Peripheral electrical stimulation to reduce pathological tremor: a review
Open accessAbstract
Interventions to reduce tremor in essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) clinical populations often utilize pharmacological or surgical therapies. However, there can be significant side effects, decline in effectiveness over time, or clinical contraindications for these interventions. Therefore, alternative approaches must be considered and developed. Some non-pharmacological strategies include assistive devices, orthoses and mechanical loading of the tremorgenic limb, while others propose peripheral electrical stimulation. Specifically, peripheral electrical stimulation encompasses strategies that activate motor and sensory pathways to evoke muscle contractions and impact sensorimotor function. Numerous studies report the efficacy of peripheral electrical stimulation to alter tremor generation, thereby opening new perspectives for both short- and long-term tremor reduction. Therefore, it is timely to explore this promising modality in a comprehensive review. In this review, we analyzed 27 studies that reported the use of peripheral electrical stimulation to reduce tremor and discuss various considerations regarding peripheral electrical stimulation: the stimulation strategies and parameters, electrodes, experimental designs, results, and mechanisms hypothesized to reduce tremor. From our review, we identified a high degree of disparity across studies with regard to stimulation patterns, experimental designs and methods of assessing tremor. Having standardized experimental methodology is a critical step in the field and is needed in order to accurately compare results across studies. With this review, we explore peripheral electrical stimulation as an intervention for tremor reduction, identify the limitations and benefits of the current state-of-the-art studies, and provide ideas to guide the development of novel approaches based on the neural circuitries and mechanical properties implied in tremor generation.
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Direct comparison between tremor management results is hampered because each device described in the literature was based on a different physiopathological hypothesis.
“Another drawback that hampered a direct comparison between tremor management results is the fact that each of the different devices described in the literature was based on a different physiopathological hypothesis (106).”
From A Review on Wearable Technologies for Tremor Suppression (2021) · cites this paper as [106]
The Results (Stimulation strategies; page unavailable) describe different stimulation strategies based on different mechanical and physiological models. The Discussion says that variation across studies makes comparisons difficult. It does not establish that each device was based on a different pathophysiological hypothesis; the review also identifies differences in assessment metrics, stimulation parameters, and patient groups as barriers to comparison. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“In ET, the Ia afferents can provide significant tremor input due to passive stretch, which shows an interplay between supraspinal input and spinal afferents in tremor generation mechanisms [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationElectrical stimulation of afferent pathways for the suppression of pathological tremor
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“EMG-based algorithms have been used to drive the out-of-phase stimulation strategy, using sequential recording and stimulation windows to avoid the presence of artifacts in the EMG recordings [16, 36, 42].”
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“Regarding stimulus waveform, biphasic pulses are preferred to restore charge balance in tissues and minimize adverse effects such as skin irritation, but some studies applied monophasic pulses, which could lead to a limited application for a prolonged period of stimulation [58].”
BackgroundNoninvasive neuromodulation in essential tremor demonstrates relief in a sham-controlled pilot trial
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“The main nerves stimulated were the distal branches of the radial nerve at the hand [25, 31, 32], median nerve at the elbow [38], median and ulnar nerves at the wrist [37], median and radial nerves at the arm [27], or a combined stimulation of radial and median nerves in the same session through a wearable device at t…”
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“Stimulation of afferent pathways below motor threshold has been explored in the past five years as an alternative without the main drawbacks of stimulation above motor threshold [61].”
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“Fourthly, only three studies included a control/sham group, which is an important component to test the efficiency of the experiments [23, 24, 33].”
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MethodEMG-Based Characterization of Pathological Tremor Using the Iterated Hilbert Transform
Dideriksen, J. L., Gianfelici, F., Popović‐Maneski, L., & Farina, D. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2163069 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
On the Use of Fixed‐Intensity Functional Electrical Stimulation for Attenuating Essential Tremor
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“The co-contraction strategy achieves a reduction of tremor oscillations by means of stimulating a pair of agonist–antagonist muscles, evoking opposite forces which increase the joint impedance [20, 39].”
