Error-related brain activity in the age of RDoC: A review of the literature

Weinberg, Anna; Dieterich, Raoul; Riesel, Anja

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.029

Cited by 179Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Error-related brain activity in the age of RDoC: A review of the literature

Weinberg, Anna, Dieterich, Raoul, Riesel, Anja·2015·International Journal of Psychophysiology

DOI 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.029

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Abstract

The ability to detect and respond to errors is critical to successful adaptation to a changing environment. The error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential (ERP) component, is a well-validated neural response to errors and reflects the error monitoring activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Additionally, the ERN is implicated in several processes key to adaptive functioning. Abnormalities in error-related brain activity have been linked to multiple forms of psychopathology and individual differences. As such, the component is likely to be useful in NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to establish biologically-meaningful dimensions of psychological dysfunction, and currently appears as a unit of measurement in three RDoC domains: Positive Valence Systems, Negative Valence Systems, and Cognitive Systems. In this review paper, we introduce the ERN and discuss evidence related to its psychometric properties, as well as important task differences. Following this, we discuss evidence linking the ERN to clinically diverse forms of psychopathology, as well as the implications of one unit of measurement appearing in multiple RDoC dimensions. And finally, we discuss important future directions, as well as research pathways by which the ERN might be leveraged to track the ways in which dysfunctions in multiple neural systems interact to influence psychological well-being.

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Treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor has no effect on the ERN.
“Because studies have indicated that treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) has no effect on the ERN, 55 patients were enrolled taking a stable dose of an SRI but no other non‐stimulant medications (Riesel 2019; Weinberg et al. 2015).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Weinberg et al. 2015
Increased ERN amplitudes have been found in studies of adults and children with OCD using choice reaction time tasks eliciting response conflict.
“Increased ERN amplitudes have been found in studies of adults and children with OCD using choice reaction time tasks eliciting response conflict, suggesting the ERN may serve as a biomarker for OCD [7, 8, 15, 17–19].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Studies with an enlarged ERN in adults with OCD have noted either normal or increased accuracy on response conflict tasks relative to healthy controls.
“Studies with an enlarged ERN in adults with OCD have noted either normal or increased accuracy on response conflict tasks relative to healthy controls (HC) [7, 8, 15, 17–19].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The flanker task is a test of selective attention and response inhibition that activates the anterior cingulate cortex and pre-supplementary motor cortex and provides a more efficient and reliable measure of ERN amplitude than the Stroop or Go/NoGo tasks.
“The flanker task is a test of selective attention and response inhibition that activates the anterior cingulate cortex and pre-supplementary motor cortex [37] and provides a more efficient and reliable measure of ERN amplitude than the Stroop or Go/NoGo tasks [15, 38].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The ERN may serve as a biomarker for OCD.
“Increased ERN amplitudes have been found in studies of adults and children with OCD using choice reaction time tasks eliciting response conflict, suggesting the ERN may serve as a biomarker for OCD [7, 8, 15, 17–19].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

Treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) has no effect on the ERN.
“Because studies have indicated that treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) has no effect on the ERN, 43 patients were enrolled taking a stable dose of an SRI but no other medications [15, 17–19, 27].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
It is doubtful that brain potentials would be different with a more diverse or untreated sample.
“Participants were primarily Caucasian and treatment was uncontrolled; however, it is doubtful that brain potentials would be different with a more diverse or untreated sample [8, 15–17, 25, 27, 42].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The results suggest the RDoC sustained threat construct may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of OCD, in which the ERN may specifically reflect sensitivity to the degree in which errors are evaluated as threatening.
“The results suggest the RDoC sustained threat construct may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of OCD, in which the ERN may specifically reflect sensitivity to the degree in which errors are evaluated as threatening (15, 42).”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The ERN and Pe are components of the ERP following an error that are potential mechanistic biomarkers for OCD.
“The ERN and Pe are components of the ERP following an error that are potential mechanistic biomarkers for OCD [5, 7–11, 15, 17–21].”
From Altered Error Monitoring and Decreased Flanker Task Accuracy in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

