Sociodemographic and Behavioral Predictors of Bed Time and Wake Time among US Adolescents Aged 15 to 17 Years
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine bed times and wake times in US adolescents aged 15 to 17 years using time diaries to determine whether adolescent sleep has changed in recent years and what factors determine bed times and wake times.Study design Time diary analysis using 2 national probability samples: 1981 Time Use Longitudinal Panel Study (n = 130) and 2003-2006 American Time Use Survey (n = 2978).Results Average time in bed on school days was about 8 hours and was 1 to 2 hours longer on non-school days. Bed times and wake times were similar in 1981 and 2003-2006. Sociodemographic factors and daytime activities, specifically computer use and social activities, predicted bed time. On school days, school start time was the strongest predictor of wake time. Every hour earlier that school started, wake time was about 25 minutes earlier.Conclusions Adolescents spent less than the recommended 9 hours in bed on school days. There is no evidence that this is a recent change in bed times and wake times, however. Although many factors influence bed time, school start time is the strongest determinant of wake time on school days. Increased computer use and earlier school days may be contributing to insufficient sleep in adolescents.
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Rise times are primarily determined by school start times.
“Rise times, on the other hand, are primarily determined by a single factor—school start times.43”
From School Start Times, Sleep, Behavioral, Health, and Academic Outcomes: a Review of the Literature (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results and Discussion identify school start time as the strongest predictor of wake time among adolescents on school days. The claim omits that condition: the Results also report a strong weekend effect, so the paper does not establish school start time as the primary determinant of rise times generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExternal factors contributing to later bedtimes among adolescents include increased schoolwork, afterschool activities including employment, fewer parent-set bedtimes, and late-night technology use in the bedroom.
“External factors that contribute to later bedtimes among adolescents include an increase in schoolwork; participation in afterschool activities, including employment; fewer parent-set bedtimes; and late-night use of technology in the bedroom.39–43”
From School Start Times, Sleep, Behavioral, Health, and Academic Outcomes: a Review of the Literature (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results section (page not provided) associates more time spent working, using computers, and socializing with later bedtimes among US adolescents aged 15–17. It reports minimal effects for hours in school and does not establish increased schoolwork, fewer parent-set bedtimes, or technology use specifically in the bedroom. The Discussion also cautions that the activity associations do not establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Sleep Deficiency in Adolescents
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- Authors
- Knutson, K. L., & Lauderdale, D. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lauderdale, Diane S.
- ORCID
- Knutson, Kristen L.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 426-430.e1
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2783185
- OpenAlex
- W1990393865
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL082907)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- adolescent sleep, wake time, sleep duration, school start time, computer use, social activity, sociodemographic predictors, time use, insufficient sleep, time diaries
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Computers, Demography, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Schools, Sleep, Social Behavior, Time Factors, United States, Wakefulness
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