Increased error-related brain activity in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders
Open accessAbstract
The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential after an incorrect response that is thought to reflect activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and is often increased in patients with anxiety disorders. This study measured the ERN and correct response negativity (CRN) during an Eriksen flanker task to assess performance monitoring in 26 youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 13 youth with a non-OCD anxiety disorder consisting of either generalized anxiety disorder or separation anxiety disorder, and 27 age-matched healthy controls ranging in age from 8 to 16 years. Compared to healthy controls, ERN amplitude was significantly increased in patients with either OCD or a non-OCD anxiety disorder. There were no significant group differences in CRN amplitude. Treatment with a serotonergic antidepressant or cognitive-behavior therapy had no effect on the ERN in patients. Scores from the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-oriented anxiety problems scale had a significant correlation with ERN amplitude in all subjects. The results provide further evidence that the pathophysiology of OCD and some non-OCD anxiety disorders involves increased ACC activity and that the ERN may serve as a quantitative phenotype in genetic and longitudinal studies of these complex traits.
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The association between ERN amplitude and post-error slowing in study [34] was not specific to OCD.
“its association with post-error slowing in study [34] was not specific to OCD;”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The Results (page unavailable) report a significant association between ERN amplitude and post-error slowing across all subjects, a sample that included youth with OCD, non-OCD anxiety disorders, and healthy controls. The paper does not report that this association holds separately outside the OCD group, so its lack of specificity to OCD is not established. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased ERN amplitude is an endophenotype of a predisposition to develop the pathology.
“confirming that increased ERN amplitude is an endophenotype of a predisposition to develop the pathology.”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction (page not specified) reports increased ERN amplitude in unaffected first-degree relatives of people with OCD, and the Discussion describes enlarged ERN as a trait-like measure. But the Discussion calls it a promising biomarker for future genetic and longitudinal studies; it does not confirm that increased ERN is an endophenotype predicting a predisposition to develop a disorder. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis increase is also seen in siblings not expressing the disease.
“This increase is also seen in siblings not expressing the disease [25, 33–35]”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Introduction reports increased ERN amplitude in unaffected first-degree relatives of people with OCD, supporting the point that the increase can occur without clinical symptoms. It does not specify that those relatives were siblings, and this study did not test siblings. The supplied copy gives no page number for the passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn most pediatric studies reviewed, only the amplitude of the ERN/CRN component was measured and statistically analyzed, but close examination of Pe/Pc tracings revealed that in most of them, the amplitude of the Pe component appeared substantially smaller in children with OCD than in control children or adolescents.
“In most cases, only the amplitude of the ERN/CRN component was measured and statistically analyzed. However, close examination of the Pe/Pc tracings obtained in these studies revealed that in most of them, the amplitude of the Pe component appeared to be substantially smaller in children with OCD than in control children or adolescents [25, 33–36, 64, 65].”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn paediatric samples, youths with OCD repeatedly showed enlarged ERN amplitudes relative to healthy controls during modified Eriksen flanker tasks.
“In paediatric samples, youths with OCD repeatedly showed enlarged ERN amplitudes relative to healthy controls during modified Eriksen flanker tasks [33,34,37,38,39,40,45,50].”
The enlarged ERN effect in paediatric OCD was generally specific to error processing, because the correct-response negativity was often unchanged.
“This effect was generally specific to error processing, because the correct-response negativity was often unchanged, suggesting that the abnormality did not simply reflect a general increase in response-related activity [34,37,38,40,42].”
In some studies, enlarged ERN appeared even when OCD patients and controls did not differ in reaction times, number of errors, or post-error slowing.
“In some studies, this enlarged ERN appeared even when OCD patients and controls did not differ in reaction times, number of errors, or post-error slowing [33,34,40,42], indicating that heightened error-monitoring activity can be present without overt cognitive-performance impairment.”
Enhanced ERN was also observed in health anxiety and non-OCD anxiety disorders.
“Transdiagnostic findings further complicate the interpretation, because enhanced ERN was also observed in health anxiety and non-OCD anxiety disorders [34,51].”
The ERN literature was strengthened by several studies with a moderate overall risk of bias.