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Self-citationJitkritsadakul, O., Thanawattano, C., Anan, C., & Bhidayasiri, R. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.1527 · Cited by 38 · cited 8× · see citing works
“Three studies applied electrical stimulation above motor threshold with the purpose of recruiting afferent fibers, but muscle contraction was not the primary goal [18, 30, 33].”
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“The main nerves stimulated were the distal branches of the radial nerve at the hand [25, 31, 32], median nerve at the elbow [38], median and ulnar nerves at the wrist [37], median and radial nerves at the arm [27], or a combined stimulation of radial and median nerves in the same session through a wearable device at t…”
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“Alternatively, low current stimulation is also effective in activating excitatory postsynaptic potential from different sensory pathways that provide feedback to different circuitries at the central nervous system level [48].”
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“EMG-based algorithms have been used to drive the out-of-phase stimulation strategy, using sequential recording and stimulation windows to avoid the presence of artifacts in the EMG recordings [16, 36, 42].”
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Hao, M., He, X., Xiao, Q., Alstermark, B., & Lan, N. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079829 · Cited by 31 · cited 3× · see citing works
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BackgroundSensory electrical stimulation for suppression of postural tremor in patients with essential tremor
Heo, J.-H., Kim, J.-W., Kwon, Y., Lee, S.-K., Eom, G.-M., Kwon, D.-Y., Lee, C.-N., Park, K.-W., & Manto, M. (2015) · Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering · doi:10.3233/bme-151372 · Cited by 30 · cited 6× · see citing works
“in 2015 [21] reported a reduction of 90% and 77% RMS angular velocity at the same finger and metacarpophalangeal joints in postural tremors.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNew neurosurgical approaches for tremor and Parkinson's disease
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“Alternatively, surgical interventions [12] such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) or high-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) [13] are often considered for tremor management in ET and PD.”
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“To limit stimulation during only tremorgenic activity instead of during voluntary movements, EMG recordings have been used to detect tremor activity and therefore enable continuous stimulation only when tremor is present [31, 32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFES-controlled co-contraction strategies for pathological tremor compensation
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Simulated Tremor Propagation in the Upper Limb: From Muscle Activity to Joint Displacement
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“However, mechanical tremor oscillations have been proved to propagate from proximal to distal joints [59].”
BackgroundTENS is harmful in primary writing tremor.
Meunier, S., Bleton, J., Mazevet, D., Sangla, S., Grabli, D., Roze, E., & Vidailhet, M. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.012 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[63], while excluded from this review due to investigating an alternate clinical population with writer’s cramp, completed a longitudinal study of TENS sessions spanning 2 weeks to determine if there was an effect on primary writing tremor at 5 Hz, 25 Hz, and 50 Hz, but reported that they observed either no effects or…”
BackgroundMechanical vibration does not systematically reduce the tremor in essential tremor patients
Lora-Millán, J. S., López-Blanco, R., Gallego, J. Á., Méndez-Guerrero, A., González de la Aleja, J., & Rocon, E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52988-8 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is worth mentioning that one study, out of the scope of this review, proposed mechanical vibration as an alternative method to acutely suppress tremor via stimulation of afferent fibers [64].”
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“The development and testing of implantable technologies using intramuscular electrodes controlled with external wireless devices could also serve as a long-term solution [66, 67].”
BackgroundDevelopment of a closed-loop system for tremor suppression in patients with Parkinson's disease
Xu, F. L., Hao, M. Z., Xu, S. Q., Hu, Z. X., Xiao, Q., & Lan, N. (2016) · 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591063 · Cited by 18 · cited 8× · see citing works
“To limit stimulation during only tremorgenic activity instead of during voluntary movements, EMG recordings have been used to detect tremor activity and therefore enable continuous stimulation only when tremor is present [31, 32].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialInfluence of Proprioceptive Input on Parkinsonian Tremor
Spiegel, J., Fuss, G., Krick, C., Schimrigk, K., & Dillmann, U. (2002) · Journal of clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-200201000-00012 · Cited by 18 · cited 10× · see citing works
“[37], who tested at 2 Hz, 3 Hz, and 5 Hz, and Munhoz et al.”
