Effect of low- and high-glycemic load on circulating incretins in a randomized clinical trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective Low-glycemic load diets lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses; however, the effect of glycemic load on circulating incretin concentrations is unclear. We aimed to assess effects of dietary glycemic load on fasting and post-prandial glucose, insulin and incretin (i.e., glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) concentrations and to examine for effect modification by adiposity.Materials and methods We conducted a single-center, randomized controlled crossover feeding trial in which a subset of participants had post-prandial testing. Participants were recruited from the local Seattle area. We enrolled 89 overweight-obese (BMI 28.0-39.9 kg/m(2)) and lean (BMI 18.5-25.0 kg/m(2)) healthy adults. Participants consumed two 28-day, weight-maintaining high- and low-glycemic load controlled diets in random order. Primary outcome measures were post-prandial circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP-1, following a test breakfast.Results Of the 80 participants completing both diet interventions, 16 had incretin testing and comprise the group for analyses. Following each 28-day high- and low-glycemic load diet, mean fasting concentrations of insulin, glucose, GIP and GLP-1 were not significantly different. Mean integrated post-prandial concentrations of glucose, insulin and GIP were higher (1504±476 mg/dL/min, p<0.01; 2012±644 μU/mL/min, p<0.01 and 15517±4062 pg/mL/min, p<0.01, respectively) and GLP-1 was lower (-81.6±38.5 pmol/L/min, p<0.03) following the high-glycemic load breakfast as compared to the low-glycemic load breakfast. Body fat did not significantly modify the effect of glycemic load on metabolic outcomes.Conclusions High-glycemic load diets in weight-maintained healthy individuals lead to higher post-prandial GIP and lower post-prandial GLP-1 concentrations. Future studies evaluating dietary glycemic load manipulation of incretin effects would be helpful for establishing diabetes nutrition guidelines.
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The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of a high-GL meal increases insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon secretion, and elicits a GIP-dominant incretin response.
“The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of a high-GL meal increases insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon secretion, and elicits a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-dominant incretin response (35–37).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
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The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
Ludwig, D. S., Aronne, L. J., Astrup, A., de Cabo, R., Cantley, L. C., Friedman, M. I., Heymsfield, S. B., Johnson, J. D., King, J. C., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
- Authors
- Runchey, S. S., Valsta, L. M., Schwarz, Y., Wang, C., Song, X., Lampe, J. W., & Neuhouser, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- European Food Safety Authority (IT)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 188-195
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3519963
- OpenAlex
- W2040142654
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007028)
- National Cancer Institute (R03CA132158, U54CA116847)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- glycemic load, incretins, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, postprandial blood glucose, insulin response, low glycemic load diet, fat mass, obesity, breakfast
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Diet, Female, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Humans, Insulin, Male, Obesity, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Adiposity, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Young Adult, Breakfast
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