The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on
Open accessAbstract
The WHO just released in May 2022 a report on the state of the obesity pandemic in Europe, stating that 60% of citizens in the area of Europe are either overweight or obese, and highlighting the implications of the obesity pandemic, especially as it interacts with the COVID pandemic to create a twin pandemic, to increase morbidity and mortality. Obesity is a complex disease which has reached pandemic dimensions. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, mainly due to the adoption of a progressively more sedentary lifestyle and the consumption of less healthy diets. We first report herein updated prevalence rates of overweight and obesity by sex, age, and region first in Europe, per the WHO report, and then worldwide between 1980 and 2019, as we analyze and present herein the data provided by the Global Burden of Disease Study. The prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men of any age and the prevalence of both overweight and obesity increases with age and has reached their highest point between the ages of 50 to 65 years showing a slight downward trend afterwards. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity has increased from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019. The American and European region have the highest obesity prevalence and the USA and Russia are the countries with the most obese residents. Given dire implications in terms of comorbidities and mortality, these updated epidemiological findings call for coordinated actions from local and regional governments, the scientific community and individual patients alike, as well as the food industry for the obesity pandemic to be controlled and alleviated. We can hopefully learn from the COVID-19 pandemic, where collaborative efforts worldwide, focused intense work at both the local and global level and well-coordinated leadership have demonstrated that humankind is capable of amazing accomplishments by leveraging science and public health, and that we can finally make strides in terms of understanding and combating the obesity pandemic and its dire comorbidities including diabetes, NAFLD, CVD and obesity associated malignancies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Obesity rates are rising globally, with the age-standardized prevalence increasing from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019 [1].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3 · Cited by 12,717 · cited 1×
“more central body fat distribution, these populations have [33].”
Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years
Collaborators, T. G. 2. O. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1614362 · Cited by 7,918
Abarca-Gómez, L., Abdeen, Z. A., Hamid, Z. A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Acosta-Cazares, B., Acuin, C., Adams, R. J., Aekplakorn, W., Afsana, K., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32129-3 · Cited by 7,482
Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis
Blüher, M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8 · Cited by 5,126 · cited 1×
“In addition, regional differences are largely associated with differences in socioeconomic status [30].”
Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy
Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683 · Cited by 4,171
Body Fatness and Cancer — Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group
Lauby-Secretan, B., Scoccianti, C., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Bianchini, F., & Straif, K. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr1606602 · Cited by 3,596 · cited 1×
“Epidemiologic studies have revealed an association between high body mass index (BMI) and an extensive range of chronic diseases such as Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL), cardiovascular disease [1,2], diabetes mellitus [1], several malignancies [3,4], musculoskeletal diseases [5,6], chronic kidney disease [1], and men…”
Chooi, Y. C., Ding, C., & Magkos, F. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005 · Cited by 2,997 · cited 1×
“Obesity in the European region stating that both overweight and obesity rates have reached epidemic proportions across the European Region, where 59% of adults and almost 1 in 3 children are suffering from overweight or obesity [20], we publish this report as an update on the epidemiology of obesity [21].”
The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost always do Better
Johnston, R. J. (2009) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.10.003 · Cited by 2,054
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60105-0 · Cited by 1,216 · cited 1×
“Epidemiologic studies have revealed an association between high body mass index (BMI) and an extensive range of chronic diseases such as Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL), cardiovascular disease [1,2], diabetes mellitus [1], several malignancies [3,4], musculoskeletal diseases [5,6], chronic kidney disease [1], and men…”
Palaiodimos, L., Kokkinidis, D. G., Li, W., Karamanis, D., Ognibene, J., Arora, S., Southern, W. N., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154262 · Cited by 864
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Angelidi, 2021, Novel non-invasive approaches to the treatment of obesity: from pharmacotherapy to gene therapy, Endocr Rev
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Barone Gibbs, B., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001209 · Cited by 2,800
Global epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer
Webb, P. M., & Jordan, S. J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-024-00881-3 · Cited by 623
“Data from the USA and elsewhere indicate that age at menarche has been steadily decreasing and age at menopause increasing over the past 60 years 134 , while fertility rates have been decreasing 135 and obesity rates increasing 136 .”
