, M., Doja, M. N., Solami, E. A., & Beg, M. M. S. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2871557 · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“ution-box (PTDWOS) have been proposedsince 1998 [3, 4, 5]. Only a few chaotic image encryption schemes use S-box such as [6, 7, 8]. There are some papers focusing on designing S-box with chaotic maps [9, 10, 11, 12]. In [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], the analyzedimageencryptionschemeswere fixedtowithstand the pro…”
MethodImage Encryption-Then-Transmission Using DNA Encryption Algorithm and The Double Chaos
Fu, X., Liu, B.-C., Xie, Y., Li, W., & Liu, Y. (2018) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2018.2827165 · Cited by 106
Image encryption using partitioned cellular automata
Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhou, Q., & Lin, Z. (2017) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2017.09.068 · Cited by 97 · cited 1×
“In [63], a 2-D partitioned cellular automata is designed to generate PRNS satisfying the global Strict Avalanche Criterion, which is used to control combination of some basic operations including substituting with an S-box.”
MethodOne-Dimensional Nonlinear Model for Producing Chaos
Hua, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2017.2717943 · Cited by 95 · cited 1×
“cascading two existing chaotic maps [38]; iteratively expanding a parametric 2-D Cat matrix to any higher dimension [24]; arbitrarily combining six basic nonlinear operations [39]; anti-control [40]; constructing hyperchaotic system [41].”
MethodA Content-Adaptive Joint Image Compression and Encryption Scheme
Li, P., & Lo, K. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2017.2786860 · Cited by 94 · cited 1×
“Due to the large size of conventional image files, compression and encryption should be combined well [89, 130].”
BackgroundJPEG image encryption with improved format compatibility and file size preservation
He, J., Huang, S., Tang, S., & Huang, J. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2018.2817065 · Cited by 94 · cited 4×
“Due to simplicity and obvious security enhancing effect of position permutation, it is widely used in image encryption scheme [89, 108].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA novel color image encryption scheme using dna permutation based on the lorenz system
Wang, X.-Y., Li, P., Zhang, Y.-Q., Liu, L.-Y., Zhang, H., & Wang, X. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4534-z · Cited by 92 · cited 1×
“With the development of DNA computing, designing image encryption schemes based on DNA encoding received intensive attentions in the past decade [76].”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhu, C., Wang, G., & Sun, K. (2018) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym10090399 · Cited by 90 · cited 4×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaddodi, G., Awad, A., Awad, D., Awad, M., & Lee, B. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5669-2 · Cited by 87 · cited 2×
“In [80], a scheme encrypting optical image is designed with the same strategy as that in [77, 79].”
BackgroundMethodZhang, D., Liao, X., Yang, B., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4370-1 · Cited by 84
Self-citationImage block encryption algorithm based on chaotic maps
Liu, L., Hao, S., Lin, J., Wang, Z., Hu, X., & Miao, S. (2017) · IET Signal Processing · doi:10.1049/iet-spr.2016.0584 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“In[49], an encryption scheme of image blocks with variable size is proposed, which is composed of position permutation and modulo addition.”
MethodA RGB image encryption technique using Lorenz and Rossler chaotic system on DNA sequences
Girdhar, A., & Kumar, V. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5902-z · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“In [78], a robust color image encryption system using Lorenz-Rossler chaotic map and DNA encoding is proposed, where Lorenz-Rossler chaotic map is used as the source for producing PRNS.”
MethodGunasinghe, H., & Bertino, E. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2777787 · Cited by 78 · cited 1×
“In [103], a privacy preserving biometrics-based authentication solution is proposed”
BackgroundA novel image encryption scheme based on orthogonal matrix, skew tent map, and XOR operation
Ahmad, J. E., Khan, M. A., Ahmed, F., & Khan, J. S. (2017) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-017-2970-3 · Cited by 77
Cryptanalysis of image encryption scheme based on a new 1D chaotic system
Dhall, S., Pal, S. K., & Sharma, K. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.12.021 · Cited by 77 · cited 1×
“In [121], usability of a 4-round DTPWOS (diffusion-then-permutation without substitution-box) is questioned, which can be considered as a special form of 5-round PTDWOS.”