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Assessing and adjusting for publication bias in the relationship between anxiety and the error-related negativity
Saunders, B., & Inzlicht, M. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The ERN has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety (Meyer, 2017), and has been identified as a candidate trait vulnerability marker for clinical anxiety (Olvet and Hajcak, 2008; Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
Prediction of depression symptoms in individual subjects with face and eye movement tracking
Stolicyn, A., Steele, J. D., & Seriès, P. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003608 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Some evidence also indicates altered physiological response to performance feedback (Weinberg, Dieterich, & Riesel, 2015).”
Background
A review examining the relationship between individual differences in the error-related negativity and cognitive control
Meyer, A., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.07.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic factors and pathways to multifinality: The error-related negativity predicts whether preschool irritability is associated with internalizing versus externalizing symptoms at age 9
Kessel, E. M., Meyer, A. M., Hajcak, G., Dougherty, L. R., Torpey, D. C., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000626 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“An enhanced ERN has been consistently identified in both adults (Weinberg et al., 2015) and children (Ladouceur, Dahl, Birmaher, Axelson, & Ryan, 2006; Meyer et al.”
BackgroundMethod
Single-trial modeling separates multiple overlapping prediction errors during reward processing in human EEG
Hoy, C. W., Steiner, S. C., & Knight, R. T. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02426-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Error-related brain activity dissociates hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mathews, C. A., Perez, V. B., Roach, B. J., Fekri, S. M., Vigil, O., Kupferman, E., & Mathalon, D. H. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715001889 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A brief, computerized intervention targeting error sensitivity reduces the error-related negativity
Meyer, A. M., Gibby, B. A., Wissemann, K., Klawohn, J., Hajcak, G., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00760-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Consistent with the possibility that anxious individuals are more sensitive to such threats, the ERN has been found to be increased in anxious individuals in over 50 studies to date (Cavanagh & Shackman, 2014; Meyer, 2017b; Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
Visual feedback during motor performance is associated with increased complexity and adaptability of motor and neural output
Shafer, R. L., Solomon, E. M., Newell, K., Lewis, M., & Bodfish, J. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112214 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Frontal scalp localization of error processing has been repeatedly found in event related potential (ERP) studies that assess the error related negativity in various paradigms [59].”
Background
The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative and Its Implications for Research on Personality Disorder
Koudys, J. W., Traynor, J. M., Rodrigo, A. H., Carcone, D., & Ruocco, A. C. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1023-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Withdrawn/Depressed Behaviors and Error-Related Brain Activity in Youth With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Isaacs, Y. E., Ayoub, A. M., Torres, J. J., O’Hara, N. B., & Gehring, W. J. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Its placement in 3 separate domains suggests that it reflects variance in each domain, but further research is required to delineate the behaviors associated with the ERN across the lifespan.(12) Increased ERN amplitudes have been demonstrated in most studies of patients with OCD using tasks eliciting response conflic…”
Influential
Retracted
Error-related brain activity in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Isaacs, Y. E., Ayoub, A. M., Brosius, A., Salander, Z., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22767 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…Anxious Problems scores inOCDpatients but not inMDDpatients or HC, indicating that non-OCD anxiety symptomsmay account for a significant portion of the ERN variance in OCD patients and perhaps parallel the anxious arousal noted in the RDoC sustained threat construct (Weinberg et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
The psychometric upgrade psychophysiology needs
Clayson, P. E. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14522 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Error-related negativity predicts increases in anxiety in a sample of clinically anxious female children and adolescents over 2 years
Meyer, A. M., Mehra, L. M., & Hajcak, G. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.200128 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rapid adaptive adjustments of selective attention following errors revealed by the time course of steady-state visual evoked potentials
Steinhauser, M., & Andersen, ‪. K. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.059 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Studies using scalp EEG methods provided evidence for an error monitoring system in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) that generates an einhauser).”
BackgroundInfluential
Attention bias modification reduces neural correlates of response monitoring
Nelson, B. D., Jackson, F. L., Amir, N., & Hajcak, G. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.059 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Impact of posttraumatic stress symptom dimensions on psychophysiological reactivity to threat and reward
