Developmental Twin Study of Attention Problems: High Heritabilities Throughout Development
Abstract
CONTEXT: The genetic and environmental link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood and the adult manifestation of the disorder is poorly understood because of a lack of longitudinal studies with cross-informant data. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on symptoms of attention problems from childhood to early adulthood. DESIGN: Analysis was conducted using longitudinal structural equation modeling with multiple informants. SETTING: The Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand four hundred eighty twin pairs were prospectively followed up from childhood to young adulthood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms were obtained using parent and self-ratings of the Attention Problems Scale at ages 8 to 9, 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years. RESULTS: The best-fitting model revealed high heritability of attention problems as indexed by parent and self-ratings from childhood to early adulthood (h² = 0.77-0.82). Genetic effects operating at age 8 to 9 years continued, explaining 41%, 34%, and 24% of the total variance at ages 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years. Moreover, new sets of genetic risk factors emerged at ages 13 to 14, 16 to 17, and 19 to 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: The shared view of self- and informant-rated attention problems is highly heritable in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, suggesting that the previous reports of low heritability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults are best explained by rater effects. Both genetic stability and genetic innovation were present throughout this developmental stage, suggesting that attention problems are a developmentally complex phenotype characterized by both continuity and change across the life span.
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Longitudinal twin studies found that many of the same genetic influences operating in childhood continue to explain total variance in ADHD symptoms at later ages, but their influence declines or alters over time.
“Longitudinal twin studies have found that although many of the same genetic influences operating in childhood continue to explain the total variance in ADHD symptoms at later age periods, their influence on ADHD symptoms declines, or alter, over time (Chang et al., 2013).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
Differential genetic associations with childhood and adult ADHD suggest that ADHD is a developmentally complicated phenotype characterized by both continuity and alteration of genetic influences across the lifespan.
“The differential genetic associations with childhood and adult ADHD suggest that ADHD is a developmentally complicated phenotype characterized by both continuity and alteration of the genetic influences across the life span (Faraone et al., 2006; Biederman et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2013).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
New genes emerge at a later age and seem to contribute to changes in ADHD symptoms.
“At the same time, there are also new genes that emerge at a later age which seem to contribute to changes in symptoms (Chang et al., 2013).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
Familial history has been found to be the most significant risk factor for the emergence and persistence of ADHD.
“As reviewed above, familial history has been found to be the most significant risk factor for the emergence and persistence of ADHD (Chang et al., 2013; Bonvicini et al., 2018; Uchida et al., 2018).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
Heritability estimates for MDD (~40%) are lower than those for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and ADHD (all between 75% and 80%).
“the heritability estimates (~40%) are less than those for other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (all between 75% and 80%)”
From Epigenetics and depression (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Asherson, P. J., & Larsson, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Zheng
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-03-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 311
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056518909
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 15.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- attention deficits, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, heritability, genetic stability, genetic innovation, environmental influences, rater effects, childhood to early adulthood
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Sex Factors, Twins, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Gene-Environment Interaction
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