Parallel image encryption with bitplane decomposition and genetic algorithm
Mozaffari, S. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5817-8 · Cited by 77 · cited 1×
“In [71], GA is used to perform parallel permutation and substitution on multiple bit-planes of the plain-image.”
MethodImproved Cryptanalysis and Enhancements of an Image Encryption Scheme Using Combined 1D Chaotic Maps
Zhu, C., Wang, G., & Sun, K. (2018) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e20110843 · Cited by 76 · cited 3×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
BackgroundMethodImproved known-plaintext attack to permutation-only multimedia ciphers
Zhang, L. Y., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Zhou, J., Zhang, Y., & Chen, G. (2018) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2017.11.021 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“As the insecurity of sole permutation analyzed in [114], position permutation is still a simple but efficient measure to improve the security level of the whole encryption scheme.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLuo, Y., Zhou, R., Liu, J., Qiu, S., & Cao, Y. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5844-5 · Cited by 75 · cited 2×
“In [25], a self-adapting colour image encryption scheme based on chaotic maps and the interactions among three channels is proposed.”
MethodDesign of image cipher using life-like cellular automata and chaotic map
Ping, P., Wu, J., Mao, Y., Xu, F., & Fan, J. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.04.018 · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“The framework of the image encryption scheme is the same as that of [53].”
MethodA chaotic permutation and diffusion based image encryption algorithm for secure communications
Mondal, B., Kumar, P., & Singh, S. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6214-z · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“In [50], the proposed image encryption scheme performs only one round of position permutation and XOR operation, which are both controlled by PRNS generated by iterating 2-D Baker’s map.”
MethodA Chaos Based Image Encryption Scheme Using Digit-Level Permutation and Block Diffusion
Ping, P., Fan, J., Mao, Y., Xu, F., & Gao, J. Z. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2879565 · Cited by 68 · cited 1×
“In [56], Ping et al.”
Beta Chaotic Map Based Image Encryption Using Genetic Algorithm
Kaur, M., & Kumar, V. (2018) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127418501328 · Cited by 67 · cited 1×
“In [69], an image encryption scheme using beta chaotic map, NSCT (Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform), and GA (genetic algorithm) is proposed.”
MethodLi, M., Lu, D., Wen, W., Ren, H., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2867111 · Cited by 64 · cited 1×
“e parts: position permutation; nonlinear substitution; XOR operation. In [122], M. Li et al. recover the permutation relation of image encryption scheme using PTDWOS with some chosen plain-images. In [123], M. Li et al. recover the equivalent secret key of an encryptionalgorithmusingone-roundPTDWOSwith512pairsof chose…”
MethodSelf-citationKhelifi, F. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.09.020 · Cited by 63 · cited 2×
“Using strong correlation among neighboring bits in every bit-plane in a natural image, a cipher-text only attack is proposed in [34] to recover”
BackgroundLiu, D.-D., Zhang, W., Yu, H., & Zhu, Z.-L. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.05.008 · Cited by 63
Cryptanalysis and improvement in an image encryption scheme using combination of the 1D chaotic map
Chen, J., Han, F., Qian, W., Yao, Y.-D., & Zhu, Z.-L. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4332-9 · Cited by 62 · cited 3×
“s scheme suggested in [16] is found still vulnerable against chosenplaintextattack[17]. Assumingaparameterseedis known, the parameter determining the shift permutation of Pak’s scheme is disclosed in [18] by its internalproperties. Then, Pak’s scheme is degenerated into the version analyzed in [16]. Based on the preli…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDesigning Hyperchaotic Cat Maps With Any Desired Number of Positive Lyapunov Exponents
Hua, Z., Yi, S., Zhou, Y., Li, C., & Wu, Y. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2016.2642166 · Cited by 60 · cited 2×
“cascading two existing chaotic maps [38]; iteratively expanding a parametric 2-D Cat matrix to any higher dimension [24]; arbitrarily combining six basic nonlinear operations [39]; anti-control [40]; constructing hyperchaotic system [41].”