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375 · Cited by 432
“Once associated primarily with affluent Western societies, obesity now burdens low-and middle-income countries at accelerating rates [8 – 10].”
Mediterranean diet in the management and prevention of obesity
Dominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Bella, G. D., Cusumano, C., Parisi, A., Tagliaferri, F., Ciriminna, S., & Barbagallo, M. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112121 · Cited by 208
Obesity Paradox: Fact or Fiction?
Simati, S., Kokkinos, A. D., Dalamaga, Μ., & Argyrakopoulou, G. (2023) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00497-1 · Cited by 186
Boutari, C., DeMarsilis, A. J., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110773 · Cited by 178
Self-citationObesity and Dyslipidemia: A Review of Current Evidence
Vekić, J., Stefanović, A., & Zeljković, A. (2023) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00518-z · Cited by 167
Diet for the prevention and management of sarcopenia
Calvani, R., Picca, A., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Tosato, M., Marzetti, E., & Landi, F. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155637 · Cited by 164
Stefanakis, K., Kokkorakis, M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156057 · Cited by 142
Self-citationEvolving Global Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Insights and Trends for 2024
Koshy, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2024.102406 · Cited by 127
Jeong, S., Jung, J., Yang, Y., Kim, W., Cho, I. Y., Lee, Y., Park, K., Nam, G. E., Han, K., & the Taskforce Team of the Obesity Fact Sheet of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (2024) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes24012 · Cited by 133
Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Nevola, R., Tortorella, G., Rosato, V., Rinaldi, L., Imbriani, S., Perillo, P., Mastrocinque, D., Montagna, M. L., Russo, A., Lorenzo, G. D., et al. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12070984 · Cited by 135
“As expected due to a biologically driven higher amount of body fat, the worldwide prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men, regardless of age (Table 1) [43].”
BackgroundSubclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Biondi, B. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010087 · Cited by 122
“Obesity and the COVID-19 pandemic combined to increase morbidity and mortality in obese people [19].”
BackgroundEnhancing intestinal barrier efficiency: A novel metabolic diseases therapy
Zhang, Y., Xiao, Z., Yu, X., Novák, P., Gui, Q., & Yin, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1120168 · Cited by 112
“Specifically, the WHO released a report on the status of the obesity pandemic in Europe in May 2022, noting that 60% of citizens in the European region were overweight or obese, highlighting the impact of the obesity pandemic (2).”
BackgroundObesogens: a unifying theory for the global rise in obesity
Heindel, J. J., Lustig, R. H., Howard, S. G., & Corkey, B. E. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01460-3 · Cited by 118
“Obesity continues to increase at an alarming rate across the globe despite an increase in the number of diets and drugs [1].”
BackgroundEmerging pharmacotherapies for obesity: A systematic review
Kokkorakis, M., Chakhtoura, M., Rhayem, C., Al Rifai, J., Ghezzawi, M., Valenzuela-Vallejo, L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2025) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.001045 · Cited by 102
Self-citationIs ChatGPT an Effective Tool for Providing Dietary Advice?
Ponzo, V., Goitre, I., Favaro, E., Merlo, F. D., Mancino, M. V., Riso, S., & Bo, S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040469 · Cited by 100
“The overall prevalence of obesity nearly tripled from 1975 to 2016 [4], reaching 14.0% in 2019 [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialReytor-González, C., Simancas-Racines, D., Román-Galeano, N. M., Annunziata, G., Galasso, M., Zambrano-Villacres, R., Verde, L., Muscogiuri, G., Frias-Toral, E., & Barrea, L. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17132135 · Cited by 88
“The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a tripling of global obesity rates since 1975, with over 650 million adults diagnosed with obesity in 2016 [10].”
Neurobiology of eating behavior, nutrition, and health
Stover, P. J., Field, M. S., Andermann, M. L., Bailey, R. L., Batterham, R. L., Cauffman, E. E., Frühbeck, G., Iversen, P. O., Starke-Reed, P. E., Sternson, S. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13699 · Cited by 91
“This includes the design and implementation of effective dietary guidance that may be developmentally tailored, food formulation, and nutrition assistance/education programs that reduce rates of obesity and diet-related chronic disease, a major driver of health care costs globally [33– 35].”