“The ERN literature was comparatively strengthened by the presence of several studies with a moderate overall risk of bias [32,34,42,45,50].”
The increased ERN amplitude is also found in patients' family members unaffected by the pathology.
“The increased ERN amplitude is also found in patients’ family members unaffected by the pathology and would thus be an endophenotype of the predisposition of families to develop the pathology [25, 26].”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
As in adult OCD patients, children and adolescents with OCD show an increase in ERN amplitude compared to age-matched control participants.
“As in adult OCD patients, children and adolescents with OCD show an increase in ERN amplitude compared to age‐matched control participants.”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Increased ERN amplitude would thus be an endophenotype of the predisposition of families to develop the pathology.
“would thus be an endophenotype of the predisposition of families to develop the pathology [25, 26].”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The apparent decrease in Pe amplitude was not observed in unaffected siblings.
“Moreover, this apparent decrease in Pe amplitude was not observed in unaffected siblings [25].”
From Error-Related Brain Potentials as Biomarkers of Pathology Severity and Treatment Resistance in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Methods and Results discuss ERN and CRN amplitudes, but do not report Pe amplitude or a comparison involving unaffected siblings (page unavailable). The Introduction mentions increased ERN in unaffected first-degree relatives, which does not establish whether a decrease in Pe was absent in siblings. Searches for Pe amplitude and unaffected siblings found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“In studies using tasks eliciting response conflict, ERN amplitude has been increased in adult patients with OCD [5,6,9,10,29,33,37], undergraduates with self-reported obsessivecompulsive (OC) symptoms [14], pediatric patients with OCD [3,12,15], and children with parent-reported OC symptoms [31].”
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“As in studies of OC symptoms, ERN amplitude has been increased in studies of adult patients with GAD [35,37], undergraduates reporting high levels of worry relative to phobic and non-anxious control subjects [13], and pediatric patients with GAD and other anxiety disorders [20], indicating that an enlarged ERN is not…”
ResultO'Connell, R. G., Dockree, P. M., Bellgrove, M. A., Kelly, S. P., Hester, R., Garavan, H., Robertson, I. H., & Foxe, J. J. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05477.x · Cited by 379 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The error-related negativity (ERN) or error negativity (Ne) is a negative deflection in the response-locked event-related potential that peaks within 100 msec following an erroneous response [10], which can be evoked by errors committed outside of conscious awareness [25].”
BackgroundError-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“Finally, there was no significant difference in the ERN between OCD patients with and without a history of GAD or SAD (F1,23 = 1.79, p = 0.19).”
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“ERN amplitude generally increases with age, which may reflect ACC maturation [4].”
BackgroundThe Error-Related Negativity (ERN/Ne)
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“The error-related negativity (ERN) or error negativity (Ne) is a negative deflection in the response-locked event-related potential that peaks within 100 msec following an erroneous response [10], which can be evoked by errors committed outside of conscious awareness [25].”
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“In studies using tasks eliciting response conflict, ERN amplitude has been increased in adult patients with OCD [5,6,9,10,29,33,37], undergraduates with self-reported obsessivecompulsive (OC) symptoms [14], pediatric patients with OCD [3,12,15], and children with parent-reported OC symptoms [31].”
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“As in studies of OC symptoms, ERN amplitude has been increased in studies of adult patients with GAD [35,37], undergraduates reporting high levels of worry relative to phobic and non-anxious control subjects [13], and pediatric patients with GAD and other anxiety disorders [20], indicating that an enlarged ERN is not…”
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“The enlarged ERN observed in these anxiety disorders may reflect other features common to them, including perfectionism, excessive concern over errors, increased intolerance of uncertainty, and negative affect [35,36].”
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“The observation of increased error-related brain activity in patients with obsessions, compulsions, or excessive worries is consistent with the hypothesis that these symptoms are associated with defects in an errordetection system, which may give rise to repeated doubts about actions and excessive concern about potent…”
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“Our results also provide added evidence that an enlarged ERN in OCD patients is a more trait-like measure that appears independent of OC symptom severity, current diagnostic status, or treatment effects [3,6,12,15,29,33].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPerformance monitoring and error significance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“Consistent with previous studies finding no effect of serotonergic antidepressants on the ERN [6,29,33], patients were included if they were taking a stable dose of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) but no other psychotropic medications.”