MethodSelf-citationFeng, W., & He, Y.-G. (2018) · IEEE Photonics Journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2018.2880590 · Cited by 60
Optimizing chaos based image encryption
Noshadian, S., Ebrahimzade, A., & Kazemitabar, J. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5807-x · Cited by 59 · cited 1×
“In [70], teaching learning based optimization algorithm and gravitational search algorithm are used to optimize selection of the parameters.”
MethodCryptanalysis of a chaotic image encryption scheme based on permutation-diffusion structure
Li, M., Guo, Y., Huang, J., & Li, Y. (2018) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2018.01.002 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“In [122], M.”
Optical hyperspectral image encryption based on improved Chirikov mapping and gyrator transform
Chen, H., Tanougast, C., Liu, Z., et al. (2018) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.03.011 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“ansform [88]. Detailed experimental results demonstrate that MPFrQFT is superior to other eight existing algorithms on multiplemetrics: keyspace,keysensitivity,statistical analysis and robustness. In [89], an optical hyperspectral image cryptosystem is proposed using improved Chirikov mapping in the gyrator transform…”
MethodA double color image encryption scheme based on three-dimensional brownian motion
Gan, Z., Chai, X., Zhang, M., & Yang, L. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5974-9 · Cited by 57 · cited 2×
“Following the framework of Fridrich’s image encryption scheme cryptanalyzed in [2], many image encryption schemes adopting permutationthen-diffusion without substitution-box (PTDWOS) have been proposed since 1998 [3, 4, 5].”
MethodInfluentialImage salient regions encryption for generating visually meaningful ciphertext image
Wen, W., Zhang, Y., Fang, Y., & Fang, Z. (2016) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-016-2490-6 · Cited by 55 · cited 1×
“In [84], the saliency detection of a plainimage is detected with a given model and encrypted with a chaos-based encryption function.”
MethodSelf-citationHu, B., Guan, Z.-H., Xiong, N., & Chao, H.-C. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2808966 · Cited by 54 · cited 1×
“Only a few image encryption schemes are designed for solving security challenge in specific application scenario: surveillance [37], IIoT (industrial Internet of Things) [29], social media [88].”
BackgroundBad subsequences of well-known linear congruential pseudorandom number generators
Entacher, K. (1998) · ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation · doi:10.1145/272991.273009 · Cited by 51
A novel chaotic image cryptosystem based on DNA sequence operations and single neuron model
Ben Slimane, N., Aouf, N., Bouallegue, K., & Machhout, M. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6145-8 · Cited by 51 · cited 3×
“In [80], a scheme encrypting optical image is designed with the same strategy as that in [77, 79].”
BackgroundMethodChaos based adaptive double-image encryption scheme using hash function and S-boxes
Liu, H., Kadir, A., Sun, X., & Li, Y. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-016-4288-z · Cited by 50
Hanis, S., & Amutha, R. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4606-0 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“In [65], the four LSB (least significant bit) planes of two images are encrypted by position permutation and value confusion, which are controlled by Logistic map and CA, respectively.”
BackgroundImage Encryption Based on Interleaved Computer-Generated Holograms
Kong, D., Cao, L., Shen, X., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2017.2714261 · Cited by 50 · cited 1×
“In [86], a holographic encryption scheme based on interleaving operation of CGHs (computer-generated holograms) is proposed.”
MethodAhmad, M., Al Solami, E., Wang, X.-Y., Doja, M. N., Beg, M. M. S., & Alzaidi, A. A. (2018) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym10070266 · Cited by 50 · cited 3×
“pace complexity for storing the intermediate data. In 2018, improvement (enhancement,remedy) methods were proposedto fix the reportedsecurity defects in manypapers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127]. In fact, the proposed improvement methods fail to obtain the exp…”
MethodA compression-diffusion-permutation strategy for securing image
Huang, H., He, X., Xiang, Y., Wen, W., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.04.014 · Cited by 48 · cited 1×
“In [72], an image encryption scheme based on compressive sensing and chaotic map were proposed.”