BackgroundThe Influence of Dietary Interventions on Arterial Stiffness in Overweight and Obese Subjects
Stanek, A., Grygiel‐Górniak, B., Brożyna-Tkaczyk, K., Myśliński, W., Cholewka, A., & Zolghadri, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061440 · Cited by 82
“7 billion adults will be overweight, and over 1 billion will be obese by 2025 if these rates do not slow down [1,2].”
BackgroundDigital twins and artificial intelligence in metabolic disease research
MOSQUERA-LOPEZ, C. M., & Jacobs, P. G. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.04.019 · Cited by 77
Kong, F., Huang, J.-H., Xu, C., Huang, T.-Y., Wen, G., & Cheng, W. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01178-8 · Cited by 88
“Globally, the prevalence of obesity, which is considered as a chronic disease, is on the rise [3, 4].”
BackgroundYu, O., Christ, J. P., Schulze‐Rath, R., Covey, J., Kelley, A., Grafton, J. R., Cronkite, D., Holden, E., Hilpert, J., Sacher, F., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.010 · Cited by 75
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Osteoarthritis Require Integrative Understanding and Management
Mocanu, V., Timofte, D. V., Zară-Dănceanu, C.-M., & Labusca, L. S. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061262 · Cited by 83
“Undoubtedly, such polarized interest has originated in the increasing worldwide incidence and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome [21].”
BackgroundThornton, P., Reader, V., Digby, Z., Smolak, P. J., Lindsay, N. A., Harrison, D., Clarke, N., & Watt, A. P. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.123.002013 · Cited by 77
“Obesity is a major public health issue, having tripled world-wide since 1975 and with the World Health Organization now declaring that at least 60% of Europeans are either obese or overweight (Hepatology, 2021; Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundKokkorakis, M., Boutari, C., Katsiki, N., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155664 · Cited by 65
Self-citationXiao, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, X., Yi, D., Li, T., Hao, Q., Zhang, F., Xu, L., & Wang, N. (2024) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-024-00360-w · Cited by 68
Liu, T., Wang, J., Tong, Y., Wu, L., Xie, Y., He, P., Lin, S., & Hu, X. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04840-x · Cited by 65
Liu, C., Zhu, S., Zhang, J., Wu, P., Wang, X., Du, S., Wang, E., Kang, Y., Song, K., & Yu, J. (2023) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-023-02040-4 · Cited by 64
“…equally belonging to the high-income region, countries, such as Japan, Korea, and Singapore, all have low obesity rates, while the United States and Canada have obesity rates that are at a higher level in the world, which leads to a significant difference in the burden of disease for NALC [32].”
BackgroundSex-specific risk factors for new-onset heart failure: the PREVEND study at 25 years
van Essen, B. J., Emmens, J. E., Tromp, J., Ouwerkerk, W., Smit, M. D., Geluk, C. A., Baumhove, L., Suthahar, N., Gansevoort, R. T., Bakker, S. J. L., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae868 · Cited by 60
“16,17 Consequently, population attributable fractions are anticipated to rise for risk factors with increasing prevalence; however, this may be counterbalanced by improved treatment of these risk factors, leading to a reduction in relative risk.”
Therapeutic advances in obesity management: an overview of the therapeutic interventions
Roomy, M. A., Hussain, K., Behbehani, H. M., Abu-Farha, J., Al-Harris, R., Ambi, A. M., Abdalla, M. A., Al‐Mulla, F., Abu‐Farha, M., & Abubaker, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1364503 · Cited by 67
Keawtep, P., Sungkarat, S., Boripuntakul, S., Sa‐nguanmoo, P., Wichayanrat, W., Chattipakorn, S. C., & Worakul, P. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-024-01580-z · Cited by 63
“Globally, the prevalence of obesity in women has dramatically escalated in all ages and ethnicities [1].”
BackgroundRuiz‐González, D., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Hernández‐Martínez, A., Baena‐Raya, A., Martínez-Forte, S., Altmäe, S., Fernández‐Alonso, A. M., & Soriano‐Maldonado, A. (2024) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmae008 · Cited by 62
“In Europe, 60% of the population has overweight or obesity (Ward et al. , 2019; Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022; World Health Organization, 2022).”
