The interaction of affective with psychotic processes: A test of the effects of worrying on working memory, jumping to conclusions, and anomalies of experience in patients with persecutory delusions
Open accessAbstract
Worry has traditionally been considered in the study of common emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression, but recent studies indicate that worry may be a causal factor in the occurrence and persistence of persecutory delusions. The effect of worry on processes traditionally associated with psychosis has not been tested. The aim of the study was to examine the short-term effects of a bout of worry on three cognitive processes typically considered markers of psychosis: working memory, jumping to conclusions, and anomalous internal experience. Sixty-seven patients with persecutory delusions in the context of a non-affective psychotic disorder were randomised to a worry induction, a worry reduction, or a neutral control condition. They completed tests of the cognitive processes before and after the randomisation condition. The worry induction procedure led to a significant increase in worry. The induction of worry did not affect working memory or jumping to conclusions, but it did increase a range of mild anomalous experiences including feelings of unreality, perceptual alterations, and temporal disintegration. Worry did not affect the occurrence of hallucinations. The study shows that a period of worry causes a range of subtle odd perceptual disturbances that are known to increase the likelihood of delusions. It demonstrates an interaction between affective and psychotic processes in patients with delusions.
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Cognitive models of psychosis emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms.
“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
From A brief CBT intervention for depersonalisation/derealisation in psychosis: Study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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Hemsley, D. R. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90116-c · Cited by 260 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Non-affective cognitive disturbance in psychosis has had the greater focus (e.g. Hemsley, 1993; Frith, 1992; Kapur, 2003; Green et al., 2004), but the emotional route to delusions is gaining evidential support (e.g. Lincoln et al., 2010b; Ben-Zeev et al., 2011; Thewissen et al., 2011).”
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Vasey, M. W., & Borkovec, T. D. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01175138 · Cited by 225 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the second stage, participants took their two main worries identified from the WDQ and completed the catastrophising procedure for each (Vasey and Borkovec, 1992).”
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“Previous research has shown that this is the most common presentation of paranoia (e.g. Freeman and Garety, 1999; Morrison and Wells, 2007; Freeman et al., 2010).”
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“Longitudinal studies have shown that worry predicts the later development and persistence of paranoid fears (Startup et al., 2007; Freeman et al., 2012b), and an experimental study has shown that higher levels of worry predict the occurrence of paranoid thoughts (Freeman et al., 2008).”
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“…to be associatedwith a reduction inworkingmemory capacity (Hayes et al., 2008; Leigh and Hirsch, 2011), and an anxious mood induction has been found to increase the jumping to conclusions bias in a non-clinical sample (Lincoln et al., 2010a), although not in a delusions group (So et al., 2008).”
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“In the strongest tests of the causal role of worry in persecutory delusions, two clinical intervention studies have shown that directly targeting the cognitive style of worry significantly lessens paranoia (Foster et al., 2010; Hepworth et al., 2011).”
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“…and Mishara, 2007); the presence of such anomalies have been repeatedly found in patients with psychosis (e.g. Chapman, 1966; Phillipson and Harris, 1985; Bunney et al., 1999; Parnas et al., 2003) and to be associated with delusional ideation (e.g. Bell et al., 2006; Freeman et al., 2008, 2010).”
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“Two studies have shown that the scale assesses five distinct types of anomalous experiences (Sierra et al., 2005; Simeon et al., 2008).”
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“Non-affective cognitive disturbance in psychosis has had the greater focus (e.g. Hemsley, 1993; Frith, 1992; Kapur, 2003; Green et al., 2004), but the emotional route to delusions is gaining evidential support (e.g. Lincoln et al., 2010b; Ben-Zeev et al., 2011; Thewissen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHoran, W. P., BRAFF, D. L., Nuechterlein, K. H., Sugar, C. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Freedman, R., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., et al. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.014 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Meta-analyses have consistently shown that working memory performance is impaired in individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (e.g. Lee and Park, 2005; Forbes et al., 2009), leading to the view that it may be an endophenotype for the diagnosis (e.g. Horan et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWorry in imagery and verbal form: Effect on residual working memory capacity
Leigh, E., & Hirsch, C. R. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Morrison, A., & Wells, A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.010 · Cited by 90 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that this is the most common presentation of paranoia (e.g. Freeman and Garety, 1999; Morrison and Wells, 2007; Freeman et al., 2010).”
