Predictors of persistent ADHD: An 11-year follow-up study
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Objective Despite the existence of several follow-up studies of children with ADHD followed up into adulthood, there is limited information on whether patterns of persistence and remission in ADHD can be predicted over the long term. The main aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of persistence of ADHD in a large sample of boys with and without ADHD followed prospectively for 11 years into young adulthood. Method Subjects were Caucasian, non-Hispanic boys with (N = 110) and without (N = 105) ADHD who were 6-17 years old at the baseline assessment (mean age 11 years) and 15 to 31 years old at the follow-up assessment (mean age 22 years). Subjects were comprehensively and blindly assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and assessments of cognitive, social, school, and family functioning. Results At the 11-year follow-up, 78% of children with ADHD continued to have a full (35%) or a partial persistence (subsyndromal (22%), impaired functioning (15%), or remitted but treated (6%)). Predictors of persistence were severe impairment of ADHD, psychiatric comorbidity, and exposure to maternal psychopathology at baseline. Conclusions These findings prospectively confirm that persistence of ADHD over the long term is predictable from psychosocial adversity and psychiatric comorbidity ascertained 11 years earlier.
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Childhood risk factors associated with a more persistent course of ADHD include higher levels of symptoms, comorbid oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), lower IQ, and family socioeconomic disadvantage.
“These studies have identified childhood risk factors associated with a more persistent course, including higher levels of symptoms, comorbid oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), lower IQ, and family socioeconomic disadvantage.”
From Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The Results (§3.3; page unavailable) associate baseline ODD with persistent ADHD, and the Discussion (§4) identifies it as a predictor. But §4 says the number or type of ADHD symptoms did not distinguish persistent from remittent cases; Results §§3.1 and 3.4 report no significant difference in family socioeconomic status or baseline IQ between those groups. The paper supports ODD, not the full list of risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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- Authors
- Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Clarke, A., Lomedico, A., & Faraone, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Biederman, Joseph
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 150-155
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3068747
- OpenAlex
- W2037112455
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 13.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD036317)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- ADHD persistence, predictors of persistence, psychiatric comorbidity, maternal psychopathology, psychosocial adversity, childhood ADHD, early adulthood, long-term follow-up, boys
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Educational Status, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Young Adult
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