BackgroundKupikowska-Stobba, B., Niu, H., Klojdová, I., Agregán, R., Lorenzo, J. M., & Kasprzak, M. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142151 · Cited by 57
Association between plausible genetic factors and weight loss from GLP1-RA and bariatric surgery
German, J., Cordioli, M., Tozzo, V., Urbut, S., Arumäe, K., Smit, R. A. J., Lee, J., Li, J. H., Janucik, A., Ding, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03645-3 · Cited by 57
The Kidney in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies
Kounatidis, D. C., Vallianou, N. G., Stratigou, T., Voukali, M., Karampela, Ι., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2024) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-024-00583-y · Cited by 54
“Research indicates that obesity prevalence is higher in women compared to men across all age groups, while the age-standardized prevalence of obesity has surged from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019 [4].”
InfluentialPotential of postbiotics for the treatment of metabolic disorders
Mishra, N., Garg, A., Ashique, S., & Bhatt, S. (2024) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103921 · Cited by 46
Cheah, S.-Y., Aminuzzaman, M., Phang, Y.-K., Lim, S. C.-Y., Koh, M.-X., Djearamane, S., Subramaniam, H., Lim, B.-H., Li, F., Wong, L. S., et al. (2025) · Green Processing and Synthesis · doi:10.1515/gps-2024-0246 · Cited by 47
Cagrilintide: A Long-Acting Amylin Analog for the Treatment of Obesity
D’Ascanio, A. M., Mullally, J. A., & Frishman, W. H. (2024) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000513 · Cited by 46
Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk: Systematic Intervention Is the Key for Prevention
Perone, F., Pingitore, A., Conte, E., Hálasz, G., Ambrosetti, M., Peruzzi, M., & Cavarretta, E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060902 · Cited by 46
Anson, M., Henney, A. E., Broadwell, N., Zhao, S. S., Ibarburu, G. H., Lip, G. Y. H., Wilding, J. P. H., Cuthbertson, D. J., & Alam, U. (2024) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102777 · Cited by 44
Theodorakis, N., Kreouzi, M., Pappas, A., & Nikolaou, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252413438 · Cited by 43
Delcheva, G. T., Stefanova, K. I., & Stankova, T. R. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12090195 · Cited by 42
“According to a WHO report, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled since 1975, mainly due to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diets [33].”
BackgroundTranscriptional and post-transcriptional control of autophagy and adipogenesis by YBX1
Wu, R., Feng, S., Li, F., Shu, G., Wang, L., Gao, P., Zhu, X., Zhu, C., Wang, S., & Jiang, Q. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05564-y · Cited by 40
“INTRODUCTION Obesity has been rapidly prevailed over the past several decades worldwide [1].”
BackgroundOrtega, R., Liu, B., & Persaud, S. J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241310777 · Cited by 45
“The prevalence of obesity in developed countries has significantly increased in recent years, and it is predicted that one in five adults worldwide will be obese by 2025 [72,73].”
BackgroundSzczerbiński, Ł., & Florez, J. C. (2023) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00232-2 · Cited by 42
Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma
Pezzino, S., Sofia, M., Greco, L. P., Litrico, G., Filippello, G., Sarvà, I., Greca, G. L., & Latteri, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021166 · Cited by 39
Obesogenic environments as major determinants of a disease: It is time to re‐shape our cities
Verde, L., Barrea, L., Bowman-Busato, J., Yumuk, V., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3748 · Cited by 39
Essential Minerals and Metabolic Adaptation of Immune Cells
Alghamdi, M. A., Gutierrez, J., & Komarnytsky, S. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010123 · Cited by 44
“This association between excessive adiposity and deteriorated immune phenotypes is now observed worldwide, as 50–60% of the population are routinely classified as overweight or obese, and 9–12% as diabetic, in both Europe [5], Middle East and Gulf region [6], and East Asia [7].”