MethodSelf-citationCryptanalysis and improvement of a chaotic image encryption by first-order time-delay system
Li, M., Fan, H., Xiang, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · IEEE MultiMedia · doi:10.1109/mmul.2018.112142439 · Cited by 47 · cited 2×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
MethodSelf-citationFan, H., Li, M., Liu, D., & An, K. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5437-8 · Cited by 46 · cited 2×
“In [31], another encryption scheme using PTDWOS is cryptanalyzed.”
BackgroundMethodZheng, P., & Huang, J. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2018.2802199 · Cited by 46 · cited 1×
“In [90], the fast methods on implementing real and complex Walsh-Hadamard Transform in the cipher-images are proposed.”
MethodDesign of a strong S-box based on a matrix approach
Aboytes-González, J. A., Murguía, J. S., Mejía-Carlos, M., González-Aguilar, H., & Ramírez-Torres, M. T. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4471-z · Cited by 46
Chinese remainder theorem-based two-in-one image secret sharing with three decoding options
Yan, X., Lu, Y., Liu, L., et al. (2018) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2018.07.015 · Cited by 46 · cited 1×
“In [101], an image secret sharing with three decoding options, lossless recovery, grayscale stacking recovery and visual previewing, is designed based on random grid-based VSS and Chinese remainder theorem.”
MethodChen, B., Yu, M., Tian, Y., Li, L., Wang, D., & Sun, X. (2018) · IET Image Processing · doi:10.1049/iet-ipr.2018.5440 · Cited by 43
Li, X., Min, Z., Xing, Y., et al. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.011084 · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“n invisible watermark. 2.3. Encrypting image in transform domain A series of encryption schemes protecting optical images are proposed in 2018. But, most of them are simulated with digital images. In [84], a monospectral SAII (synthetic aperture integral imaging) system is designed to capture 2-D optical elemental ima…”
MethodInfluentialZhu, S., & Zhu, C. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6078-2 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“In [46], a 6-D discrete chaotic systems (SDDCS) is constructed with some sine and cosine functions, which is then used as a source of PRNS used in a stream cipher.”
MethodCryptanalysis of a colour image encryption using chaotic APFM nonlinear adaptive filter
Fan, H., Li, M., Liu, D., & Zhang, E. (2017) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.08.018 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“In [121], M.”
Lv, X., Liao, X., & Yang, B. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6013-6 · Cited by 38 · cited 1×
“In [73], a plain-image is first decomposed by wavelet packet transform (WPT).”
MethodProgressive (k,n) secret image sharing schemes based on Boolean operations and covering codes
Liu, Y., Yang, C., Wu, S.-Y., et al. (2018) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2018.05.004 · Cited by 38 · cited 1×
“at more than k shares can also reveal the secret image. As for progressive (k,n) secret image sharing (PSIS) scheme, it is requiredthat k to n shares can reconstructthe secret image progressively. In [103], three PSIS schemesare constructed using XOR operation, a variant of Hamming code and modified version of shorten…”
MethodWang, Q., Wei, M., Chen, X., et al. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4349-y · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“In [67], a sequence of images are simultaneously encrypted and compressed using Tensor Compressive Sensing, which is controlled by PRNS generated by a 3-D discrete Lorenz system.”
MethodGhebleh, M., Kanso, A. A., & Stevanović, D. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4634-9 · Cited by 36 · cited 1×
“In [62], an image encryption algorithm based on 1-D PWLCM and least squares approximation (LSA) is proposed, where PWLCM is used to determine the permutation relationship among the rows and columns of the plain-image and intermediate matrixes.”
MethodCryptanalysis of multimedia encryption using elliptic curve cryptography
Khoirom, M. S., Laiphrakpam, D. S., & Tuithung, T. (2018) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.04.068 · Cited by 36
Secure image cryptosystem with unique key streams via hyper-chaotic system
Diab, H., & El-semary, A. M. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.06.028 · Cited by 35 · cited 3×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
BackgroundMethodSome properties of the Logistic map over the finite field and its application
Yang, B., & Liao, X. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.07.011 · Cited by 34 · cited 2×
“Based on comprehensive analysis of ranomness of the PRNS generated by iterating a map, one variant of Logistic map is selected in [45] as a PRNG.”
