AUTACs: Cargo-Specific Degraders Using Selective Autophagy
Open accessAbstract
Protein silencing represents an essential tool in biomedical research. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategies exemplified by PROTACs are rapidly emerging as modalities in drug discovery. However, the scope of current TPD techniques is limited because many intracellular materials are not substrates of proteasomal clearance. Here, we described a novel targeted-clearance strategy (autophagy-targeting chimera [AUTAC]) that contains a degradation tag (guanine derivatives) and a warhead to provide target specificity. As expected from the substrate scope of autophagy, AUTAC degraded fragmented mitochondria as well as proteins. Mitochondria-targeted AUTAC accelerated both the removal of dysfunctional fragmented mitochondria and the biogenesis of functionally normal mitochondria in patient-derived fibroblast cells. Cytoprotective effects against acute mitochondrial injuries were also seen. Canonical autophagy is viewed as a nonselective bulk decomposition system, and none of the available autophagy-inducing agents exhibit useful cargo selectivity. With its target specificity, AUTAC provides a new modality for research on autophagy-based drugs.
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AUTAC is the pioneering technique for harnessing the lysosomal autophagic pathway to degrade target proteins; AUTAC molecules designed by connecting target protein or organelle ligands to autophagosome-recruiting tags through linkers successfully degraded MetAP2, FKB12, BRD4, and other disease-related target proteins.
“Autophagy-targeted chimeras (AUTAC) represent the pioneering technique for harnessing the lysosomal autophagic pathway to degrade target proteins. In 2019, Takahashi et al. developed AUTAC, building upon the understanding that endogenous 8-nitroguanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) is a vital signaling molecule for cellular recruitment of autophagosomes. The researchers designed a”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [542]
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“Other bivalent degraders follow a similar logic: lysosome-targeting chimeras (lytAcs) engage lysosomal degradation pathways (Banik et al. 2020) whereas autophagy-targeting chime-ras (AutAcs) interact with autophagosomal components to initiate autophagy (li et al. 2019; takahashi et al. 2019).”
- Authors
- Takahashi, D., Moriyama, J., Nakamura, T., Miki, E., Takahashi, E., Sato, A., Akaike, T., Itto-Nakama, K., & Arimoto, H.
- Affiliations
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Arimoto, Hirokazu
- Venue
- Molecular Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 797-810.e10
- ISSN
- 1097-2765 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2980052892
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 39.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- KAKENHI (JP15H0117, JP16H03289, JP17K19190, JP18H04604, JP18H04377, JP19H02844, JP25282236, JP26102706)
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP18ae0101048, JP18am0101100, JP19ae0101048)
- Naito Foundation
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Degradation and Inhibitors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Keywords
- targeted protein degradation, selective autophagy, PROTACs, guanine derivatives, mitochondrial clearance, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fragmentation, cargo specificity, cytoprotection
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy-Related Proteins, PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase, Autophagy, Cell Line, Guanine, Humans, Mitochondria, Protein Kinases, Protein Engineering, Protein Stability, Proteolysis, Mitophagy
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