BackgroundEnhancing Skin Anti-Aging through Healthy Lifestyle Factors
Knaggs, H. E., & Lephart, E. D. (2023) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics10050142 · Cited by 48
Hypothalamic PNOC/NPY neurons constitute mediators of leptin-controlled energy homeostasis
Solheim, M. H., Stroganov, S., Chen, W., Subagia, P. S., Bauder, C. A., Wnuk-Lipinski, D., Río-Martín, A. D., Sotelo-Hitschfeld, T., Beddows, C. A., Klemm, P., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.04.001 · Cited by 39
Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program
Grieco, A., Huffman, K. M., Cohen, M. E., Hall, B. L., Morton, J. M., & Ko, C. Y. (2023) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2023.09.020 · Cited by 37
Carli, F., Sabatini, S., Gaggini, M., Sironi, A. M., Bedogni, G., & Gastaldelli, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914651 · Cited by 37
“Furthermore, the prevalence of cardiometabolic disease is increasing due to the steady rise of the prevalence of obesity worldwide [39], where obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m 2 .”
The Fatty Kidney and Beyond: A Silent Epidemic
Seng, N. S. H. L., Lohana, P. J. D., Chandra, S., & Jim, B. (2023) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.06.025 · Cited by 35
Serrano, N., Hyatt, J. K., Houmard, J. A., Murgia, M., & Katsanos, C. S. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2023 · Cited by 36
The Characteristics, Mechanisms and Therapeutics: Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity
Zhuang, Z., Zhou, P., Wang, J., Lu, X., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s432344 · Cited by 37
MASLD: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Sex-Based Therapies in Postmenopausal Women
Milani, I., Chinucci, M., Leonetti, F., & Capoccia, D. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13040855 · Cited by 38
“The prevalence of obesity varies by region [3,4] and is higher in women than men [72–74] across all age groups, with the highest rates observed between ages 50 and 65 [73].”
Miller, R. J. H., Yi, J., Shanbhag, A. D., Marcinkiewicz, A. M., Patel, K., Lemley, M., Ramirez, G., Geers, J., Chareonthaitawee, P., Wopperer, S. B., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf131 · Cited by 35
“Associations with adiposity are more complex; however, they are important to consider given the rapidly expanding global epidemic of obesity 45 and steeply rising rates of metabolic syndrome.”
Kokkorakis, M., Katsarou, A., Katsiki, N., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155689 · Cited by 35
Self-citationJazieh, C., Arabi, T. Z., Asim, Z., Sabbah, B. N., Alsaud, A. W., Alkattan, K., & Yaqinuddin, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1295967 · Cited by 34
Tomičić, Z., Šarić, L. Ć., & Tomičić, R. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13182866 · Cited by 34
“The number changes annually, and according to the WHO, obesity rates are increasing worldwide and reaching more than 1 billion people [1].”
BackgroundFurth, S. L., Colhoun, H. M., Kanbay, M., Kukla, A., Lim, L., MacLaughlin, H. L., Navaneethan, S. D., Shroff, R. C., Stenvinkel, P., Cheung, M., et al. (2025) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2025.09.019 · Cited by 45
Hu, K., Edelen, E. D., Zhuo, W., Khan, A. A., Orbegoso, J., Greenfield, L., Rahi, B., Griffin, M. J., Ilich, J. Z., & Kelly, O. J. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13101056 · Cited by 34
“For example, for 50–54-year-old individuals, it peaks at >50% for overweight and >25% for obesity [22]. measurements, where in the real world, not every clinic has the same instruments.”
BackgroundGuo, D. S., Zhang, M., Qi, B., Peng, T., Liu, M., Li, Z., Fu, F., Guo, Y., Li, C., Wáng, Y., et al. (2023) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-023-01241-x · Cited by 32
“The global prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, and over 1 billion people will become obese by 2025 at the current rate of increase [1].”