Lieberman, L., Gorka, S. M., Funkhouser, C. J., Shankman, S. A., & Phan, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.04.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Greater RewP is indicative of greater appetitive responding to reward (Proudfit, 2015), and a blunted RewP has been shown to be associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), and high levels of depressive symptoms (Liu et al., 2014; Proudfit 2015; Weinberg et al., 2015a,b).”
Background
Conceptualizing traumatic stress and the structure of posttraumatic psychopathology through the lenses of RDoC and HiTOP
Hawn, S. E., Wolf, E. J., Neale, Z. E., & Miller, M. W. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102177 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Moderation of the relationship between the error-related negativity and anxiety by age and gender in young children: A preliminary investigation
Ip, K. I., Liu, Y., Moser, J. S., Mannella, K. A., Hruschak, J. L., Bilek, E. L., Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100702 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Specifically, the adult-like pattern of larger ERN with greater anxiety severity (Moser et al., 2013; Olvet and Hajcak, 2008; Weinberg et al., 2015; Endrass and Ullsperger, 2014; Weinberg et al., 2010; Xiao et al., 2011) was observed in older girls, but reversed in younger girls in our sample.”
Conflict and performance monitoring throughout the lifespan: An event-related potential (ERP) and temporospatial component analysis
Clawson, A., Clayson, P. E., Keith, C. M., Catron, C. R., & Larson, M. J. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.01.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Application of attentional bias modification training to modulate hyperactive error-monitoring in OCD
Klawohn, J., Hajcak, G., Amir, N., Kathmann, N., & Riesel, A. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.07.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Electrocortical measures of performance monitoring from go/no‐go and flanker tasks: Differential relations with trait dimensions of the triarchic model of psychopathy
Ribes‐Guardiola, P., Poy, R., Patrick, C. J., & Moltó, J. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13573 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Impact of Orbitofrontal Lesions on Electrophysiological Signals in a Stop Signal Task
Solbakk, A., Funderud, I., Løvstad, M., Endestad, T., Meling, T. R., Lindgren, M. P., Knight, R. T., & Krämer, U. M. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00561 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“intervals ranged from 1600 to 2000 msec. To set the timing of the stop signal delay (SSD), we followed a procedure suggested by Pliszka, Liotti, and Woldorff (2000).”
Method
A dimensional investigation of error-related negativity (ERN) and self-reported psychiatric symptoms
Seow, T. X. F., Benoit, E., Dempsey, C., Jennings, M., Maxwell, A., McDonough, M., & Gillan, C. M. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.09.019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Impairments in error monitoring are phenomenologically characteristic of a range of psychiatric disorders (Ullsperger, 2006), and this has been supported by the frequent observation of alterations in the ERN in patient groups (Gillan et al., 2017; Weinberg et al., 2015a).”
Updating the relationship of the Ne/ERN to task-related behavior: A brief review and suggestions for future research
LoTemplio, S. B., Lopes, C. L., McDonnell, A. S., Scott, E. E., Payne, B. R., & Strayer, D. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1150244 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For example, there is significant variation in Ne/ERN amplitude that is explained by task choice alone (Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
Diverging patterns of EEG alpha asymmetry in anxious apprehension and anxious arousal
Härpfer, K., Badeja, D., Kathmann, N., & Riesel, A. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108111 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Advancing clinical neuroscience through enhanced tools: Pediatric social anxiety as an example
Smith, A. R., Kircanski, K., Brotman, M. A., Quyen, B., Subar, A. R., Silk, J. S., Engel, S. G., Crosby, R. D., Harrewijn, A., White, L. K., et al. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22937 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Error-related Brain Activity as a Treatment Moderator and Index of Symptom Change during Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Gorka, S. M., Burkhouse, K. L., Klumpp, H., Kennedy, A. E., Afshar, K., Francis, J., Ajilore, O., Mariouw, S., Craske, M. G., Langenecker, S. A., et al. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.289 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Increased neural reactivity to errors is a transdiagnostic indicator of anxiety (see Weinberg et al, 2015 for a review).”
Background
Impact of alcohol use disorder comorbidity on defensive reactivity to errors in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Gorka, S. M., MacNamara, A., Aase, D. M., Proescher, E., Greenstein, J. E., Walters, R. P., Passi, H., Babione, J. M., Levy, D. M., Kennedy, A. E., et al. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000196 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Understanding Trajectories to Anxiety and Depression: Neural Responses to Errors and Rewards as Indices of Susceptibility to Stressful Life Events
Weinberg, A., Kujawa, A., & Riesel, A. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214211049228 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“We study neural markers of variation in this error sensitivity using an ERP called the error-related negativity (ERN), a neural response generated by the anterior cingulate cortex after participants make mistakes in speeded reaction time tasks (e.g., tasks in which participants must quickly indicate the direction of a…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Impacts of motivational valence on the error-related negativity elicited by full and partial errors