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“…Kapur, 2003; Uhlhaas and Mishara, 2007); the presence of such anomalies have been repeatedly found in patients with psychosis (e.g. Chapman, 1966; Phillipson and Harris, 1985; Bunney et al., 1999; Parnas et al., 2003) and to be associated with delusional ideation (e.g. Bell et al., 2006; Freeman…”
BackgroundPositive and Negative Syndromes in Schizophrenia
Buchanan, R. W. (1993) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199302000-00021 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kabat‐Zinn, J., Richardson, S., & True, S. (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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Developing Treatments of Persistent Persecutory Delusions
Hepworth, C., Startup, H. M., & Freeman, D. H. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318229cfa8 · Cited by 46 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In the strongest tests of the causal role of worry in persecutory delusions, two clinical intervention studies have shown that directly targeting the cognitive style of worry significantly lessens paranoia (Foster et al., 2010; Hepworth et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpact of State Anxiety on the Jumping to Conclusions Delusion Bias
So, S. H., Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802345466 · Cited by 39 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…to be associatedwith a reduction inworkingmemory capacity (Hayes et al., 2008; Leigh and Hirsch, 2011), and an anxious mood induction has been found to increase the jumping to conclusions bias in a non-clinical sample (Lincoln et al., 2010a), although not in a delusions group (So et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBell, V., Halligan, P. W., Pugh, K., & Freeman, D. H. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.025 · Cited by 34 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Whether a mood induction increases perceptual anomalies is unknown, but levels of anxiety positively correlate with the presence of perceptual distortions (e.g. Bell et al., 2011; Tone et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFear of madness and persecutory delusions: Preliminary investigation of a new scale
Bassett, M., Sperlinger, D., & Freeman, D. (2009) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522430802535031 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Freeman). license. higher levels of worry are associated with more distressing paranoia (Freeman and Garety, 1999; Freeman et al., 2001; Startup et al., 2007;Morrison andWells, 2007; Bassett et al., 2009; Freeman et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssociations among perceptual anomalies, social anxiety, and paranoia in a college student sample
Tone, E. B., Goulding, S. M., & Compton, M. T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.03.023 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Whether a mood induction increases perceptual anomalies is unknown, but levels of anxiety positively correlate with the presence of perceptual distortions (e.g. Bell et al., 2011; Tone et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCan cognitive deficits explain differential sensitivity to life events in psychosis?
Myin‐Germeys, I., A, L. K. M., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0633-4 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Theoretical accounts of psychosis increasingly highlight both affective and cognitive routes to delusions (e.g. Garety et al., 2001; Myin-Germeys et al., 2003; Bentall et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFreeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Startup, H. M., & Kingdon, D. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-223 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Persecutory delusions: a cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment.
Freeman, D. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00066-3 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review
Freeman, D., & Garety, P. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0928-7 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“In clinical groups the presence of the bias does not seem to be affected by anxiety manipulations [68, 98].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchweizer, S., Satpute, A. B., Atzil, S., Field, A. P., Hitchcock, C., Black, M., Barrett, L. F., & Dalgleish, T. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000193 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Dissociation and its disorders: competing models, future directions, and a way forward
Lynn, S. J., Maxwell, R., Merckelbach, H., Lilienfeld, S. O., Kloet, D. V. H.-V. D., & Miskovic, V. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101755 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dissociation in relation to other mental health conditions: An exploration using network analysis
Černis, E., Evans, R. J., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.023 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“, 2014), worry (Freeman et al., 2013), and sleep difficulties (Giesbrecht and Merckelbach, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGuloksuz, S., van Nierop, M., Lieb, R., van Winkel, R., Wittchen, H.-U., & van Os, J. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000380 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“For example, there is evidence that affective dysregulation underlies psychosis (Freeman et al. 2013a, b; Hartley et al. 2013), that motivational impairments may predict psychosis (Dominguez et al. 2010) and that abnormal perceptions may make an impact on risk of delusional ideation (Smeets et al.…”
BackgroundFreeman, D. H., Emsley, R., Dunn, G., Fowler, D. G., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E., Jolley, S., Waller, H., Hardy, A., & Garety, P. A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu173 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationGrierson, A. B., Hickie, I. B., Naismith, S. L., & Scott, J. L. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001392 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…that post-stressor ruminative thought may predict delayed sleep onset is of particular interest as delayed sleep phase syndrome is a recognized marker of circadian disturbance that occurs more often in young compared to older adults (Robillard et al. 2014; Alloy et al. 2015; Steinan et al. 2015).”
BackgroundPries, L.-K., Gülöksüz, S., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Günther, N., Rauschenberg, C., Reininghaus, U., Radhakrishnan, R., Bak, M., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby051 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Freeman, D. H., Startup, H. M., Dunn, G., Černis, E., Wingham, G., Pugh, K., Cordwell, J., Mander, H., & Kingdon, D. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000592 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping autobiographical memory in schizophrenia: Clinical implications
Ricarte, J. J., Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., & Watkins, E. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Radhakrishnan, R., Gülöksüz, S., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Günther, N., Rauschenberg, C., Reininghaus, U., Pries, L.-K., Bak, M., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002635 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…of affective dysregulation in the onset of psychosis derives from experimental and observational studies (Garety et al., 2001; Hanssen et al., 2005; Freeman et al., 2013a, 2013b; Bird et al., 2017), as well as experience sampling studies that found that a primary increase in stress-reactivity was…”
BackgroundGawęda, Ł., & Prochwicz, K. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Our results, which are in line with growing evidence [16,17,62], have shown that both ‘‘Beckian’’ and psychosis-related cognitive biases are involved in vulnerability to delusions.”
