The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The evolution of associative learning: A factor in the Cambrian explosion
Abstract
The Cambrian explosion is probably the most spectacular diversification in evolutionary history, and understanding it has been a challenge for biologists since the time of Darwin. We propose that one of the key factors that drove this great diversification was associative learning. Although the evolutionary emergence of associative learning required only small modifications in already existing memory mechanisms and may have occurred in parallel in several groups, once this type of learning appeared on the evolutionary scene, it led to extreme diversifying selection at the ecological level: it enabled animals to exploit new niches, promoted new types of relations and arms races, and led to adaptive responses that became fixed through genetic accommodation processes. This learning-based diversification was accompanied by neurohormonal stress, which led to an ongoing destabilization and re-patterning of the epigenome, which, in turn, enabled further morphological, physiological, and behavioral diversification. Our hypothesis combines several previous ideas about the dynamics of the Cambrian explosion and provides a unifying framework that includes both ecological and genomic factors. We conclude by suggesting research directions that would clarify the timing and manner in which associative learning evolved, and the effects it had on the evolution of nervous systems, genomes, and animal morphology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is similar to the process of Unlimited Associative Learning (UAL) - the ability to group different sensory stimuli into a single compound percept that can be used in learning - proposed in work by Ginsburg and Jablonka as a transition marker for consciousness (Ginsburg and Jablonka 2007a,b, 2010, 2019; Bronfman et al. 2016)”
From The Measurement Problem of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Ginsburg and Jablonka 2007a,b, 2010, 2019
In the citing paper
“This approach may facilitate the early development of multilayer processing structures, including interneurons as a crucial innovation, re-entrant closed loops and memory circuits capable of learning [274,275].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [274]
Citations
Cites
Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195122343.001.0001 · Cited by 6,115
(2003) · Cited by 2,898
The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
McClintock, B. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.15739260 · Cited by 2,638
Waddington, C. H. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315765471 · Cited by 2,153
Darwin's dangerous idea : evolution and the meanings of life
Dennett, D. C. (1995) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,998
Baldwin, J. M. (1896) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/276408 · Cited by 1,781
Jablonka, E., & Raz, G. (2009) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/598822 · Cited by 1,701
Self-citationSkinner, B. F. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7244649 · Cited by 1,660
Covalent Modification of DNA Regulates Memory Formation
Miller, C. A., & Sweatt, J. D. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.022 · Cited by 1,220
Gene Regulatory Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans
Davidson, E. H., & Erwin, D. H. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1113832 · Cited by 1,207
Bootman, M., & Lipp, P. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902 · Cited by 1,139
Late-Neoproterozoic Deep-Ocean Oxygenation and the Rise of Animal Life
Canfield, D. E., Poulton, S. W., & Narbonne, G. M. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1135013 · Cited by 1,000
Oxidation of the Ediacaran Ocean
Fike, D. A., Grotzinger, J. P., Pratt, L. M., & Summons, R. E. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05345 · Cited by 989 · cited 1×
“fauna and the appearance of the first calcifying metazoans 548 Mya (Fike et al., 2006; Canfield et al., 2006); pulses of global warming, the result of methane release associated with true polar movements, which led to increased nutrient cycle and productivity (Kirschvink and Raub, 2003; Butterfield, 1997); changes in…”
BackgroundEarly animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology
Knoll, A. H., & Carroll, S. B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2129 · Cited by 821
Developmental plasticity and evolution
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-0308 · Cited by 818
(2000) · Cited by 778
Epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation
Levenson, J. M., & Sweatt, J. D. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1604 · Cited by 767
Factors of Evolution:. The Theory of Stabilizing Selection
(1950) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02910300087029 · Cited by 762
Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800070 · Cited by 636
A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination
Brakel, L. (2001) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2001.10773360 · Cited by 617
Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N., & Feldman, M. W. (2013) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400847266 · Cited by 586
Canalization of development by microRNAs
Hornstein, E., & Shomron, N. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1803 · Cited by 578
Explaining the Cambrian "Explosion" of Animals
Marshall, C. R. (2006) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001 · Cited by 506
Denes, A. S., Jékely, G., Steinmetz, P. R. H., Raible, F., Snyman, H., Prud'homme, B., Ferrier, D. E. K., Balavoine, G., & Arendt, D. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 · Cited by 480
The evolution of hierarchical gene regulatory networks
Erwin, D. H., & Davidson, E. H. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2499 · Cited by 454
MicroRNAs and the advent of vertebrate morphological complexity
Heimberg, A. M., Sempere, L. F., Moy, V. N., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Peterson, K. J. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0712259105 · Cited by 414
Birds, behavior, and anatomical evolution.
