Pathogenic features of CD4+CD28– T cells in immune disorders
Abstract
Aging of the immune system contributes to the increased morbidity and mortality of the elderly population and may occur prematurely in patients with immune disorders. One of the main characteristics of immunosenescence is the expansion of CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells in the blood. These cells are effector memory T cells with cytotoxic capacity, and have been recently described to have pathogenic potential in a variety of immune disorders. Interestingly, CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells have now been found to infiltrate target tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myopathies, acute coronary syndromes, and other immune-related diseases. In this review, we discuss potential factors and mechanisms that may induce the expansion of these cells, as well as their putative pathogenic mechanisms in immune disorders.
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A hallmark of immune aging is the accumulation of end-differentiated effector T cells that lack CD28.
“A hallmark of immune aging is the accumulation of end-differentiated effector T cells which typically lack expression of the costimulatory receptor CD28 (Table 1) [19,20].”
From T-cell aging in rheumatoid arthritis (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
CD8+CD28− T cells regularly accompany aging, whereas CD4+CD28− T cells are usually present at lower frequencies.
“CD8+CD28− T cells regularly accompany the aging process, whereas CD4+CD28− T cells are typically present at lower frequencies.”
From T-cell aging in rheumatoid arthritis (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Broux, B., Markovic-Plese, S., Stinissen, P., & Hellings, N.
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- Transnational University Limburg (NL)
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- Universiteit Hasselt
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- CD4+CD28- T cells, immunosenescence, effector memory T cells, T cell exhaustion, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myopathy, acute coronary syndrome, immune disorders, pathophysiological mechanisms, T cell expansion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune System, Immune System Diseases, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD28 Antigens
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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