BackgroundResultSellers, R., Wells, A., & Morrison, A. P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2132 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gülöksüz, S., van Nierop, M. M., Bak, M., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., van Dorsselaer, S., Günther, N., Lieb, R., van Winkel, R., Wïttchen, H., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0935-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“affective dysregulation x paranoia) predict transition to a more severe mental state [39–41].”
BackgroundPsychological mechanisms connected to dissociation: Generating hypotheses using network analyses
Černis, E., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.049 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, X.-Q., So, S., Chiu, C., Chan, R., & Leung, P. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.01.024 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Smith, E. L., Garety, P. A., Harding, H., & Hardy, A. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12265 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Brown, P., Waite, F., & Freeman, D. H. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“A worry induction on 67 patients with persecutory delusions led to an increase in anomalous experiences but not hallucinations (Freeman et al., 2013), and two interventions targeting worry also showed significant effects at outcome (Foster, Startup, Potts, & Freeman, 2010; Freeman et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRadhakrishnan, R., Pries, L.-K., Erzın, G., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Günther, N., Bak, M., Rutten, B. P. F., van Os, J., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002756 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…of an ‘ affective pathway ’ to psychosis is also supported by experimental and observational studies (Bird, Waite, Rowsell, Fergusson, & Freeman, 2017; Freeman et al., 2013a, 2013b; Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, Freeman, & Bebbington, 2001; Hanssen, Bak, Bijl, Vollebergh, & van Os, 2005) where…”
Trotta, A., Iyegbe, C. O., Yiend, J., Dazzan, P., David, A. S., Pariante, C. M., Mondelli, V., Colizzi, M., Murray, R. M., Forti, M. D., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“greater anticipation of threatening events) (Freeman et al., 2013; Bentall et al., 2014)”
Ricarte, J. J., Rey, F. D., Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., & Berna, F. S. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The induction of worry in a patient group with persecutory delusions increased the reporting of mild anomalous experiences such as feelings of unreality, perceptual alterations, and temporal disintegration (Freeman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFarrelly, S., Peters, E., Azis, M., David, A., & Hunter, E. C. (2016) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-016-0086-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Likewise, cognitive models of psychosis [23] emphasise the role of emotional processes, particularly anxiety, in the onset and maintenance cycle of psychotic symptoms [5, 24].”
BackgroundDeveloping an understanding of the relationship between anxiety and dissociation in adolescence
Lofthouse, K., Waite, P., & Černis, E. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115219 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive appraisals of dissociation in psychosis: a new brief measure
Černis, E., Bird, J. C., Molodynski, A., Ehlers, A., & Freeman, D. H. (2020) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000958 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Consistent with the depersonalisation literature, anxiety processes have also been implicated in dissociation in this context (Černis et al., 2014; Freeman et al., 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationSellers, R., Adrian Wells, A., Parker, S., & Morrison, A. P. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.032 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Depersonalization in Patients With Persecutory Delusions
Černis, E., Dunn, G., Startup, H., Kingdon, D., Wingham, G., Pugh, K., Cordwell, J., Mander, H., & Freeman, D. (2014) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000185 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This was a new cohort recruited after the end of the experimental study reported in Freeman et al. (2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTao, M., Lu, L., Gao, J., & He, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989919 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Other studies suggested that in addition to vision, chemicals released by flowers and trees may also be responsible for the predominant modulation of parasympathetic activity that can reduce BP, but the mechanism remains unclear (Freeman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundČernis, E., Antonović, M., Kamvar, R., Perkins, J., & Cernis, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1531633 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Awareness of Psychopathology and Brain Volume in Patients With First Episode Psychosis
Kim, J.-Y., Jeon, H., Kwon, A., Jin, M. J., Lee, S., & Chung, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00839 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Rumination is related to hallucination-proneness and to a range of mild abnormal experiences, including unrealistic feelings, perceptual alterations, and temporal disintegration (24, 25), as well as to negative symptoms such as stereotyped thinking and emotional withdrawal (26).”
BackgroundKornmayer, L., Leicht, G., & Mulert, C. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1258491 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Of course, also other factors such as, e.g., emotional processes and cognitive biases, are involved in the delusion formation process (Freeman et al. 2013).”
