Exploring the effect of electrical muscle stimulation as a novel treatment of intractable tremor in parkinson's disease
Abstract
Background As the pathophysiology of tremor in Parkinson disease (PD) involves a complex interaction between central and peripheral mechanisms, we propose that modulation of peripheral reflex mechanism by electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) may improve tremor temporarily. Objectives To determine the efficacy of EMS as a treatment for drug resistant tremor in PD patients. Methods This study was a single-blinded, quasi-experimental study involving 34 PD patients with classic resting tremor as confirmed by tremor analysis. The EMS was given at 50Hz over the abductor pollicis brevis and interrosseus muscles for 10s with identified tremor parameters before and during stimulation as primary outcomes. Results Compared to before stimulation, we observed a significant reduction in the root mean square (RMS) of the angular velocity (p<0.001) and peak magnitude (p<0.001) of resting tremor while tremor frequency (p=0.126) and dispersion (p=0.284) remained unchanged during stimulation. The UPDRS tremor score decreased from 10.59 (SD=1.74) before stimulation to 8.85 (SD=2.19) during stimulation (p<0.001). The average percentage of improvement of the peak magnitude and RMS angular velocity was 49.57% (SD=38.89) and 43.81% (SD=33.15) respectively. 70.6% and 61.8% of patients experienced at least 30% tremor attenuation as calculated from the peak magnitude and RMS angular velocity respectively. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the efficacy of EMS in temporarily improving resting tremor in medically intractable PD patients. Although tremor severity decreased, they were not completely eliminated and continued with a similar frequency, thus demonstrating the role of peripheral reflex mechanism in the modulation of tremor, but not as a generator. EMS should be further explored as a possible therapeutic intervention for tremor in PD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Redundant muscle activations may exert extra proprioceptive feedback on the central nervous system, which may alter tremor stability.
“In addition, redundant muscle activations may also exert extra proprioceptive feedback on the central nervous system, which in return may alter tremor stability (Jitkritsadakul et al., 2015).”
From A Novel Posture for Better Differentiation Between Parkinson's Tremor and Essential Tremor (2018) · cites this paper as Jitkritsadakul et al., 2015
Jitkritsadakul et al.'s first approach in 34 PD patients showed an average improvement of 49.6 ± 38.89% in peak tremor amplitude and an average reduction of 43.8 ± 33.2% in RMS tremor value, with only 70.6% and 61.8% of patients showing at least 30% suppression in peak amplitude and RMS, respectively.
“During their first approach (72), they compared the tremor angular velocity before and during stimulation in 34 PD patients, and their results showed an average improvement of 49.6 ± 38.89% in the peak amplitude and an average reduction of 43.8 ± 33.2% in the RMS value of tremor.”
From A Review on Wearable Technologies for Tremor Suppression (2021) · cites this paper as [72]
Cites
Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor
Deuschl, G., Bain, P., & Brin, M. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870131303 · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
A Clinicopathologic Study of 100 Cases of Parkinson's Disease
Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Blankson, S., & Lees, A. J. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540020018011 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Cerebral causes and consequences of parkinsonian resting tremor: a tale of two circuits?
Helmich, R. C., Hallett, M., Deuschl, G., Toni, I., & Bloem, B. R. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws023 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Deuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Lindemann, M., & Krack, P. (2001) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.1063 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Physiological and pathological tremors and rhythmic central motor control
McAuley, J. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.8.1545 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for skeletal muscle function.
Doucet, B. M. M., Lam, A., & Griffin, L. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Pallidal dysfunction drives a cerebellothalamic circuit into Parkinson tremor
Helmich, R. C., Janssen, M. J. R., Oyen, W. J. G., Bloem, B. R., & Toni, I. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22361 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee.