BackgroundMethodRobust Privacy-Preserving Image Sharing over Online Social Networks (OSNs)
Sun, W., Zhou, J., Zhu, S., & Tang, Y. Y. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications · doi:10.1145/3165265 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“Only a few image encryption schemes are designed for solving security challenge in specific application scenario: surveillance [37], IIoT (industrial Internet of Things) [29], social media [88].”
BackgroundMethodSecure and Lightweight Compressive Sensing Using Stream Cipher
Pudi, V., Chattopadhyay, A., & Lam, K.-Y. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2017.2715659 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“In [75], compressive sensing technique is combined with a stream cipher to simultaneously compress and encrypt image and video files, where the measurement matrix is generated using a stream cipher.”
MethodSecurity analysis of a double-image encryption technique based on an asymmetric algorithm
Xiong, Y., He, A., & Quan, C. (2018) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.35.000320 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“In [123], a ciphertext-only attack on a double-image optical encryption technique based on an asymmetric (publickey encryption) algorithm is proposed using phase retrieval algorithm with median filtering and normalization operation.”
MethodCryptanalysis and security improvement for a symmetric color image encryption algorithm
Hoang, T. M., & Thanh, H. X. (2018) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.10.072 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“Similar to the strategy introduced in [2], the permutation relation of a multiple-round PTDWOS is recovered by checking how the changes of the cipher-pixels influence that of the plain-pixels in the scenario of chosen-ciphertext attack [122].”
MethodGayathri, J., & Subashini, S. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5675-4 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“The same strategy is used in [43], where a spatio-temporal chaotic system is coupled with Tent-Sine system to generate PRNS.”
MethodFurther analytical bifurcation analysis and applications of coupled logistic maps
Elsadany, A. A., Yousef, A. M., & Elsonbaty, A. (2018) · Applied Mathematics and Computation · doi:10.1016/j.amc.2018.06.008 · Cited by 30 · cited 2×
“As analyzed in [21], coupled logistic map can demonstrate complex bifurcation dynamics in continuous domain.”
BackgroundMethodShyu, S. J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2017.2707923 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“In [99], three efficient and flexible XOR-based (k, n)VSS schemes is constructed, such that more than k shares can also reveal the secret image.”
BackgroundNetworked hardware assisted key image and chaotic attractors for secure RGB image communication
Rajagopalan, S., Sivaraman, R., Arumugham, S., et al. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5566-0 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“Reference [58] adopts the same encryption structure as [57] with hardware implementation, where Lorenz chaotic system, Lü’s chaotic system and cellular automata are used as the source of PRNS instead.”
MethodAn image encryption algorithm based on irregular wave representation
Huang, X., & Ye, G. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4455-x · Cited by 27 · cited 2×
“In [22], 2-D Logistic map is used to generate PRNG to control combination of position permutation and diffusion with XOR.”
MethodHelmy, M., El‐Rabaie, E. M., El‐Dokany, I. M., et al. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5923-7 · Cited by 25 · cited 1×
“wireless communication [36], surveillance [37].”
Towards Privacy-Preserving and Practical Image-Centric Social Discovery
Yuan, X., Wang, X., Wang, C., et al. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2016.2609930 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“ptions, lossless recovery, grayscale stacking recovery and visual previewing, is designed based on random grid-based VSS and Chinese remaindertheorem. • Privacy-preservingapplication of image data In [105], Yuan et al. use similarity degree among encrypted higher-dimensional profile vectors of users images as a metric…”
QR code-based non-linear image encryption using Shearlet transform and spiral phase transform
Kumar, R., Bhaduri, B., & Hennelly, B. M. (2017) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2017.1395486 · Cited by 23 · cited 1×
“ransform domain, the original hyperspectral image is converted into binary format and then extended into a 1- D array, then the scrambled and exchanged image is transformedusingthegyratortransform. In[90],quickresponse (QR) code-based non-linear technique for image encryption using shearlet transform and spiral phase…”
MethodSecurity performance analysis of a chaotic stream cipher
Lin, Z., Wang, G., Wang, X., Yu, S., & Lü, J. (2018) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4406-8 · Cited by 23 · cited 1×
“In [128], a chosen-ciphertext attack on a chaotic stream cipher using self-synchronization and closed-loop feedback were proposed.”
