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Longitudinal association between pain, and depression and anxiety over four years
Abstract
Objective Many patients with depression and/or anxiety (D/A) persistently report pain. However, it is not clear how the course of D/A is associated with pain over time. The present study assessed longitudinal associations between D/A and pain, and compared pain over time between D/A and healthy controls.Methods 2676 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were followed-up for four years. At three waves (baseline, 2, 4years) we assessed depressive and anxiety symptom severity. Using DSM-IV criteria, we also assessed four different D/A disorder courses over time (n=2093): incident, remitted, chronic, and no D/A (reference group). Pain was assessed at the three waves by severity and number of locations.Results Change in D/A symptoms was positively associated with change in pain symptoms. Compared to healthy controls (n=519), D/A subjects - incident (n=333), remitted (n=548) or chronic (n=693) - reported more severe pain (b=0.4-0.7, p<0.001) and more pain locations (b=0.8-1.4, p<.001) at all waves, with the highest ratings in chronic D/A. Remission of D/A during follow-up was associated with a significant decline in pain (severity; p=0.002, number of locations; p<.001), but pain levels remained significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Findings were similar for separate depression or anxiety course.Conclusions This study largely confirms synchrony of change between depression, anxiety and pain. However, even after depression and anxiety remission, subjects report higher pain ratings over time. Individuals with D/A (history) seem to be at increased risk of chronic pain.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gerrits, M. M. J. G., van Marwijk, H. W. J., van Oppen, P., van der Horst, H., & Penninx, B. W. J. H.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Gerrits, Marloes M.J.G.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-70
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1970832311
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 7.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (10-000-1002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- pain, depression, anxiety, chronic pain, remission, incident depression, chronic anxiety, pain intensity, pain localization, longitudinal change, comorbidities, NESDA
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Pain, Pain Measurement, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Chronic Pain
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