Deuschl, G., Bain, P., & Brin, M. (1998) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Tremor Suppression by Rhythmic Transcranial Current Stimulation
Brittain, J., Probert-Smith, P., Aziz, T. Z., & Brown, P. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.068 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Tremor in Parkinson’s disease and serotonergic dysfunction
Doder, M., Rabiner, E. A., Turjanski, N., Lees, A. J., & Brooks, D. J. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000031424.51127.2b · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Mure, H., Hirano, S., Tang, C. C., Isaias, I. U., Antonini, A., Ma, Y., DHAWAN, V. M., & Eidelberg, D. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.028 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor: a review
Deuschl, G., Raethjen, J., Baron, R., Lindemann, M., Wilms, H., & Krack, P. (2000) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/pl00007781 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The placebo effect in Parkinson's disease.
de la Fuente-Fernández, R., & Stoessl, A. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02181-1 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Hallett, M. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(13)70029-4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Pogarell, O. M. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.6.713 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Overview of Human Tremor Physiology
Hallett, M. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.870131308 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation for the suppression of pathological tremor
Popović Maneski, L., Jorgovanović, N., Ilić, V., Došen, S., Keller, T., Popović, M. B., & Popović, D. B. (2011) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-011-0803-6 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Hirschmann, J. V., Hartmann, C. J., Butz, M., Hoogenboom, N., Özkurt, T. E., Elben, S., Vesper, J., Wojtecki, L., & Schnitzler, A. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt271 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Online tremor suppression using electromyography and low-level electrical stimulation
Dosen, S., Muceli, S., Dideriksen, J. L., Romero, J. P., Rocon, E., Pons, J., & Farina, D. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2014.2328296 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Meigal, A. Y., Rissanen, S. M., Tarvainen, M. P., Karjalainen, P. A., Vassel, I. A., Airaksinen, O., & Kankaanpaa, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.02.008 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Paradoxical aspects of parkinsonian tremor
Fishman, P. S. (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21736 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Influence of electrical stimulation frequency on skeletal muscle force and fatigue
Dreibati, B., Lavet, C., Pinti, A., & Poumarat, G. (2010) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2010.03.004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Pascual-Leone, Á., Valls-Solé, J., Toro, C., Wassermann, E., & Hallett, M. (1994) · Muscle and Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.880170716 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
THE ROLE OF REFLEXES IN THE RESTING TREMOR OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
RACK, P. M. H., & ROSS, H. F. (1986) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/109.1.115 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Poignet, P., Widjaja, F., & Tech Ang, W. (2011) · Control Engineering Practice · doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2010.08.009 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Koop, M. M., Andrzejewski, A., Hill, B. C., Heit, G., & Bronte-Stewart, H. M. (2006) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20796 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Britton, T. C., Thompson, P. D., Day, B. L., Rothwell, J. C., Findley, L. J. J., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1993) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410330510 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Tremor-Predominant Parkinson??s Disease
Marjama-Lyons, J., & Koller, W. C. (2000) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200016040-00003 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A neuroprosthesis for tremor management through the control of muscle co-contraction
Gallego, J. Á., Rocon, E., Belda-Lois, J. M., & Pons, J. L. (2013) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-10-36 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Attenuation of pathological tremors by functional electrical stimulation II: Clinical evaluation
Javidan, M., Elek, J., & Prochazka, A. (1992) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/bf02368522 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Tremors in Parkinsonʼs Disease
Zimmermann, R., Deuschl, G., Hornig, A., Schulte‐Mönting, J., Fuchs, G., & Lücking, C. H. (1994) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-199408000-00001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
On the Origin of Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease
Dovzhenok, A. A., & Rubchinsky, L. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041598 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Britton, T., Thompson, P., Day, B. L., Rothwell, J. C., Findley, L., & Marsden, C. D. (1993) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.56.10.1085 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Robust Controller for Tremor Suppression at Musculoskeletal Level in Human Wrist
Taheri, B., Case, D., & Richer, E. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2013.2295034 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Simpson, J., McMillan, H., & Reeve, D. (2013) · Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1155/2013/608562 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Álvarez, F. J., Benito‐Gonzalez, A., & Siembab, V. C. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12084 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Exploring Peripheral Mechanism of Tremor on Neuromusculoskeletal Model: A General Simulation Study
Zhang, D., Poignet, P., Bó, A. P. L., & Ang, W. T. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2009.2023979 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tremor revisited: Treatment of PD tremor
Jiménez, M. C., & Vingerhoets, F. J. G. (2011) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70030-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bhidayasiri, R., Petchrutchatachart, S., Pongthornseri, R., Anan, C., Dumnin, S., & Thanawattano, C. (2014) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-130311 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationVariable stimulation patterns in younger and older thenar muscle
Doucet, B. M. M., & Griffin, L. (2012) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.12.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Influence of Proprioceptive Input on Parkinsonian Tremor
Spiegel, J., Fuss, G., Krick, C., Schimrigk, K., & Dillmann, U. (2002) · Journal of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-200201000-00012 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Suppression of Enhanced Physiological Tremor via Stochastic Noise: Initial Observations
Trenado, C., Amtage, F., Huethe, F., Schulte‐Mönting, J., Méndez‐Balbuena, I., Baker, S. N., Baker, M. R., Hepp‐Reymond, M., Manjarrez, E., & Kristeva, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112782 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The response of the tremor of patients with Parkinsonism to peripheral nerve stimulation.