Liu, L., Shi, H., Xie, M., Sun, Y., & Nahata, M. C. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-024-01779-x · Cited by 39
Alexiadou, K., Hartley, A., Tan, T. M.-M., & Khamis, R. (2024) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2024.03.003 · Cited by 31
Assessment of obesity in the Indian setting: A clinical review
Sruthi, K. G., John, S. M., & Marconi, S. D. (2023) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101348 · Cited by 31
Liu, Y., Yang, J., Hilliard, T. S., Wang, Z., Johnson, J. J., Wang, W., Harper, E. I., Ott, C., O’Brien, C., Campbell, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-023-02740-y · Cited by 31
Danpanichkul, P., Auttapracha, T., Kongarin, S., Ponvilawan, B., Simadibrata, D. M., Duangsonk, K., Jaruvattanadilok, S., Saowapa, S., Suparan, K., Lui, R. N.-S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.16620 · Cited by 30
“26,27 In addition, carcinogenesis may also incorporate biological pathways relating to insulin resistance and toxic adiposity.”
Xu, W., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Liu, J., & Li, H. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13121540 · Cited by 34
Recent Advances in Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity
Kim, Y.-C., Ki, S.-W., Kim, H., Kang, S., Kim, H., & Go, G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173854 · Cited by 33
An overview of diabetes mellitus in pregnant women with obesity
Bashir, M., Fagier, Y., Ahmed, B., & Konje, J. C. (2024) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2024.102469 · Cited by 34
Herren, O. M., Gillman, A. S., Marshall, V. J., & Das, R. (2022) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.001 · Cited by 29
The key role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and management of obesity and CVD
Boutari, C., Hill, M. A., Procaccini, C., Matarese, G., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155627 · Cited by 30
Self-citationCao, X., Wang, M., Zhou, M., Mi, Y., Fazekas‐Pongor, V., Major, D., Lehoczki, A., & Guo, Y. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01180-6 · Cited by 29
Obesity, body fat distribution and eye diseases
Bosello, F., Vanzo, A., Zaffalon, C., Polinelli, L., Saggin, F., Bonacci, E., Pedrotti, E., Marchini, G., & Bosello, O. (2024) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-024-01662-8 · Cited by 35
“1) [1, 2].”
Al-Marzooqi, S. K., Almarzooqi, F., Sadida, H. Q., Jerobin, J., Ahmed, I., Abou‐Samra, A., Fakhro, K. A., Dhawan, P., Bhat, A. A., & Akil, A. A. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13766 · Cited by 33
Exploring the multifaceted factors influencing overweight and obesity: a scoping review
Jalilzadeh, M., & Goharinezhad, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540756 · Cited by 33
How high‐fat diet affects bone in mice: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Pei, L., Zhang, X., Li, B., Meng, Y., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13493 · Cited by 31
Jovanović, G. K., Janković, S., & Žeželj, S. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1019849 · Cited by 29
“The WHO recently reported that 60% of European area citizens are either overweight or obese, highlighting the implications of the obesity pandemic, especially being complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, creating a twin pandemic, and consequently increased morbidity and mortality (Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundYuan, S., Ruan, X., Sun, Y., Fu, T., Zhao, J., Deng, M., Chen, J., Li, X., & Larsson, S. C. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23857 · Cited by 29
“Overweight and obesity affect approximately 60% of adults and 30% children that causes a global pandemic (1, 2).”
BackgroundRossi, A. A., Pietrabissa, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Mannarini, S. (2024) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-024-01642-y · Cited by 31
Zhang, S., Han, S., Zheng, L., Sun, Y., & Sun, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1291093 · Cited by 27
Cui, B., Wang, G., Li, P., Li, W., Song, Z. J., Sun, X., Zhu, L., & Zhu, S. (2023) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000000066 · Cited by 28
“There is considerable evidence that obesity is associated with a signi fi cant predisposition toward cardiovascular events and acts as an important risk factor for mortality, especially in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic [2 – 4] .”
Bifidobacterium alleviate metabolic disorders via converting methionine to 5’-methylthioadenosine
Lyu, Q., Chen, R.-A., Chuang, H.-L., Zou, H.-B., Liu, L., Sung, L., Liu, P., Wu, H., Chang, H.-Y., Cheng, W.-J., et al. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2300847 · Cited by 28
Zhu, Z., Yu, M., Xu, M., Ji, X. Y., Zong, X., Zhang, Z., Shang, W., Zhang, L., & Fang, P. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118355 · Cited by 26
Excess dietary sugar and its impact on periodontal inflammation: a narrative review
Shanmugasundaram, S., & Karmakar, S. (2024) · BDJ Open · doi:10.1038/s41405-024-00265-w · Cited by 27
“This paradigm is evident with the global increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in parallel with the global rise in sugar consumption [114 – 116].”