MethodCryptanalysis of a chaotic stream cipher and its improved scheme
Lin, Z., Yu, S., Feng, X., & Lü, J. (2018) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127418500864 · Cited by 23 · cited 1×
“In [133], Lin et al.”
Xiong, Y., He, A., & Quan, C. (2018) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2018.07.058 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
“same research group presented a specific attack based on phase retrieval algorithm with normalization and a bilateral filter in [124].”
MethodA cryptographic model for better information security
Kumar, S., Kumar, M., Budhiraja, R., Das, M. K., & Singh, S. (2018) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2018.10.011 · Cited by 22 · cited 2×
“Logistic map [21, 22], Tent map [12, 23], Cat map [24], PWLCM (piecewise linear chaotic map) [25, 26], and coupled map lattice [27].”
BackgroundMethodBhardwaj, R. (2018) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.jei.27.2.023017 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“In [93], an enhanced RDH-EI embedding two bits in each cipher-pixel with minimum distortion of stego-pixel is achieved through homomorphic encryption.”
MethodCryptanalysis of Chaos-Based Cryptosystem from the Hardware Perspective
Luo, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, J., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127418501146 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“As the opposite of image cryptography, some impressive image cryptanalysis works were developed in 2018 [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35].”
BackgroundCryptanalysis and improvement of the image cryptosystem reusing permutation matrix dynamically
Diab, H., & El-semary, A. M. (2018) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.02.011 · Cited by 19 · cited 4×
“But, how to perform the attack on the PTDWOS with multiple rounds are not theoretically proved in [13].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFarajallah, M., Assad, S. E., & Deforges, O. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6015-4 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“In [120], some special plain-images are selected to narrow the scope of some subkeys of a PTDWOS with less than or equal to 3 rounds.”
BackgroundA dynamic approach for a lightweight and secure cipher for medical images
Noura, M., Noura, H., Chehab, A., et al. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6051-0 · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“As [131], only ROI (region of interest) of DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) medical images are encrypted with one round of permutation and substitution to satisfy real-time processing requirement.”
MethodRen, G., Han, J., Fu, J., et al. (2018) · Optical Review · doi:10.1007/s10043-018-0464-x · Cited by 19 · cited 1×
“In [85], the original image is first scrambled, and then multiplied by the random-phase mask function.”
Panwar, K., Purwar, R. K., & Jain, A. (2018) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.jei.27.5.053037 · Cited by 19
Symmetric cryptosystem based on skew tent map
Palacios-Luengas, L., Delgado-Gutiérrez, G., Díaz-Méndez, J. A., & Vázquez‐Medina, R. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4375-9 · Cited by 18 · cited 3×
“Logistic map [21, 22], Tent map [12, 23], Cat map [24], PWLCM (piecewise linear chaotic map) [25, 26], and coupled map lattice [27].”
BackgroundMethodShao, Z., Shang, Y., Tong, Q., et al. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-5818-7 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“In [68], an encryption scheme encrypting multiple optical colour images is proposed based on phase retrieval in quaternion gyrator domain, nonlinear quaternion correlation is developed to perform authentication.”
MethodA block-permutation-based encryption scheme with independent processing of RGB components
IMAIZUMI, S., & KIYA, H. (2018) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2018edt0002 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“But, the correlation among blocks in cipher-images may still facilitate the advanced jigsaw puzzle solvers to optimize the attacking on the block-wise permutation schemes analyzed in [110, 111].”
Double-image cryptosystem using chaotic map and mixture amplitude-phase retrieval in gyrator domain
Shao, Z., Shang, Y., Fu, X., et al. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-016-4279-0 · Cited by 16 · cited 1×
“In [64], another DCIE using Gyrator transform and Hénon map is proposed.”
MethodEfficient Compression of Encrypted Binary Images Using the Markov Random Field
Wang, C., Ni, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2784379 · Cited by 15 · cited 1×
“In [101], C.”