Mones, R., & Weiss, A. H. (1969) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.32.6.512 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Beats produced between a rhythmic applied force and the resting tremor of Parkinsonism.
Walsh, E. G. (1979) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.42.1.89 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alam, M. M., Malik, H. H., Khan, M. I., Párdy, T., Kuusik, A., & Moullec, Y. L. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2853148 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of afferent pathways for the suppression of pathological tremor
Dideriksen, J. L., Laine, C. M., Dosen, S., Muceli, S., Rocon, E., Pons, J. L., Benito-Leon, J., & Farina, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00178 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Peripheral electrical stimulation to reduce pathological tremor: a review
Pascual-Valdunciel, A., Hoo, G. W., Avrillon, S., Barroso, F. O., Goldman, J. G., Hernandez-Pavon, J. C., & Pons, J. L. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00811-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Three studies applied electrical stimulation above motor threshold with the purpose of recruiting afferent fibers, but muscle contraction was not the primary goal [18, 30, 33].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Review on Wearable Technologies for Tremor Suppression
Lora-Millan, J. S., Delgado-Oleas, G., Benito-León, J., & Rocon, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.700600 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“18 Tremor’s glove (72, 73) Constant cocontraction of the”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJitkritsadakul, O., Thanawattano, C., Anan, C., & Bhidayasiri, R. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3246 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-invasive electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves for the management of tremor
Valdunciel, A. P., Rajagopal, A., Pons, J. L., & Delp, S. L. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120195 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Peripherical Electrical Stimulation for Parkinsonian Tremor: A Systematic Review
Meng, L., Jin, M., Zhu, X., & Ming, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.795454 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Novel Posture for Better Differentiation Between Parkinson's Tremor and Essential Tremor
Zhang, B., Huang, F., Liu, J., & Zhang, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00317 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In addition, redundant muscle activations may also exert extra proprioceptive feedback on the central nervous system, which in return may alter tremor stability (Jitkritsadakul et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBhidayasiri, R., Maytharakcheep, S., Phumphid, S., & Maetzler, W. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120197 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBhidayasiri, R. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02727-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationTremor Suppression With Mechanical Vibration Stimulation
Liu, W., Kai, T., & Kiguchi, K. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3045023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The first strategy simultaneously applies continuous stimulation at a pair of antagonist muscles, which induces the cocontraction of muscles so that the impedance of a joint was changed and the tremor was filtered [17]-[19].”