BackgroundProchwicz, K., Kłosowska, J., & Karpowska, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Startup, H. M., & Kingdon, D. (2015) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/eme02010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationDelusional disorder: The role of personality and emotions on delusional ideation
Tonna, M., Paglia, F., Ottoni, R., Ossola, P., Panfilis, C. D., & Marchesi, C. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.07.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Particularly, worry processing and rumination are associated with DLEs in healthy individuals [21] and increase anomalous experiences in delusional patients [22].”
BackgroundDelusional Distress is Associated With Emotion Dysregulation in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders
Leslie, E., Weittenhiller, L. P., Sloan, A. F., & Sheffield, J. M. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaf010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rumination and dysregulated behaviors
Borders, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812545-8.00004-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dunalska, A., Jakubczyk, A., Szulc, A., & Szejko, N. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.032 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Morriss, J., & Ellett, L. (2025) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12599 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pilot study of a group worry intervention for recent onset psychosis
Mackintosh, T., Lean, M., & Hardy, K. V. (2021) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x21000106 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in patients with psychosis, worry also correlated with increased internal depersonalization experiences (Freeman et al., 2013), higher levels of co-morbid depression, and poorer overall well-being and functioning (Kertz et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAnxiety and executive functions relationships in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Korczak, A., & Styła, R. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110643 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Task related stress and cognitive control in patients with schizophrenia
Zajenkowski, M., Styła, R., & Jędrasik-Styła, M. (2015) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/29056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[29].”
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis: Insights from Neuroimaging
Kumari, V., & Terca, T. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimaging in Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.17756/jnpn.2017-014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“It would also be valuable to examine emotion regulation and worry management as possible mechanisms of CBTp [77, 78].”
BackgroundHosseini, S. R., Nooripour, R., Ghanbari, N., Firoozabadi, A., & PETERS, E. R. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01341-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A study demonstrated that the occurrence of delusions does not depend on anomalous perceptual experiences [9].”
BackgroundPiccolo, M. C. D., Hammoud, R., Khan, M., D'Costa, V. S., Almuqrin, A., Georgiades, A., Tognin, S., & Mechelli, A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/71989 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Medlin, H., & Warman, D. M. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“, 2009), and even instructions to worry (Freeman et al., 2013), and results have been quite varied.”
BackgroundKorkmaz, Ş. A., & Can, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1764570 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…results in the literature, there was a significant difference between individuals with the paranoid schizophrenia and the healthy volunteers in terms of JTC bias both in the 90:10 version and the 60:40 version of the Beads task (Corcoran et al., 2008; Dudley et al., 1997b; Freeman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBroster, L. S., Jenkins, S. L., Holmes, S., Jicha, G. A., & Jiang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170233 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Broster, L. S. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Trotta, A. (2016) · Research Portal (King's College London)
Implementation of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) in a forensic setting
Grimes, K. M., & Sheridan, P. M. (2019) · International Journal of Risk and Recovery · doi:10.15173/ijrr.v2i1.3703
Subclinical delusional ideation and reasoning
Jones, C. L. (2018) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Kim, H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5139533/v1
“Following previous studies (e.g., Freeman et al., 2013; Ikani et al., 2022), we instructed participants to read through the worry-inducing topics at their own pace for eight minutes.”
MethodKim, H., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103148
“Consistent with prior studies using this approach (e.g., Freeman et al., 2013; Ikani et al., 2022), participants were instructed to read through these items at their own pace.”
Lebovitz, J. G., Kittleson, A. R., Sloan, A. F., Torregrossa, L. J., Park, S., & Sheffield, J. M. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117174
Dunalska, A., Jakubczyk, A., Szulc, A., & Szejko, N. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08225-4
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0001
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0011
The Puzzle of Popular Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0004
The Social Roots of Popular Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0005
Williams, D., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.001.0001
The Social Insensitivity of Clinical Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0010
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0002
Existing Social Accounts of Clinical Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0008
The Social Scaffolding of Popular Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0006
Individualistic Accounts of Clinical Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0007
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.002.0005
Why Do We Call People Delusional?
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0003
The Social Determinants and Focus of Clinical Delusions
Williams, D. R., Wilkinson, S., & Miyazono, K. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191976360.003.0009
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Psychosis
Chung, Y., & Li, L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7147-5_18
Aynsworth, C., Dudley, R. E. J., Sargeant, S., Humpston, C. S., & Waite, F. (2026) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.70074
- Authors
- Freeman, D., Startup, H., Dunn, G., Černis, E., Wingham, G., Pugh, K., Cordwell, J., & Kingdon, D.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Freeman, Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1837-1842
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3905189
- OpenAlex
- W2107840269
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Medical Research Council
- UK NHS National Institute for Health Research
- UK Medical Research Council Senior Clinical Fellowship
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- worry, persecutory delusions, working memory, jumping to conclusions, anomalous experiences, emotional processing, psychosis, worry reduction, perceptual disorders, hallucinations, delusion formation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Delusions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Young Adult
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