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Frequency-modulated 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations: a tool for uncovering the molecular substrates of positive affect
Abstract
The evidence that frequency modulated (FM) 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) reflect a positive emotional state in rats is reviewed. Positive emotional states in humans are measured by facial-vocal displays (e.g., Duchenne smiling and laughter), approach behavior, and subjective self-report of feeling states. In laboratory animals, only facial-vocal displays, along with approach behavior can be measured. FM 50 kHz USVs are uniquely elevated by hedonic stimuli and suppressed by aversive stimuli. Rates of FM 50 kHz USVs are positively correlated to the rewarding value of the eliciting stimulus. Additionally, playbacks of these vocalizations are rewarding. The neural and pharmacological substrates of 50 kHz USVs are consistent with those of human positive affective states. By experimentally eliciting FM 50 kHz USVs, the novel molecular underpinning of positive affect can be elucidated and may be similar to those in humans. In humans, positive emotional states confer resilience to depression and anxiety, as well as promote overall health. Using rough-and-tumble play induced hedonic USVs, we have identified insulin like growth factor I and the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor as playing a functional role in positive affective states. From this research, we have developed a promising new class of antidepressants that is entering phase II clinical trials for the treatment of depression.
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“While the field of 50 kHz call classification is relatively novel, evidence suggests that frequency-modulated calls, particularly those with a trill component, are indicative of positive affect.7,11”
From Ultrasonic Vocalization Analysis as a Novel Metric to Assess Cage Enrichment in Rats (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Burgdorf, J., Panksepp, J., & Moskal, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burgdorf, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1831-1836
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052667603
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- ultrasonic vocalizations, 50-kHz vocalizations, positive affect, rats, rough-and-tumble play, insulin-like growth factor I, NR2B subunit, antidepressants, depression, reward, aversive stimuli, neural substrates of emotion
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Animals, Brain, Breeding, Humans, Male, Molecular Biology, Social Isolation, Ultrasonics, Vocalization, Animal, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats, Pleasure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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