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“To limit stimulation during only tremorgenic activity instead of during voluntary movements, EMG recordings have been used to detect tremor activity and therefore enable continuous stimulation only when tremor is present [31, 32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOveractivity of cervical premotor neurons in Parkinson’s disease
Pol, S., Vidailhet, M., Meunier, S., Mazevet, D., Agid, Y., & Pierrot‐Deseilligny, E. (1998) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.2.166 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The propriospinal premotor interneurons receive input from cutaneous afferents and can modulate the excitability of the motoneurons in addition to monosynaptic corticospinal tracts [51, 52].”
BackgroundAcute effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on tremor
Munhoz, R., Hanajima, R., Ashby, P., & Lang, A. E. (2003) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10311 · Cited by 16 · cited 10×
“in order to determine optimal tremor reduction values [18, 25].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe response of the tremor of patients with Parkinsonism to peripheral nerve stimulation.
Mones, R., & Weiss, A. H. (1969) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.32.6.512 · Cited by 16 · cited 3× · see citing works
“A small number of studies tested the effects of single shock electrical stimuli in tremor features, such as amplitude, frequency or refractory rate [28, 37, 38].”
BackgroundMethodValdunciel, A. P., Barroso, F. O., Muceli, S., Taylor, J., Farina, D., & Pons, J. L. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857018 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ia afferent fibers drive sensory information from muscle spindles, which sense the change in muscle fiber length, and make excitatory projections to the homonymous motoneuron and to an inhibitory interneuron of the antagonist muscle at the spinal cord, among others [43, 49].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCONTINUOUS SENSORY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF PARKINSONIAN REST TREMOR
Heo, J.-H., Jeon, H.-M., Choi, E.-B., Kwon, D., & Eom, G. (2018) · Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1142/s0219519418400067 · Cited by 13 · cited 4× · see citing works
“reported a tremor reduction in kinematics during three stimulation trials (15 s per trial) and five min after stimulation, compared to baseline in patients with ET [21, 22] and PD [34, 35].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSUPPRESSION OF ACTION TREMOR BY SENSORY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL TREMOR
HEO, J.-H., KWON, Y., JEON, H.-M., KWON, D.-Y., LEE, C.-N., PARK, K.-W., MANTO, M., KIM, J.-W., & EOM, G.-M. (2016) · Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1142/s0219519416400261 · Cited by 12 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Only a few studies tested the effects of stimulation during basic functional tasks such as touching a finger to the nose [17] or drawing a spiral [22], perhaps due to the challenge of targeting tremorgenic oscillations instead of voluntary movements by control algorithms.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBiomechanical System Versus Observational Rating Scale for Parkinson’s Disease Tremor Assessment
Chan, P.-Y., Ripin, Z. M., Halim, S. A., Kamarudin, M., Ng, K., Eow, G., Tan, K., Chun, F.-C.-A., Then, L., Soong, N., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44142-1 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Clinical scales are liable to inter- and intra-assessor variability and subjective judgment [65].”
BackgroundSrikajon, J., Pitakpatapee, Y., Limwongse, C., Chirapapaisan, N., & Srivanitchapoom, P. (2020) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.5334/tohm.68 · Cited by 8
Heo, J.-H., Jeon, H.-M., Choi, E.-B., Kwon, D., & Eom, G. (2019) · Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1142/s0219519419400335 · Cited by 8 · cited 5× · see citing works
“[21, 22, 34, 35] assessed tremor before stimulation, during 15 s stimulation windows, and 5 min after stimulation ended.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTremor and skeletal muscle tone.
Struppler, A. (1993) · Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery · doi:10.1159/000100603 · Cited by 7
Design and validation of a neuroprosthesis for the treatment of upper limb tremor
Gallego, J. Á., Rocón, E., Lois, J. M. B., Koutsou, A. D., Mena, S., Castillo, A., & Pons, J. L. (2013) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6610323 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To further refine the stimulation strategies by implementing closed-loop capability, neuromusculoskeletal models have been developed to characterize both tremorgenic and voluntary movements considering the mechanical properties of muscles and tendons, with neural circuitries and electrical stimulators acting as contro…”
MethodSelf-citationBecerra-Fajardo, L., Garcia-Arnau, R., & Ivorra, A. (2017) · Biosystems & biorobotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46669-9_110 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The development and testing of implantable technologies using intramuscular electrodes controlled with external wireless devices could also serve as a long-term solution [66, 67].”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 74 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease tremor
Dirkx, M. F., & Bologna, M. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120196 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“peripheral nerve [104] may also be effective in treating tremor, but the effects appear variable and not always reproducible [70].”