Wyles, J. S., Kunkel, J. G., & Wilson, A. C. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.14.4394 · Cited by 413
The Origin of Animal Body Plans
Arthur, W. (1997) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174596 · Cited by 413
Dorsoventral Patterning in Hemichordates: Insights into Early Chordate Evolution
Lowe, C. J., Terasaki, M., Wu, M., Freeman, R. M., Runft, L., Kwan, K., Haigo, S., Aronowicz, J., Lander, E., Gruber, C., et al. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040291 · Cited by 385
Origin of Bilaterian Body Plans: Evolution of Developmental Regulatory Mechanisms
Davidson, E. H., Peterson, K. J., & Cameron, R. A. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5240.1319 · Cited by 381
The comparative psychology of intelligence
Macphail, E. M. (1987) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00054984 · Cited by 372
Salánki, J. (1968) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8618-0 · Cited by 350
Animal traditions: behavioural inheritance in evolution
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-0310 · Cited by 334
Transposable elements: powerful facilitators of evolution
Oliver, K. R., & Greene, W. K. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800219 · Cited by 323
The last common bilaterian ancestor
Erwin, D. H., & Davidson, E. H. (2002) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.129.13.3021 · Cited by 320
Peterson, K. J., Cotton, J. A., Gehling, J. G., & Pisani, D. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 · Cited by 313
Catling, D. C., Glein, C. R., Zahnle, K. J., & McKay, C. P. (2005) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2005.5.415 · Cited by 307
The neuroimmunology of stress from invertebrates to man
Ottaviani, E., & Franceschi, C. (1996) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(95)00049-6 · Cited by 306
Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion
Valentine, J. W., Jablonski, D., & Erwin, D. H. (1999) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.126.5.851 · Cited by 300
Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution
Cavalier‐Smith, T. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842 · Cited by 282
Seawater chemistry and the advent of biocalcification
Brennan, S. T., Lowenstein, T. K., & Horita, J. (2004) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g20251.1 · Cited by 273
Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye
Nilsson, D., Gislén, L., Coates, M. M., Skogh, C., & Garm, A. L. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03484 · Cited by 271
Proterozoic and early Cambrian protists: evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo.
Knoll, A. H. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6743 · Cited by 264
Nesse, R. M. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03472.x · Cited by 254
Plankton ecology and the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition
Butterfield, N. J. (1997) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s009483730001681x · Cited by 253
Peterson, K. J., Dietrich, M. R., & McPeek, M. A. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200900033 · Cited by 252
Large Punctuational Contribution of Speciation to Evolutionary Divergence at the Molecular Level
Pagel, M. D., Venditti, C., & Meade, A. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1129647 · Cited by 242
A New Factor in Evolution (Continued)
Baldwin, J. M. (1896) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/276428 · Cited by 236
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-2217 · Cited by 213
On the Independent Origins of Complex Brains and Neurons
Moroz, L. L. (2009) · Brain, Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000258665 · Cited by 209
Newman, S. A., & Bhat, R. (2009) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.072481sn · Cited by 208
The evolution of nervous system centralization
Arendt, D., Denes, A. S., Jékely, G., & Tessmar-Raible, K. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2242 · Cited by 206
Evolutionary expansion and anatomical specialization of synapse proteome complexity
Emes, R. D., Pocklington, A., Anderson, C. N. G., Bayés, À., Collins, M., Vickers, C., Croning, M., Malik, B., Choudhary, J., Armstrong, J., et al. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2135 · Cited by 202
Before programs: The physical origination of multicellular forms
Newman, S. A., Forgács, G., & Müller, G. B. (2006) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.052049sn · Cited by 190
Origins and Early Evolution of Predation
