Cited by 332Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsImmune Response and InflammationInflammasome and immune disorders

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Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation

Kumar, V.·2019·Journal of Neuroimmunology

DOI 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012

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Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later studies showed their involvement in the recognition of various damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated by host itself. Thus, TLRs are capable of recognizing wide-array of patterns/molecules derived from pathogens and host as well and initiating a proinflammatory immune response through the activation of NF-κB and other transcription factors causing synthesis of proinflammatory molecules. The process of neuroinflammation is seen under both sterile and infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and may lead to the development of neurodegeneration. The present article is designed to highlight the importance of TLRs in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation under diverse conditions. TLRs are expressed by various immune cells present in CNS along with neurons. However out of thirteen TLRs described in mammals, some are present and active in these cells, while some are absent and are described in detail in main text. The role of various immune cells present in the brain and their role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation depending on the type of TLR expressed is described. Thereafter the role of TLRs in bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and autoimmune disease including multiple sclerosis (MS) is described. The article is designed for both neuroscientists needing information regarding TLRs in neuroinflammation and TLR biologists or immunologists interested in neuroinflammation.

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Authors: Kumar, V.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Kumar, V.
ORCID: Kumar, V.
Venue: Journal of Neuroimmunology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-07
Volume: 332
Pages: 16-30
ISSN: 0165-5728 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012
OpenAlex: W2924166680
Cited by: 331
References: 255
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 6
FWCI: 4.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: Toll-like receptors, neuroinflammation, pattern recognition receptors, damage-associated molecular patterns, NF-κB signaling, inflammatory cytokines, neurodegeneration, bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis
MeSH terms: Alarmins, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules, Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Brain Diseases, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Encephalitis, Humans, Meningitis, Neurons, Oligodendroglia, Neuroimmunomodulation, Signal Transduction, Microglia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Toll-Like Receptors, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88

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Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation

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