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“Finally, there was no significant difference in the ERN between OCD patients with and without a history of GAD or SAD (F1,23 = 1.79, p = 0.19).”
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“ERN amplitude was compared between the three groups using a repeated-measure analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with error trial number [3,15] and age [24] included as covariates.”
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“In studies using tasks eliciting response conflict, ERN amplitude has been increased in adult patients with OCD [5,6,9,10,29,33,37], undergraduates with self-reported obsessivecompulsive (OC) symptoms [14], pediatric patients with OCD [3,12,15], and children with parent-reported OC symptoms [31].”
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“Finally, there was no significant difference in the ERN between OCD patients with and without a history of GAD or SAD (F1,23 = 1.79, p = 0.19).”
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“Consistent with previous studies finding no effect of serotonergic antidepressants on the ERN [6,29,33], patients were included if they were taking a stable dose of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) but no other psychotropic medications.”
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“ERN amplitude was compared between the three groups using a repeated-measure analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with error trial number [3,15] and age [24] included as covariates.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationLocalization of the magnetic equivalent of the ERN and induced oscillatory brain activity
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Error-Related Negativity and Tic History in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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“However, since recent studies with children suggest their ERN is slightly more posterior but temporally similar to the adult ERN [23], the focus of the data presented herein is the ERN at Cz.”
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The erring brain: Error‐related negativity as an endophenotype for OCD—A review and meta‐analysis
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“There is consistent evidence that OCD in youth and adults is characterized by an enhanced ERN (e.g., Carrasco et al., 2013b; Endrass and Ullsperger, 2014; Gehring et al., 2000).”
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“In particular, larger ERN signals have been observed in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other anxiety disorders [90], [92], [93]; whereas, ADHD and substance use disorders (SUDs) have been linked to reduced ERN [94]–[96].”
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“with post-error behavior (e.g. Aarts & Pourtois, 2010; 2012; Carrasco et al., 2013; Hajcak & Simons, 2002; Hajcak et al., 2003; Hajcak et al., 2008; Hanna et al., 2012; Meyer et al., in press; Moran et al., 2012; Weinberg et al., 2010; 2012).”
BackgroundBellato, A., Norman, L., Idrees, I., Ogawa, C. Y., Waitt, A., Zuccolo, P. F., Tye, C., Radua, J., Groom, M. J., & Shephard, E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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“[134] ANX: 11.”
Boen, R., Quintana, D. S., Ladouceur, C. D., & Tamnes, C. K. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Error-related brain activity dissociates hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mathews, C. A., Perez, V. B., Roach, B. J., Fekri, S. M., Vigil, O., Kupferman, E., & Mathalon, D. H. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001889 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A dimensional investigation of error-related negativity (ERN) and self-reported psychiatric symptoms
Seow, T. X. F., Benoit, E., Dempsey, C., Jennings, M., Maxwell, A., McDonough, M., & Gillan, C. M. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.09.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…disorder (Franken et al., 2007; Sokhadze et al., 2008), while enhanced ERN amplitudes are consistently seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (Carrasco et al., 2013b; Endrass et al., 2014, 2008; Endrass and Ullsperger, 2014; Klawohn et al., 2014), social anxiety disorder (Endrass et al.,…”
Marzuki, A. A., Pereira de Souza, A. M. F. L., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
What happens when children encounter an error?
Smulders, S. F. A., Soetens, E. L. L., & van der Molen, M. W. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.02.004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Denervaud, S., Knebel, J., Immordino‐Yang, M. H., & Hagmann, P. (2020) · Mind, Brain, and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12233 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…Segalowitz, & Gavin, 2004; Ladouceur, Dahl, & Carter, 2007; Santesso, Segalowitz, & 53 Schmidt, 2006), and sometimes increasing (Santesso & Segalowitz, 2008) or decreasing 54 (Carrasco et al., 2013; Hajcak, Franklin, Foa, & Simons, 2008; Smulders, Soetens, & van der 55 Molen, 2016) PES across age.”