BackgroundBioelectronics for electrical stimulation: materials, devices and biomedical applications
Huang, Y., Yao, K., Zhang, Q., Huang, X., Chen, Z., Zhou, Y., & Yu, X. (2024) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d4cs00413b · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathophysiology to Advanced Therapies
Abusrair, A. H., Elsekaily, W., & Bohlega, S. (2022) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.5334/tohm.712 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A Review on Wearable Technologies for Tremor Suppression
Lora-Millan, J. S., Delgado-Oleas, G., Benito-León, J., & Rocon, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.700600 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Okelberry, T., Lyons, K., & Pahwa, R. (2024) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106086 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Non-invasive electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves for the management of tremor
Valdunciel, A. P., Rajagopal, A., Pons, J. L., & Delp, S. L. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120195 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“idence about the efficacy of PES for reducing tremor and paved the way for use of PES as a clinical tremor management solution [24].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRationale and Evidence for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Treating Essential Tremor
Shukla, A. W. (2022) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.5334/tohm.685 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prediction of Pathological Tremor Signals Using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks
Valdunciel, A. P., Lopo-Martínez, V., Sendra-Arranz, R., González-Sánchez, M., Sánchez, J. R. P., Grandas, F., Torricelli, D., Moreno, J. C., Barroso, F. O., Pons, J. L., et al. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3209316 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“term tremor reduction in several studies with minimum adverse effects [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBarbosa, M. C., Razzino, C. A., Stocco, T., Santana, M. D. V., Ghosh, A., Pereira, L. F., Tierra-Criollo, C. J., & Lobo, A. (2022) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym14204288 · Cited by 14
“This has shown potential clinical applications such as pain relief control of epileptic seizures [1], muscle activation [2,3], relief of symptoms of Parkinson’s disease [4], improvement of motor function after a stroke [5,6], and spasticity control [7], as well as the diagnosis of neural injuries [8].”
Kim, J., Wichmann, T., Inan, O., & DeWeerth, S. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12010076 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of AI-Controlled Transcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Essential Tremor
Dewey, R., Isaacson, S. H., Dewey, R., Betté, S., Lyons, K., Yang, Z., Nguyen, A. T., Zhao, Q., Zhang, Z., & Pahwa, R. (2025) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.5334/tohm.991 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Both sensory and motor inputs contribute to the pathogenesis of ET [13, 14], and numerous studies have examined the ability of peripheral stimulation of nerves or muscles to lessen the tremor [15].”
Tremor Suppression Using Functional Electrical Stimulation
Habibollahi, Z., Zhou, Y., Jenkins, M. E., Garland, S. J., Friedman, E., Naish, M. D., & Trejos, A. L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3453222 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Lastly, as has been mentioned in [18], further studies are needed in this field, since it has been challenging to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of using FES for tremor suppression.”
BackgroundValdunciel, A. P., Lopo-Martínez, V., Beltrán-Carrero, A. J., Sendra-Arranz, R., González-Sánchez, M., Sánchez, J. R. P., Grandas, F., Farina, D., Pons, J. L., Barroso, F. O., et al. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25010114 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEssential Tremor—Do We Have Better Therapeutics? A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions
Shetty, N. (2022) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-022-01185-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Transcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Essential Tremor: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Ondo, W. G., Lv, W., Zhu, X.-D., Hu, Y.-S., Isaacson, S. H., Yuan, Y., Espay, A., Kreitzman, D., Kuo, S., Brillman, S., et al. (2025) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.3905 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Frequency‐Selective Suppression of Essential Tremor via Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation
Pascual-Valdunciel, A., Ibáñez, J., Rocchi, L., Song, J., Rothwell, J., Bhatia, K., Farina, D., & Latorre, A. (2024) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29966 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“19 All this evidence seems to suggest that the perturbation of the fl ow of the oscillatory activity driving tremor, at different levels of its propagation (from its source to the muscles), can potentially suppress it.”
