Predictors of persistence of ADHD into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is traditionally conceptualized as a neurodevelopmental disorder that continues into adulthood in up to half of diagnosed cases. In light of current evidence, factors associated with the course of the disorder remain unknown. We performed a systematic review of the literature searching for risk markers from childhood that predicted the persistence of ADHD into adulthood. We reviewed 26,168 abstracts and selected 72 for full-text review. We identified data from 16 studies, comprising 6 population-based retrospective samples and 10 clinical follow-ups. We performed meta-analyses of factors evaluated by at least three studies. Severity of ADHD (OR 2.33, 95 % CI = 1.6-3.39, p < 0.001), treatment for ADHD (OR 2.09, 95 % CI = 1.04-4.18, p = 0.037), comorbid conduct disorder (OR 1.85, 95 % CI = 1.06-3.24, p = 0.030), and comorbid major depressive disorder (OR 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.1-2.95, p = 0.019) emerged as predictors already presented in childhood for ADHD persistence into adulthood. Further, we suggest that cohort studies should be designed to clarify such an important question for research and clinical practice.
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A recent meta-analysis failed to find a significant gender difference in persistence of ADHD into adulthood.
“which failed to find a significant gender difference in persistence of ADHD into adulthood”
From The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys (2017) · cites this paper as Caye et al. 2016b
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- Authors
- Caye, A., Spadini, A. V., Karam, R. G., Grevet, E. H., Rovaris, D. L., Bau, C. H. D., Rohde, L. A., & Kieling, C.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Kieling, Christian
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2016-03-28
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1151-1159
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2315535560
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD persistence into adulthood, risk factors, ADHD symptom severity, ADHD treatment, major depressive disorder comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, Comorbidity
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