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Cited by 68Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and TreatmentNanoplatforms for cancer theranosticsThyroid and Parathyroid Surgery

Optical diagnostic imaging and therapy for thyroid cancer

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Shao, Chengying, Li, Zhenfang, Zhang, Chengchi, Zhang, Wanchen, He, Ru, Xu, Jiajie, Cai, Yu·2022·Materials Today Bio
DOI 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100441PMC PMC9640994
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Abstract

Thyroid cancer, as one of the most common endocrine cancers, has seen a surge in incidence in recent years. This is most likely due to the lack of specificity and accuracy of its traditional diagnostic modalities, leading to the overdiagnosis of thyroid nodules. Although there are several treatment options available, they are limited to surgery and 131I radiation therapy that come with significant side effects and hence cannot meet the treatment needs of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with very high malignancy. Optical imaging that utilizes optical absorption, refraction and scattering properties, not only observes the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, or even the whole organism to assist in diagnosis, but can also be used to perform optical therapy to achieve targeted non-invasive and precise treatment of thyroid cancer. These applications of screening, diagnosis, and treatment, lend to optical imaging's promising potential within the realm of thyroid cancer surgical navigation. Over the past decade, research on optical imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer has been growing year by year, but no comprehensive review on this topic has been published. Here, we review key advances in the application of optical imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer and discuss the challenges and potential for clinical translation of this technology.

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  • Tissue hypoxia causes reduced ROS production and decreased PDT effectiveness, particularly in deeper solid tumors.

    “Hypoxia of the tissue undergoing therapy causes reduced production of ROS and a decrease in the effectiveness of the treatment, which is particularly noticeable in solid tumors located deeper.”

    From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Photodynamic therapy (PDT) section (page unavailable) identifies oxygen as a component of PDT and says that a hypoxic tumor microenvironment hinders its efficacy. This supports the claim’s core mechanism, but the paper does not say that the effect is particularly pronounced in deeper solid tumors; its discussion of deep organs concerns how to deliver light. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDT has no long-term side effects.

    “no long-term side effects”

    From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Photodynamic therapy (PDT) section (page unavailable) describes PDT as having fewer side effects. It does not say that PDT has no side effects or establish an absence of long-term side effects; the claim turns a comparative advantage into an absolute assurance. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Average survival of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer using current therapies is estimated at 4-6 months, with approximately 35% achieving 6-month survival.

    “The average age of onset is 65-70 years, and the average survival of patients with ATC using currently used therapies is estimated at 4-6 months, with approximately 35% of patients achieving 6-month survival. [6,16,18].”

    From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) reports median overall survival of 3.9 months with palliative care, broadly consistent with the lower end of the claimed range. It also reports 21 months with multimodal therapy, so it does not support a general 4–6-month estimate across current therapies; our copy does not give the claimed 35% six-month survival figure. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In DTC, the photosensitizer used is mainly porphyrin-HDL nanoparticle (PLP).

    “In DTC, the PS used is mainly porphyrin-HDL nanoparticle (PLP).”

    From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [6]

    Table 3 in the Photodynamic therapy (PDT) section lists porphyrin-HDL nanoparticle (PLP) as a photosensitizer for DTC, and the accompanying text describes PLP-mediated PDT in preclinical thyroid-cancer models. The paper does not establish that PLP is the photosensitizer mainly used in DTC; that prevalence claim goes beyond the evidence shown. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDT offers a chance to improve prognosis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer due to concentration on pathological cells and possibility of combining with other therapeutic methods.

    “PDT, due to its concentration on pathological cells and the possibility of combining with other therapeutic methods, offers a chance to improve the prognosis of patients with this disease. [6]”

    From Photodynamic Therapy for Thyroid Cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Photodynamic therapy (PDT) section says PDT can be combined with other treatments and describes targeted systems that kill thyroid tumor cells locally. The Combined treatment for TC section reports that PDT with carboplatin may inhibit anaplastic thyroid tumor development. However, the paper identifies weak targeting as a limitation of PDT itself, and the cited evidence does not show improved prognosis in patients. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Shao, C., Li, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, W., He, R., Xu, J., & Cai, Y.
Affiliations
  • Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (CN)
  • Hangzhou Medical College (CN)
  • Zhejiang University of Technology (CN)
  • Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Xu, Jiajie
  • Cai, Yu
ORCID
Venue
Materials Today Bio
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-12
Volume
17
Pages
100441
ISSN
2590-0064 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100441
PMC
PMC9640994
OpenAlex
W4297092888
Cited by
68
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 11
FWCI
1.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Materials Today Bio (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY21H160049)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Keywords
thyroid cancer, optical imaging, optical therapy, thyroid nodules, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, surgical navigation, overdiagnosis, iodine-131 therapy, non-invasive cancer treatment, clinical translation

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