Self-citationDehghan, Y., & Sarbaz, Y. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1111/ejn.16612 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Towards ultrasound imaging-based closed-loop peripheral nerve stimulation for tremor suppression
Sharma, N., Xue, X., Iyer, A., Jiang, X., & Roque, D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2023.100484 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Latif, U., Moghim, R., Valimahomed, A. K., Lam, C. M., Abd-Elsayed, A. A., Gulati, A., Aman, M., Desai, M., Dickerson, D. M., Francio, V. T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s537222 · Cited by 6
“Though stimulation of the median and radial nerves is proven safe, larger studies report mixed results on efficacy 253,254 (Level II-3, Grade C evidence).”
On the Effect of Vibrotactile Stimulation in Essential Tremor
Cabral, A. M., Lora-Millán, J. S., Pereira, A. A., Rocón, E., & Andrade, A. D. O. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12040448 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“These findings corroborate the analysis conducted for each participant (Figures 21 and 22).”
BackgroundResultNon‐lesional treatments for tremor in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Carrasco, A. P. P., Waldthaler, J., Mügge, F., Timmermann, L., & Pedrosa, D. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15823 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Modulation of spinal circuits following phase-dependent electrical stimulation of afferent pathways
Valdunciel, A. P., Kurukuti, N. M., Montero-Pardo, C., Barroso, F. O., & Pons, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acb087 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The stimulation current intensities applied in this study are comparable to other studies targeting the recruitment of afferent fibers excluding the activation of motor axons [11, 16].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationXue, X., Moon, S., Ganesh, V., Cai, Q., Chu, Y., Schropp, E., Roque, D., Garcia, T. P., Sharma, N., & Jiang, X. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2026.3654713 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Unlike functional electrical stimulation (FES), which delivers high-intensity currents to induce muscle contractions, AS targets sensory nerve pathways using lower-intensity currents that modulate central neural circuits without causing muscle fatigue or discomfort [14], [15].”
Metzner, C., Stringham, A., Hislop, B., Bonham, J., Chatterton, L., DeFigueiredo, R., & Charles, S. K. (2023) · Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements · doi:10.5334/tohm.740 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Emerging Noninvasive Approaches for the Suppression of Pathological Tremor
Montero-Pardo, C., Rocon, E., Dosen, S., Dideriksen, J., Gutiérrez, Á., Pérez-Sánchez, J., Luque-Buzo, E., Louis, E., Grandas, F., & Oliveira-Barroso, F. (2025) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2025.3639754 · Cited by 4
“Stimulationamplitudesdeliveredwiththisapproacharetyp-icallynormalizedforeachsubject,tobebelowtheirMT[26].”
InfluentialSamiee, R., Jameie, M., Rahmati, M., Looha, M. A., Mobader, S., Tafakhori, A., Sarraf, P., Amirifard, H., Burachaloo, S. R., Ghabaee, M., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13487-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Goltz, F., Dirkx, M., Schoffelen, J., Okun, M., Hu, W., Hess, C., Nonnekes, J., Bloem, B., & Helmich, R. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.02.255 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ultrasound Imaging Triggered Tremor Suppression With Personalized Afferent Stimulation Frequency
Iyer, A., Xue, X., Ganesh, V., Jiang, X., Gallippi, C. M., Roque, D., & Sharma, N. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2024.3519628 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Recent studies suggest that non-invasive electrical stimulation can potentially help with tremor suppression [7].”
Gong, K., Guo, C., Guo, W., Jiang, L., & Liu, H. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3435749 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In the RMIS trials, stimulation frequency and pulse width were set at 100 Hz and 300 µ s, aligning with typical clinical standards [17], [26].”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment of a Textile Integrated, Two-State Controlled Tremor Suppression Orthosis for the Wrist
Fromme, N. P., Esser, A., Camenzind, M., Mylius, V., Baumann, C. R., Büchele, F., Riener, R., Wolf, P., & Rossi, R. M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics · doi:10.1109/tmrb.2023.3293192 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Peripheral electrical stimulation is getting high scientific and clinical interest as no surgical intervention is needed, wearable devices are available and the method has a reported efficacy of 40% to over 80% [19], [22].”