The impact of dyspnea and threat of dyspnea on error processing
Sucec, J., Herzog, M., Diest, I. V., den Bergh, O. V., & von Leupoldt, A. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13278 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Diagnostic Biomarker for Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder Using the Error-Related Negativity
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Rough, H. E., Surapaneni, M., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01021-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationJenkins, L. M., Stange, J. P., Bessette, K. L., Chang, Y.-S., Corwin, S. D., Skerrett, K. A., Patrón, V. G., Zubieta, J., Crane, N. A., Passarotti, A. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.082 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Convergence for cognitive control monitoring as a core feature of disruption in anxiety disorders is illustrated best by electroencephalography (EEG) studies (Carrasco et al., 2013; Moser et al., 2013), whereby there is exaggerated response monitoring, as demonstrated by a heightened error-related negativity (ERN) of…”
BackgroundChallenges in developing drugs for pediatric CNS disorders: A focus on psychopharmacology
Grabb, M. C., & Gobburu, J. V. S. (2016) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Post-error slowing in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders
Rueppel, M., Mannella, K. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Schroder, H. S. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00976-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationError-processing abnormalities in pediatric anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders
Fitzgerald, K. D., & Taylor, S. F. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000036 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationFontenelle, L. F., Oldenhof, E., Moreira‐de‐Oliveira, M. E., Abramowitz, J. S., Antony, M. M., Cath, D. C., Carter, A., Dougherty, D. D., Ferrão, Y. A., Figee, M., et al. (2020) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867420912327 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…by the current study, given the fact that increased performance monitoring is evidenced across generalized anxiety disorder (Weinberg et al., 2015), separation anxiety disorder (Carrasco et al., 2013), social anxiety disorder (Riesel et al., 2014) and illness anxiety disorder (Riesel et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTowards a computational psychiatry of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder
Loosen, A. M., & Hauser, T. U. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Marshall, A. C., Cooper, N. R., & Geeraert, N. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Different temporal dynamics after conflicts and errors in children and adults
Dubravac, M., Roebers, C. M., & Meier, B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238221 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In line, other studies also found a decrease in post-error slowing with age [10,31,32,41].”
ResultKo, K. Y., Jones, A., Francis, D. A., Robidoux, S., & McArthur, G. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3388 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Watanabe, T., Tsutou, K., Saito, K., Ishida, K., Tanabe, S., & Nojima, I. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4733-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The finding that those two negativities are affected differently by several pathological conditions as well as aging further supports the latter view (e.g., Araki et al. 2013; Carrasco et al. 2013).”
ResultAge‐related qualitative differences in post‐error cognitive control adjustments
Dubravac, M., Roebers, C. M., & Meier, B. (2022) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12403 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Padrón, I., Rey, J. F., Acuña, C., & Pardo‐Vázquez, J. L. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.025 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kim, J. S., Lee, Y. J., & Shim, S.-H. (2021) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.210012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Transdiagnostic Approach to Obsessions, Compulsions and Related Phenomena
Fontenelle, L. F., & Yücel, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108164313.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Takashima, S., Najman, F., & Ramos, R. T. (2019) · Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.06.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Transdiagnostic Approach to Obsessions, Compulsions and Related Phenomena
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108164313 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Keller, A. S., Ling, R., & Williams, L. M. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00963-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Our finding that a dimension of generalized anxiety was associated significantly with behavioral performance on a spatial selective attention task builds upon prior mixed findings regarding whether or not anxiety is associated with spatial attention decrements (Carrasco et al., 2013; Kujawa et al., 2016; Ladouceur et…”
ResultHärpfer, K., Carsten, H. P., Kausche, F. M., & Riesel, A. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9505414 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies compared two or more disorder categories with each other and/or a control group (e.g., [68, 74 – 77]).”
