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A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on
Open accessAbstract
The WHO just released in May 2022 a report on the state of the obesity pandemic in Europe, stating that 60% of citizens in the area of Europe are either overweight or obese, and highlighting the implications of the obesity pandemic, especially as it interacts with the COVID pandemic to create a twin pandemic, to increase morbidity and mortality. Obesity is a complex disease which has reached pandemic dimensions. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled since 1975, mainly due to the adoption of a progressively more sedentary lifestyle and the consumption of less healthy diets. We first report herein updated prevalence rates of overweight and obesity by sex, age, and region first in Europe, per the WHO report, and then worldwide between 1980 and 2019, as we analyze and present herein the data provided by the Global Burden of Disease Study. The prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men of any age and the prevalence of both overweight and obesity increases with age and has reached their highest point between the ages of 50 to 65 years showing a slight downward trend afterwards. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity has increased from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019. The American and European region have the highest obesity prevalence and the USA and Russia are the countries with the most obese residents. Given dire implications in terms of comorbidities and mortality, these updated epidemiological findings call for coordinated actions from local and regional governments, the scientific community and individual patients alike, as well as the food industry for the obesity pandemic to be controlled and alleviated. We can hopefully learn from the COVID-19 pandemic, where collaborative efforts worldwide, focused intense work at both the local and global level and well-coordinated leadership have demonstrated that humankind is capable of amazing accomplishments by leveraging science and public health, and that we can finally make strides in terms of understanding and combating the obesity pandemic and its dire comorbidities including diabetes, NAFLD, CVD and obesity associated malignancies.
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“Obesity rates are rising globally, with the age-standardized prevalence increasing from 4.6% in 1980 to 14.0% in 2019 [1].”
From Beyond Calories: Individual Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations Driving Variability in Weight Management—A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Obesity, characterized by excessive body fat deposits, is a major global health concern [ 1 ].”
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“These trends under-score an urgent need for effective interventions and a deeper understanding of obesity’s pathogenesis [3].”
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The impact of obesity or overweight on the risk of glaucoma: a meta-analysis
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“In recent decades, the global prevalence of obesity has risen sharply, with one in eight people now classified as obese, marking a two-fold increase in adults and a fourfold increase in adolescents since 1990 [13].”
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“Among these, obesity has emerged as a major concern due to its rising prevalence worldwide [3, 4].”
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“The clinical significance of obesity is determined not merely by excess fat accumulation but by its heterogeneous metabolic consequences, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, and cardiovascular disease [3,4].”
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“This process ultimately facilitates the initiation and progression of insulin resistance [15–17].”
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“This suggests that the trend with an increasing part of overweight or obese people world-wide and in all age groups recognized as an obesity pandemic (Boutari & Mantzoros, 2022) also exists among Faroese octogenarians.”
BackgroundKerbage, A., Annan, K. A., Brunaldi, V., Razzak, F. A., Abboud, D. M., Gala, K. S., Ghanem, O. M., & Dayyeh, B. K. A. (2023) · VideoGIE · doi:10.1016/j.vgie.2023.02.005 · Cited by 2
Bidirectionality between Cardiometabolic Diseases and COVID-19: Role of Humoral Immunity
Yu, E. A., Jackman, R. P., Glesby, M. J., & Narayan, K. V. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.003 · Cited by 2
Momb, B. A., Szabo, G. K., Mogus, J. P., Chipkin, S. R., Vandenberg, L. N., & Miller, M. S. (2023) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqad132 · Cited by 2
Shah, P., Sawhney, A., Anamika, F., Kanagala, S. G., Parikh, K., Mendpara, V. A., Garg, N., & Jain, R. (2023) · Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0118715257267341231031120105 · Cited by 2
2023 Update in ambulatory general internal medicine
Alexander, J. T., Singh, S. K., Shah, S. D., Lambert, B., & Smith, J. P. (2024) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.91a.23056 · Cited by 2
“27 For people who are obese, losing as little as 5% to 10% of body weight helps to improve cardiovascular risk factors, and losing more has even greater benefi t. 28 Major guidelines continue to recommend low-calorie diets, exercise, and comprehensive lifestyle management plans as cornerstones of…”
BackgroundZhan, H., Qichun, C., Liu, T., Shi, Y., Pei, J., Zou, L., & Wang, L. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s447847 · Cited by 2
Yin, R., Ahern, A. L., Lafortune, L., Griffin, S. J., Strelitz, J., & Mueller, J. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111607 · Cited by 2
Bakar, M. F. A. (2024) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2024.100388 · Cited by 2
Weight loss with GLP-1 analogues in preparation for transplantation
O’Callaghan, M., le Roux, C. W., Fabre, A., & McCarthy, C. (2024) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2023-256099 · Cited by 2
Pre-pubertal obesity compromises ovarian oxidative stress, DNA repair and chemical biotransformation
Timme, K., González-Alvarez, M. E., & Keating, A. F. (2024) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2024.116981 · Cited by 2
Effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system: A mendelian randomization study
Ran, Q., Li, A., Li, R., Dong, Y., Xiao, X., Wang, K., Chen, H., & He, B. (2024) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2024.06.001 · Cited by 2
The complex web of obesity: from genetics to precision medicine
Nair, J. M., & Bharadwaj, D. (2024) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2024.2365785 · Cited by 3
“The World Health Organization warns of a looming global obesity crisis, projecting that unchecked current trends will lead to a staggering 2.7 billion adults classified as overweight and over 1 billion as obese by 2025 [24].”
InfluentialRaharjo, S., Giang, N. T., Azidin, R. M. F. R., Fitri, M., Yunus, M., & Pelana, R. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v57.104733 · Cited by 2
“Being inactive and eating unhealthy is a well-known cause of obesity and other health problems (Boutari & Mantzoros, 2022).”
BackgroundThe impact of metabolic syndrome on short term radical cystectomy complications
Dahmen, A. S., Lazarovich, A., Nusbaum, D. J., Katebian, B., Modi, P. K., & Agarwal, P. K. (2024) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.06.020 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Boutari, C., & Mantzoros, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mantzoros, Christos S.
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 155217
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9107388
- OpenAlex
- W4280507423
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 331 · 2024: 344 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 27
- FWCI
- 196.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- obesity, overweight, obesity prevalence, obesity epidemiology, obesity epidemic, COVID-19 pandemic, sex differences in obesity, age-standardized prevalence, Global Burden of Disease Study, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, obesity-related comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity prevention policy
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Overweight, Pandemics
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