MethodDynamics and vibration suppression of resting tremor based on inertial nonlinear energy sink
Qi, X.-K., Zhang, J., & Wang, J. (2025) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2025.117732 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Electrical or magnetic nerve stimulation enhance the BoNT/A-mediated muscle paralysis
Honndorf, S., & Fink, K. (2026) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-026-01895-x · Cited by 3
“Magnetic stimulation purely induces nerve impulses whereas electrical stimulation also stimulations muscles directly [35, 36].”
Garcia-Hizuera, J. A., Paredes-Acuña, N., Le, T., Auclair, B., Tomašković, K., Berberich, N., & Cheng, G. (2023) · International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics · doi:10.1109/icorr58425.2023.10304605 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For example, functional electrical stimulation (FES) to activate motor and sensory pathways has proven to be an option to temporarily damp tremors, despite muscle fatigue [4].”
BackgroundJiang, B., Han, J. J., & Kim, J. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871008 · Cited by 3
“To subside the tremor symptoms, there are several medical treatments [2]: pharmacological treatment (e.g., primidone or beta-blocker), surgical treatment (i.e., Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)), peripheral nerve stimulations [3]-[5].”
BackgroundYang, Y., Pan, N., Liu, Y., Xu, W., & Ossowski, Z. M. (2026) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-026-00404-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In the pooled analysis, multimodal, aerobic, and resistance training produced statistically and clinically meaningful improvements over non-exercise control, whereas “other” formats (e.g., mind–body/skill-based activities) were smaller and often imprecise [75, 76].”
Qian, J., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Cui, J., Cao, Y., Xie, J., & Shi, L. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106840 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rahaman, K. A., Kim, M.-J., Jung, Y.-N., Kang, S.-K., & Han, H.-S. (2026) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.01.035 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Huang, T., Jin, M., Zhao, H., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shen, X., Li, Z., Shi, Q., Zhu, X., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2025.3591134 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Two principal mechanisms have been proposed for SES-induced tremor suppression [4], [5]: (1) The spinal modulation hypothesis suggests that SES activates afferent fibers to transmit sensory signals to central circuits, interfering with the generation and propagation of tremors.”
Improving Healing: The Putative Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Ulcer in Parkinson's Disease
Sasun, A., Phansopkar, P., & Qureshi, M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.56756 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It causes muscle contractions to modulate its inherent ability to suppress tremors [15].”
BackgroundModeling and estimating the model adequacy in muscle tissue electrical stimulator designing
Prasol, I., & Yeroshenko, O. (2023) · RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS · doi:10.32620/reks.2023.2.02 · Cited by 1
Neurorobotics and neuroprostheses: Towards a new anatomy
Barroso, F., Torricelli, D., & Moreno, J. C. (2023) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.25157 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards phenotype-specific, non-invasive therapeutic interventions for tremor
Schreglmann, S. R., & Cagnan, H. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Novel Approach to Parkinson’s Tremor Suppression: E-BMFLC and LADRC Integration
Qi, P.-J., Yang, J.-B., Dai, Y.-Y., Zhang, H.-Q., & Tong, J.-J. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3424395 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“FES entails the external electrode stimulation of musculature, and prolonged utilization of FES may lead to muscular fatigue and reduced adaptability, ultimately diminishing its therapeutic efficacy [8], [9].”
BackgroundEl-Moslemani, M., Abbas, A., Sabet, H., Almarfadi, A., Mahadin, M., Khanfar, R., Yousef, O., Hussein, A., Abd-Elsayed, A., & Pilitsis, J. G. (2026) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-026-01549-6
“Overall study quality is variable: among 15 single-arm studies, seven were rated moderate risk [10 , 20 , 22 , 28–32 ], seven were rated moderate to high risk [17 , 19 , 24 , 33–36 ], and one was rated low to moderate risk [37].”
EMG-Driven Phase-Locked Spinal Cord Stimulation Physiologically Modulates Essential Tremor
Sacristan-Moraleda, M., Carrasco-Robledo, A., González-García, M., la Torre, A., Rocchi, L., Ortega, A., Rocon, E., de Béjar, V. G., Ruiz-Ortiz, M., Lapeña-Moltiva, J., et al. (2026) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2026.3742629
“Yet, these peripheral approaches often fail to interact directly with the central nervous system (CNS) oscillators and lead to variable results across subjects [15].”