BackgroundJakubek, P., Pakula, B., Rossmeisl, M., Pinton, P., Rimessi, A., & Wieckowski, M. R. (2024) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-024-03700-w · Cited by 30
Valenzuela‐Vallejo, L., Chrysafi, P., Bello-Ramos, J. C., Bsata, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155237 · Cited by 24
Self-citationPreclusive Strategies of Obesity to Lead a Healthy Life - A Review
Sukumaran, C., Karpagavalli, B., Hariharan, R., & Parthiban, V. (2022) · doi:10.46632/psr/1/1/7 · Cited by 25
Crucial Regulatory Role of Organokines in Relation to Metabolic Changes in Non-Diabetic Obesity
Lőrincz, H., Somodi, S., Ratku, B., Harangi, M., & Paragh, G. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13020270 · Cited by 26
“According to a recent meta-analysis the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in adults aged ≥50 years is between 7% and 13% in different regions, the highest value was detected in Europe and in South America.”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, D., Ye, J., Yan, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, H., Wang, M., Feng, Y., Li, R., Xu, X., Jiang, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1166635 · Cited by 25
“7 billion adults are expected to be overweight and more than 1 billion will be obese (Boutari and Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundColaci, C., Gambardella, M. L., Scarlata, G. G. M., Boccuto, L., Colica, C., Luzza, F., Scarpellini, E., Méndez‐Sánchez, N., & Abenavoli, L. (2024) · Hepatoma Research · doi:10.20517/2394-5079.2023.134 · Cited by 27
Jakubiak, G. K., Pawlas, N., Morawiecka-Pietrzak, M., Starzak, M., Stanek, A., & Cieślar, G. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60071080 · Cited by 25
“Obesity is becoming one of the most serious health problems in many countries around the world [1].”
BackgroundWeight cycling and its effects on muscle mass, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity
Zamboni, M., Giani, A., Fantin, F., Rossi, A. P., Mazzali, G., & Zoico, E. (2025) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09963-8 · Cited by 24
Amare, F., Alemu, Y., Enichalew, M., Demilie, Y., & Adamu, S. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00982-7 · Cited by 29
“%) among middle-aged adults (40–59 years old) [2].”
Is time of eating associated with BMI and obesity? A population-based study
Crispim, C. A., Rinaldi, A. E. M., Azeredo, C. M., Skene, D. J., & Moreno, C. R. D. C. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03282-x · Cited by 26
“The worldwide prevalence of obesity has become a major challenge for public health [1, 2], including in developing countries like Brazil, where overweight and obesity reach rates of 60.3% and 26.8%, respectively [3].”
InfluentialPreoperative Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Lucenti, L., Testa, G., Caldaci, A., Sammartino, F., Cicio, C., Ilardo, M., Sapienza, M., & Pavone, V. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12060666 · Cited by 24
“PJI, pre and postoperatively [64] (Figures 5 and 6).”
BackgroundInfluentialMihai, I., Dura, H., Teodoru, C. A., Todor, S. B., Ichim, C., Grigore, N., Mohor, C. I., Mihetiu, A. F., Oprinca, G.-C., Bacalbașa, N., et al. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14090942 · Cited by 24
Food insecurity as a risk factor of sarcopenic obesity in older adults
Fonseca-Pérez, D., Arteaga-Pazmiño, C., Maza-Moscoso, C. P., Flores-Madrid, S., & Álvarez-Córdova, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1040089 · Cited by 23
“Obesity is considered a worldwide pandemic (2), and is usually diagnosed by body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Boutari, C., & Mantzoros, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mantzoros, Christos S.
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 155217
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9107388
- OpenAlex
- W4280507423
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 331 · 2024: 344 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 27
- FWCI
- 196.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- obesity, overweight, obesity prevalence, obesity epidemiology, obesity epidemic, COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences in obesity, age-standardized prevalence, Global Burden of Disease Study, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, obesity-related comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity prevention policy
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Overweight, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