BackgroundKim, J., Wichmann, T., Inan, O., & DeWeerth, S. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12010076 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A green and simple process to develop conductive polyurethane foams for biomedical applications
Caba, V., Borgese, L., Agnelli, S., & Depero, L. E. (2018) · International Journal of Polymeric Materials · doi:10.1080/00914037.2018.1525732 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Phokaewvarangkul, O., Vateekul, P., Wichakam, I., Anan, C., & Bhidayasiri, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.727654 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationShahien, M., Elaraby, A., Gamal, M., Abdelazim, E., Abdelazeem, B., Ghaith, H. S., & Negida, A. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06420-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation may be a feasible treatment of Parkinsonian tremor
Zhang, B., Huang, F., Liu, J., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1101751 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Towards ultrasound imaging-based closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation for tremor suppression
Sharma, N., Xue, X., Iyer, A., Jiang, X., & Roque, D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2023.100484 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Review on Tremor Suppression Using Afferent Electrical Stimulation
Barroso, F. O., Valdunciel, A. P., & Pons, J. L. (2018) · Biosystems & biorobotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01845-0_218 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Non‐lesional treatments for tremor in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Carrasco, A. P. P., Waldthaler, J., Mügge, F., Timmermann, L., & Pedrosa, D. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15823 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Daemi, P., Jenkins, M. E., Naish, M. D., & Trejos, A. L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics · doi:10.1109/tmrb.2024.3350769 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Varalta, V., Righetti, A., Evangelista, E., Vantini, A., Martoni, A., Tamburin, S., Fonte, C., Vico, I. A. D., Tinazzi, M., Waldner, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/jrm.v56.19495 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Assistive technologies in Parkinson's disease
Bhidayasiri, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815946-0.00041-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBhidayasiri, R., Prasertpan, T., & Tinazzi, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99494-1.00020-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, Y., Box, D., Hardy, K. G., Jenkins, M. E., Garland, S. J., Naish, M. D., & Trejos, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering · doi:10.1177/20556683221094480 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lin, K., Li, P., Zhang, P.-Z., Jin, P., Ma, X.-F., Tong, G., Xiao, W. H., Bai, X., Wang, G.-Q., & Han, Y. (2025) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.04.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ultrasound Imaging Triggered Tremor Suppression With Personalized Afferent Stimulation Frequency
Iyer, A., Xue, X., Ganesh, V., Jiang, X., Gallippi, C. M., Roque, D., & Sharma, N. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2024.3519628 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Jenkins, M. E., Naish, M. D., & Trejos, A. L. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871546 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechatronic Devices for Upper Limb Tremor
Zhou, Y., Daemi, P., Edmonds, B. P. R., Habibollahi, Z., Jenkins, M. E., Naish, M. D., & Trejos, A. L. (2023) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26128-2_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Valdunciel, A. P. (2022) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.71544 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A feasibility study on measuring angular velocity using a novel essential tremor suppression device
Fauzi, N. A. M., Patar, M. N. A. A., Mahmud, J., Jusman, Y., Lee, H., & Hanafusa, A. (2022) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0104976
Jitkritsadakul, O., Bhidayasiri, R., Rattanatharn, R., & Thanawattano, C. (2017) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2017.372
Self-citationHosseini, S. M., Farashi, S., & Bashirian, S. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01255-z
The role of neurorehabilitation in the suppression of pathological tremor
Lora-Millán, J. S., & Rocón, E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819877-3.00011-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Technological Advancements in the Reduction of Parkinsonian Tremor
Abola, P., & Lefebvre, K. M. (2025) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0000000000000476
Ghosh, R., Henry, C., Tauseef, M., & Sarkar, N. (2025) · Assistive technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2025.2580504
Additional file 1 of Peripheral electrical stimulation to reduce pathological tremor: a review
Pascual-Valdunciel, A., Hoo, G. W., Avrillon, S., Barroso, F. O., Goldman, J. G., Hernandez-Pavon, J. C., & Pons, J. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14037710
Hosseini, S. M., Farashi, S., & Bashirian, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26619859
- Authors
- Jitkritsadakul, O., Thanawattano, C., Anan, C., & Bhidayasiri, R.
- Affiliations
- Thai Red Cross Society (TH)
- National Science and Technology Development Agency (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Bhidayasiri, Roongroj
- Venue
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 146-152
- ISSN
- 0022-510X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162184545
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the Neurological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Council of Thailand
- Chulalongkorn University (GRU-58-010-30-001, RES560530136, RES560530137 -HR)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- neuromuscular electrical stimulation, Parkinson's disease, resting tremor, abductor pollicis brevis, interosseous muscles, tremor analysis
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Tremor, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