Impact of pubertal timing and depression on error‐related brain activity in anxious youth
Peters, A. T., Burkhouse, K. L., Kujawa, A., Afshar, K., Fitzgerald, K. D., Monk, C. S., Hajcak, G., & Phan, K. L. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21763 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional and Nonemotional Conflict Processing in Pediatric and Adult Anxiety Disorders
Gold, A. L., Jarcho, J. M., Rosen, D. K., Pine, D. S., & Monique Ernst, D. (2015) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0066 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“2012), the ERN is not typically associated with anxiety in behavioral differences such as error rates or post-error slowing across studies (Hajcak and Simons 2002; Ladouceur et al. 2006; Hajcak et al. 2008; Santesso et al. 2010; Carrasco et al. 2013; Lahat et al. 2014).”
Error-related brain activity associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youth
Becker, H., Liu, Y., Hanna, G. L., Bilek, E., Block, S. R., Hardee, J. E., Heitzeg, M. M., Pagliaccio, D., Marsh, R., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2941 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The association of greater error-related dACCactivitywith lessOCS in a community sample of youth extends prior work demonstrating atypical pMFC response to errors in patients with OCD (Carrasco et al., 2013; Norman et al., 2019; Riesel et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTan, J. X. Y., & Liu, P. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01263-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Targeting cognitive control to reduce anxiety in very young children: A proof of concept study
Schroder, H. S., Ip, K. I., Hruschak, J. L., Horbatch, F. J., Hall, M., Liu, Y., Mannella, K. A., Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Moser, J. S., et al. (2022) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23270 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Increased ERN has also been documented among older children and adolescents with anxiety and OCD disorders (e.g., Carrasco et al., 2013; Hajcak et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationArnold, P. D., & Kronenberg, S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch60 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The impact of punishment on error‐related brain activity in children
Cole, S. L., Cibrian, E., Mirzadegan, I. A., & Meyer, A. M. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22318 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Vahedi, J., Bahic, A., Chaliani, I., Schilbach, L., Ciupka‐Schön, B., Bellebaum, C., Pietrowsky, R., & Peterburs, J. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70142 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In line with that, overactive error monitoring as indexed by enhanced ERN amplitudes is not exclusive to OCD but has also been observed in various anxiety disorders (e.g., Carrasco et al. 2013; Endrass et al. 2014; Riesel et al. 2017; Weinberg et al. 2010).”
Lamothe, H., Vandevelde, A., Kaladjian, H., Burguière, E., & Delorme, R. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02707-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Considering the methods, we found that the Ann Arbor group [44, 48–53] used highly comparable methods across studies (including patient age, percentage of females included, percentage of treated patients, task parameters, and recording procedures), which differed from the studies conducted outside…”
InfluentialHuerta-Albarrán, R., Poblano, A., Santana‐Vargas, D., Castro-Sierra, E., Haro, R., & Garza-Morales, S. J. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20140227 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Error-related negativity: neurocognitive transdiagnostic marker of anxiety disorders
Анатольевна, С. О., Truevtsev, D. V., & Zhirnova, O. V. (2021) · Neurology Bulletin · doi:10.17816/nb58800 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Influence of Room Size on Error Monitoring: Evidence from Event-Related Potential Responses
Luo, C., Christopoulos, G. I., Roberts, A. C., Pillay, A., & Soh, C. K. (2018) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96059-3_43 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“For example, case-control and correlational studies indicate that clinical anxiety is associated with heightened error processing (4 – 6).”
Buzzell, G. A., Niu, Y., Machado, E., Dickinson, R., Moser, J. S., Morales, S., & Troller‐Renfree, S. V. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609944 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Moreover, this apparent decrease in Pe amplitude was not observed in unaffected siblings [25].”
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“It has been observed in individuals with high trait anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder (Carrasco et al., 2013b; Cole et al., 2023; Hajcak, 2012; Proudfit et al., 2013).”
Novel biomarkers for treatment response prediction: New fix or mere optics
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- Authors
- Carrasco, M., Hong, C., Nienhuis, J. K., Harbin, S. M., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., & Hanna, G. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hanna, Gregory L.
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 541
- Pages
- 214-218
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3636987
- OpenAlex
- W1981772989
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- International OCD Foundation
- Dana Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- error-related negativity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, anterior cingulate cortex, performance monitoring, flanker task, correct response negativity, serotonergic antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy, Child Behavior Checklist, quantitative phenotypes, youth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Case-Control Studies, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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