Bengtson, S. (2002) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/s1089332600001133 · Cited by 174
Set‐aside cells in maximal indirect development: Evolutionary and developmental significance
Peterson, K. J., Cameron, R. A., & Davidson, E. H. (1997) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950190713 · Cited by 164
The dawn of bilaterian animals: the case of acoelomorph flatworms
Baguñà, J., & Riutort, M. (2004) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20113 · Cited by 164
Transposable elements and an epigenetic basis for punctuated equilibria
Zeh, D. W., Zeh, J. A., & Ishida, Y. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200900026 · Cited by 160
The return of the whole organism
Bateson, P. (2005) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/bf02705148 · Cited by 152
Genome evolution in allopolyploid wheat—a revolutionary reprogramming followed by gradual changes
Feldman, M., & Levy, A. A. (2009) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60142-3 · Cited by 151
RNA editing, DNA recoding and the evolution of human cognition
Mattick, J. S., & Mehler, M. F. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.02.003 · Cited by 148
The evolution of intelligence: adaptive specializations versus general process
Macphail, E. M., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2001) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1017/s146479310100570x · Cited by 146
A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla
BUDD, G. E., & JENSEN, S. (2000) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1999.tb00046.x · Cited by 145
Dzik, J. (2005) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0503:baauot]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 138
Genome‐wide transcriptional plasticity underlies cellular adaptation to novel challenge
Stern, S., Dror, T. W., Stolovicki, E., Brenner, N., & Braun, E. (2007) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb4100147 · Cited by 136
Mind in evolution : an East-West synthesis of learned behavior and cognition
Razran, G. (1971) · Houghton Mifflin eBooks · Cited by 129
A primer of invertebrate learning: The behavioral perspective.
Abramson, C. I. (1994) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10150-000 · Cited by 115
Combinatorial chromatin modifications and memory storage: A code for memory?: Figure 1.Preprint
Wood, M. A., Hawk, J. D., & Abel, T. G. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.278206 · Cited by 110
Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria
Baguñà, J., Martinez, P., Paps, J., & Riutort, M. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238 · Cited by 105
Epigenetics and the nervous system
Mehler, M. F. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21595 · Cited by 101
Genome evolution in allopolyploid wheat a revolutionary reprogramming followed by gradual changes
Moshe, Feldman, & Avraham (2009) · Cited by 98
Divergence pattern of animal gene families and relationship with the Cambrian explosion
Miyata, T., & Suga, H. (2001) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.1147 · Cited by 90
The transition to experiencing: I. Limited learning and limited experiencing.
Ginsburg, S., & Jablonka, E. (2007) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1162/biot.2007.2.3.218 · Cited by 83
Self-citationA methane fuse for the Cambrian explosion: carbon cycles and true polar wander
Kirschvink, J. L., & Raub, T. D. (2003) · Comptes Rendus Géoscience · doi:10.1016/s1631-0713(03)00011-7 · Cited by 77
On the Origin of The Nervous System
Miller, G. L. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.325_24 · Cited by 74
The Origin of Animal Body Plans
Arthur, W. (1997) · Cited by 71
Ottaviani, E., Malagoli, D., & Franceschi, C. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.08.007 · Cited by 70
Gene duplications in early metazoan evolution
Lundin, L. G. (1999) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/scdb.1999.0333 · Cited by 63
Reichert, H. (2008) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0337 · Cited by 56
The blueprint for stress can be found in invertebrates.
Stefano, G. B., Cadet, P., Zhu, W. M., Rialas, C. M., Mantione, K. J., Benz, D., Fuentes, R., Casares, F. M., Fricchione, G. L., Fulop, Z., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 52
Epigenetic Principles of Evolution
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2017-0-00736-x · Cited by 52
The transition to experiencing II. The evolution of associative learning based on feelings.