Self-citationA Wearable Hand Tremor-Suppressing Glove Using PVC Gel-Based Actuators and Force Sensors
Liu, C., Wang, Y., & Zhang, K.-T. (2026) · IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2026.3663307
“While effective in reducing tremors, rigid devices are often bulky and uncomfortable, discouraging extended use [10].”
Non-surgical treatment of essential tremor: What's in store?
Almojel, M., & Fasano, A. (2026) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2026.108967
Xue, X.-M., Ganesh, V., Roque, D., Garcia, T. P., Jiang, X.-N., & Sharma, N. (2026) · IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2026.3709711
“More broadly, reviews indicate acute tremor reductions ranging from 12–90%, depending on task, sensor metric, and stimulation strategy [12], [13].”
Advances in Thin-Film Graphene Neurotechnology for Chronic Nerve Stimulation and RecordingPreprint
Ria, N., Rodríguez‐Meana, B., Masvidal‐Codina, E., Andreu, D., Crugeiras, J., William, L., Graf, A., Illa, X., Katirtsidis, G. A., Galceran, A. D., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.701276
“Applications span restoration of motor and sensory function in limb loss 1,2 and neuropathies, neuromodulation of organ function and inflammation via the vagus nerve 3,4 , and treatment of pain 5 and movement disorders 6 through targeted peripheral stimulation.”
Ghosh, R., Henry, C., Tauseef, M., & Sarkar, N. (2025) · Assistive technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2025.2580504
Layer Jamming based Glove for Tremor Suppression - An Experimental Analysis
R., N., Akshayaa, M., Parivendhan, V., Babu, M., & Maharaja, T. T. (2025) · 2025 Third International Conference on Emerging Applications of Material Science and Technology (ICEAMST) · doi:10.1109/iceamst67459.2025.11335944
“However, neuroimaging studies continue to reveal that tremor syndromes share overlapping neural circuitry, complicating diagnosis and reinforcing the need for refined classification [8].”
Hussein, M. B. (2025) · Innovative: International Multidisciplinary Journal of Applied Technology (2995-486X) · doi:10.51699/5q1gxg67
“…facilitation of locomotor performance through functional muscle activity, the delivery of non-painful impulses that produce controlled muscular contractions, and the elicitation of electromyographic signals for neuromuscular electrical stimulation that reproduce natural contraction patterns [12].”
Prasad, S., & Pal, P. K. (2026) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/a-2823-8503
Ki, M.-Y., Jeon, S., Seol, E.-J., Lee, H.-G., Jung, W., Kwon, S.-W., & Moon, S. (2025) · The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine · doi:10.22246/jikm.2025.46.2.291
Fernández-Pérez, J., Avendaño-Coy, J., Serrano-Muñoz, D., Barroso, F. O., Montero-Pardo, C., López-Moreno, B., Lerín-Calvo, A., Romero-Muñoz, J. P., & Gómez-Soriano, J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13247566
Self-citationHosseini, S. M., Farashi, S., & Bashirian, S. (2023) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-023-01255-z
“…recent systematic reviews have been performed on the effectiveness of electrical stimulation on PD tremor reduction, details for such strategies were not summarized in this study and readers were referred to Pascual-Valdunciel et al. and Lora-Millan et al. for more detailed information [17, 55].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDesign of Parallel Exoskeleton System for Wrist Tremor Suppression
Janakaraj, S. J., & Barry, O. (2023) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.12.039
- Authors
- Pascual-Valdunciel, A., Hoo, G. W., Avrillon, S., Barroso, F. O., Goldman, J. G., Hernandez-Pavon, J. C., & Pons, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Pons, José L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
- Published
- 2021-02-15
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-33
- ISSN
- 1743-0003 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7885254
- OpenAlex
- W3132381348
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- European Commission (779982)
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- peripheral electrical stimulation, pathological tremor, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, tremor suppression, non-pharmacological treatment, stimulation parameters, electrodes, tremor assessment, sensorimotor pathways, assistive devices
- MeSH terms
- Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Male, Tremor
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