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A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on
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The WHO just released in May 2022 a report on the state of the obesity pandemic in Europe, stating that 60% of citizens in the area of Europe are either overweight or obese, and highlighting the implications of the obesity pandemic, especially as it interacts with the COVID pandemic to create a twin pandemic, to increase morbidity and mortality. Obesity is a complex disease which has reached pandemic dimensions. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, mainly due to the adoption of a progressively more sedentary lifestyle and the consumption of less healthy diets. We first report herein updated prevalence rates of overweight and obesity by sex, age, and region first in Europe, per the WHO report, and then worldwide between 1980 and 2019, as we analyze and present herein the data provided by the Global Burden of Disease Study. The prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men of any age and the prevalence of both overweight and obesity increases with age and has reached their highest point between the ages of 50 to 65 years showing a slight downward trend afterwards. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity has increased from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019. The American and European region have the highest obesity prevalence and the USA and Russia are the countries with the most obese residents. Given dire implications in terms of comorbidities and mortality, these updated epidemiological findings call for coordinated actions from local and regional governments, the scientific community and individual patients alike, as well as the food industry for the obesity pandemic to be controlled and alleviated. We can hopefully learn from the COVID-19 pandemic, where collaborative efforts worldwide, focused intense work at both the local and global level and well-coordinated leadership have demonstrated that humankind is capable of amazing accomplishments by leveraging science and public health, and that we can finally make strides in terms of understanding and combating the obesity pandemic and its dire comorbidities including diabetes, NAFLD, CVD and obesity associated malignancies.
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“Obesity rates are rising globally, with the age-standardized prevalence increasing from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019 [1].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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“According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global prevalence of obesity has more than tripled since 1975, and as of the most recent estimates, over 650 million adults are considered obese, representing about 13% of the world’s adult population [2].”
Extending Healthspans in an Aging World
Utkus, S. P., & Mitchell, O. S. (2025) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w33992 · Cited by 4
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Impact of Obesity on Timing of Tracheotomy: A Multi‐institutional Retrospective Study
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A Near-Field Radio Frequency System for Continuous Left and Right Lung Volume Sensing
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“Obesity is a major health concern comparable to a hidden epidemic [3].”
Paskaleva, I. N., Kaleva, N., Dimcheva, T., Markova, P. P., & Ivanov, I. S. (2025) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases13040094 · Cited by 4
“The COVID-19 pandemic was another warning of the seriousness and social significance of obesity and its associated comorbidities [3].”
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Tucović, D., Aleksandrov, A. P., Popović, D., Malešević, A., Subota, V., Brdarić, E., Bajić, S. S., Živković, M., Kataranovski, M. V., Mirkov, I. I., et al. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14050557 · Cited by 3
“The high and increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome [1] and obesity as its main component [2], depicts these conditions as worldwide health problems due to their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney diseases and other…”
Body mass index and metabolic complications in individuals with treatment-naïve acromegaly
Yamamoto, N., Urai, S., Yamamoto, M., Suzuki, M., Tsujimoto, Y., Bando, H., Motomura, Y., Ohmachi, Y., Sasaki, Y., Oi-Yo, Y., et al. (2025) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej25-0047 · Cited by 3
“Obesity is a global public health concern and a signifi‐ cant determinant of morbidity and mortality [1].”
Gutiérrez‐Repiso, C., Díaz-González, B. V., García-López, M. J., Álvarez-Pérez, J., Garrido‐Sánchez, L., Moreno‐Indias, I., Bautista-Castaño, I., Serra‐Majem, L., & Tinahones, F. J. (2025) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2025.05.016 · Cited by 3
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de Castro, J. M., Melo, A. D. S., Silveira, B. L., Martins, I. A. S., Marçal, M., Bosco, T. D., Keingeski, M. B., de Oliveira, E. C. L., Álvares‐da‐Silva, M. R., Türck, P., et al. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118342 · Cited by 3
Visceral adipose tissue regulatory T cells: A potential new target for treating atherosclerosis
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Unraveling the Dual Burden of Diabetes and Obesity: Precision Strategies for South Asian Populations
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Effects of Brown Rice, Meal Replacements, and Anti-Obesity Drugs on Mitochondria in Obese Rats
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Novel Strategies to Conquer Residual Adiposity Risk in Cardiovascular Disease
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“The global prevalence of obesity has tripled since 1975, with more than 40% of adults in the United States currently classified as having obesity [ 7].”
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Schrammel, A., Woelkart, G., Ableitner, E., Derler, M., Potoschnig, I., Schoiswohl, G., Haemmerle, G., Wolfrum, C., Kershaw, E. E., Schmid, S., et al. (2025) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.125.322902 · Cited by 4
Serotonin 2C receptors inhibit hypothalamic CRH neurons to suppress appetite
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Expression and functional diversity of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor across tumor types
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“and obesity—two widespread and growing health concerns [1, 2].”
The global burden of kidney cancer: trends in mortality and incidence with predictions to 2025
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“In addition, this could be attributable to an increasing prevalence of established risk factors, such as overweight and obesity (Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
Obesity and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Leung, L. J. C.-L., Sharma, R. S., Cheng, B., Akalanka, H. M. K., & Gopalan, V. (2026) · World Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.5306/wjco.v17.i1.112369 · Cited by 4
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The impact of GDP, human development, unemployment, and globalization on obesity
Dritsaki, M., & Dritsaki, C. (2023) · Asian Economic and Financial Review · doi:10.55493/5002.v13i7.4799 · Cited by 3
“Based on the World Health Organization ’s estimates, about 167 million additional people (adults and children) will be overweight or obese by 2025 (Boutari & Mantzoros, 2022; World Health Organization (WHO), 2022). determining the social and economic factors of obesity.”
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Pavlidou, E., Papadopoulou, S. Κ., Antasouras, G., Vorvolakos, T., Alexatou, O., Tsourouflis, G. S., Angelakou, E.-P., Serdari, A., Grammatikopoulou, M. G., Psara, E., et al. (2023) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases11040165 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Boutari, C., & Mantzoros, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mantzoros, Christos S.
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 155217
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9107388
- OpenAlex
- W4280507423
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 331 · 2024: 344 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 27
- FWCI
- 196.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- obesity, overweight, obesity prevalence, obesity epidemiology, obesity epidemic, COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences in obesity, age-standardized prevalence, Global Burden of Disease Study, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, obesity-related comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity prevention policy
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Overweight, Pandemics
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