Ginsburg, S., & Jablonka, E. (2007) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1162/biot.2007.2.3.231 · Cited by 47
Self-citationUn fusible de méthane pour l'explosion cambrienne : les cycles du carbone et dérive des pôles
Kirschvink, J. L., & Raub, T. D. (2003) · Comptes Rendus Géoscience · Cited by 47
The Nurture of Nature: Hereditary Plasticity in Evolution
Lamm, E., & Jablonka, E. (2008) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515080802170093 · Cited by 44
Self-citationHybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle
Williamson, D. I. (2006) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00236.x · Cited by 42
Colón-Cesario, M., Wang, J., Ramos, X., Garcia, H. G., Davila, J., Laguna, J., Rosado, C., & de Ortı́z, S. P. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3050-05.2006 · Cited by 32
Conserved noncoding elements and the evolution of animal body plans
Vavouri, T., & Lehner, B. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200900014 · Cited by 32
Experiencing: a Jamesian approach
Ginsburg, S., & Jablonka, E. (2010) · Cited by 30
Self-citationThe Cambrian Explosion Exploded?
Fortey, R. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1062987 · Cited by 28
Sensitization and the Evolution of Associative Learning
Wells, M. J. (1968) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8618-0_28 · Cited by 25
Architectonics of the central nervous system of Acoela, Platyhelminthes, and Rotifera
Kotikova, E. A., & Raikova, O. I. (2008) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s002209300801012x · Cited by 22
The Cambrian Explosion: How Do We Use the Evidence
Levinton, J. S. (2008) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/b580912 · Cited by 22
The genetic response to Snowball Earth: role of HSP90 in the Cambrian explosion
Baker, M. E. (2006) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2006.00067.x · Cited by 19
The Antimetabolite ara-CTP Blocks Long-Term Memory of Conditioned Taste AversionPreprint
Wang, J., Ren, K., Pérez, J., Silva, A. J., & de Ortı́z, S. P. (2003) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.63003 · Cited by 19
Morphological Evolution: Epigenetic Mechanisms
Newman, S. A., & Müller, G. B. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0002100.pub2 · Cited by 16
Big decisions by small networks
Schuster, S. (2010) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800227 · Cited by 12
Transduction and Skeletal Evolution
Mourant, A. E. (1971) · Nature · doi:10.1038/231466a0 · Cited by 12
Saavedra-Rodríguez, L., Vázquez, A., Ortiz‐Zuazaga, H., Chorna, N., González, F. A., Andres, L. M., Rodriguez, K. M. L., Ramírez, F., Rodríguez, A., & de Ortı́z, S. P. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4033-08.2009 · Cited by 11
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Belyaev, 1982, The influence of stress on variation and its role in evolution, Biol. Zentralbl., 100, 705
- Jablonka, 2008, The epigenome in evolution: beyond the modern synthesis, Вестник ВОГиС, 12, 242
- Stanley, 1992, Can neurons explain the Cambrian explosion?, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts Programs, 24, A45
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.004 · Cited by 409
“While basic learning processes likely date to the Cambrian period, and thus are more than 500 million years old (Ginsberg & Jablonka, 2010), human symbolic relations are far, far younger.”
BackgroundMorand‐Ferron, J., Cole, E. F., & Quinn, J. L. (2015) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12174 · Cited by 290
“Instead many cognitive traits are likely to influence several fitness-determining behaviours (e.g. associative learning; Ginsburg & Jablonka, 2010).”
BackgroundEvolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Wilson, D. S., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001593 · Cited by 255
From chemotaxis to the cognitive map: The function of olfaction
Jacobs, L. F. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1201880109 · Cited by 227
“The increasing energy content of prey could have fueled the Cambrian arms race, resulting in ever bigger and more complex predators (82) and associative learning (83).”
BackgroundLearning by Association in Plants
Gagliano, M., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Borbély, A. A., Grimonprez, M., & Depczynski, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep38427 · Cited by 246
Metadata
- Authors
- Ginsburg, S., & Jablonka, E.
- Affiliations
- Open University of Israel (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Jablonka, Eva
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 266
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-20
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162225069
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- Cambrian explosion, associative learning, evolutionary diversification, memory mechanisms, diversifying selection, arms race, genetic accommodation, epigenome, nervous system evolution, animal morphology, animal behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Biological Evolution, Memory, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Phylogeny, Selection, Genetic, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Neurotransmitter Agents, Evolution, Molecular, Epigenesis, Genetic, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