Some Iterative Properties of ( F 1 , F 2 ) -Chaos in Non-Autonomous Discrete Systems
Tang, X., Chen, G., & Lu, T. (2018) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e20030188 · Cited by 14
A new rapid hyperchaotic system for more efficient 2D data encryption
Hamdi, B., & Seddik, H. (2017) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-4675-0 · Cited by 13 · cited 1×
“cascading two existing chaotic maps [38]; iteratively expanding a parametric 2-D Cat matrix to any higher dimension [24]; arbitrarily combining six basic nonlinear operations [39]; anti-control [40]; constructing hyperchaotic system [41].”
MethodCHUMAN, T., & KIYA, H. (2018) · IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences · doi:10.1587/transfun.e101.a.2405 · Cited by 13
Reversible data hiding in encrypted images with private-key homomorphism and public-key homomorphism
Chen, B., Wu, X., & Wei, Y. (2018) · Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation · doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2018.11.017 · Cited by 10 · cited 1×
“In [92], two RDH-EI schemes are proposed with private-key homomorphism and publickey homomorphism, respectively.”
BackgroundWang, C., Xiao, D., Peng, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation · doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2018.01.007 · Cited by 7 · cited 1×
“ve recovery algorithm. In [96], a RDH-EI is designed using homomorphic multiplication and probabilistic properties of Paillier cryptosystem, where the embedding room is reserved before encryption. In [97], C. Wang et al. formulate lossy compression on low-frequency wavelet coefficients as a problem of weighted rate-dist…”
MethodOn security of image ciphers based on logic circuits and chaotic permutations
Annaby, M. H., Ayad, H., & Rushdi, M. A. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5439-6 · Cited by 6 · cited 2×
“In 2018, improvement (enhancement, remedy) methods were proposed to fix the reported security defects in many papers on image cryptanalysis as references [6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 32, 115, 127].”
BackgroundMethodRISC: a robust image symmetric cryptosystem
Becheikh, R., Omrani, T., Rhouma, R., et al. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-017-5575-z · Cited by 6 · cited 1×
“Following the basic structure of AES, a robust image symmetric cryptosystem (RISC) is proposed in [61], where Arnold’s cat map is used to generate permutation matrix permuting the entire plain-image.”
MethodCryptanalysis on double random phase encoding with deep learning
He, W., Hai, H., Liao, M., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1117/12.2319902 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“In [130], a large number of plaintexts and the corresponding ciphertexts encrypted by any optical encryption technique based on random phase encoding are used as training samples for optimizing the parameters of a deep neural network, which can reconstruct any plain-image from its corresponding cipher-image.”
MethodImproved cryptographic model for better information security
Kumar, S., Kumar, M., Das, M. K., et al. (2017) · 2017 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC) · doi:10.1109/ictc.2017.8191013
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Puteaux, 2018, An efficient MSB prediction-based method for high-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images, IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur, 13, 1670, 10.1109/TIFS.2018.2799381 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An image encryption scheme based on a new hybrid chaotic map and optimized substitution box
Farah, M. A. B., Farah, A., & Farah, T. (2019) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-019-05413-8 · Cited by 310
Mansouri, A., & Wang, X. (2020) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2020.02.008 · Cited by 296
An Efficient Image Encryption Scheme Based on the LSS Chaotic Map and Single S-Box
Lu, Q., Zhu, C., & Deng, X. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2970806 · Cited by 281
“Chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is the strongest one of the four classical cipher attack methods [35].”
BackgroundZhou, M., & Wang, C. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107484 · Cited by 236
“Therefore, communication security in a digital world becomes a serious problem and gains more and more attention [1] .”
BackgroundChai, X., Bi, J., Gan, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2020.107684 · Cited by 227
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, C., Zhang, Y., & Xie, E. Y.
- Affiliations
- Hunan University (CN)
- Xiangtan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Chengqing
- Venue
- Journal of Information Security and Applications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 48
- Pages
- 102361
- ISSN
- 2214-2126 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2923415235
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 20
- FWCI
- 18.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Journal of Information Security and Applications (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Keywords
- image encryption, cryptanalysis attacks, image security
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