Maruo, Y., Schacht, A., Sommer, W., & Masaki, H. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.12.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Use of cognitive event-related potentials in the management of psychiatric disorders: Towards an individual follow-up and multi-component clinical approach
Campanella, S. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i5.153 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Patterns and reliability of EEG during error monitoring for internal versus external feedback in schizophrenia
Llerena, K., Wynn, J. K., Hajcak, G., Green, M. F., & Horan, W. P. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated as the neural generator of the ERN (Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
The Error-Related Negativity Predicts Self-Control Failures in Daily Life
Overmeyer, R., Berghäuser, J., Dieterich, R., Wolff, M., Goschke, T., & Endraß, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.614979 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neural correlates of response inhibition and performance monitoring in binge watchingPreprint
Kilian, C., Bröckel, K., Overmeyer, R., Dieterich, R., & Endrass, T. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/868984 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neither wrong nor right: Theta and delta power increase during performance monitoring under conditions of uncertainty
Sandre, A., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rethinking the risk for depression using the RDoC: A psychophysiological perspective
Dell’Acqua, C., Palomba, D., Patron, E., & Benvenuti, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108275 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“As previously described, the literature on the ERN in depression and its risk is still conflicting, with studies evidencing reduced (Ruchsow et al., 2004, 2006; Schrijvers et al., 2008; Weinberg et al., 2015a; Meyer et al., 2018b; Tabachnick et al., 2018;Dell'Acqua et al., 2023) or greater ERN (Chiu and Deldin, 2007;…”
Result
Using Event-Related Potentials and Startle to Evaluate Time Course in Anxiety and Depression
Klumpp, H., & Shankman, S. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.09.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Mixed findings may pertain to comorbid anxiety, which has not been consistently considered across studies; also, while ERN reflects threat sensitivity (100), it likely encompasses other RDoC domains (e.”
Background
Registered replication report of the construct validity of the error‐related negativity ( <scp>ERN</scp> ): A multi‐site study of task‐specific <scp>ERN</scp> correlations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms
Clayson, P. E., Mcdonald, J. B., Park, B., Holbrook, A., Baldwin, S. A., Riesel, A., & Larson, M. J. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14496 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The consensus among these theories is that ERN represents a manifestation of an internal monitoring process that supports behavioral adjustments (Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Self-citation
Understanding the Error in Psychopathology: Notable Intraindividual Differences in Neural Variability of Performance Monitoring.Preprint
Clayson, P., Rocha, H. A., Baldwin, S., Rast, P., & Larson, M. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xwufp · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Punishment has a persistent effect on error-related brain activity in highly anxious individuals twenty-four hours after conditioning
Riesel, A., Kathmann, N., Wuellhorst, V., Banica, I., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Error-related neural activity and alcohol use disorder: Differences from risk to remission
Gorka, S. M., Lieberman, L., Kreutzer, K. A., Carrillo, V. L., Weinberg, A., & Shankman, S. A. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.011 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“that the ERN is a risk-factor (Weinberg et al., 2015) and may be useful for the early identification of at-risk youth for prevention approaches.”
Self-citation
Error-related brain activity and internalizing disorder symptom dimensions in depression and anxiety
Gorka, S. M., Burkhouse, K. L., Afshar, K., & Phan, K. L. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22648 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, 2012, 2013), and has been proposed as a potential endophenotype for disorders characterized by cognitive anxiety symptoms (Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
A Diagnostic Biomarker for Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder Using the Error-Related Negativity
Hanna, G. L., Liu, Y., Rough, H. E., Surapaneni, M., Hanna, B. S., Arnold, P. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01021-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Towards a Pragmatic Approach to a Psychophysiological Unit of Analysis for Mental and Brain Disorders: An EEG-Copeia for Neurofeedback
Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., Batail, J.-M. V., Fovet, T., Philip, P., Cermolacce, M., Jaumard‐Hakoun, A., & Vialatte, F. (2019) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-019-09440-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Psychophysiological science and the research domain criteria: A commentary
Morris, S. E., Vaidyanathan, U., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Situating psychophysiological science within the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework
Hajcak, G., & Patrick, C. J. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Associations of neural error‐processing with symptoms and traits in a dimensional sample recruited across the obsessive–compulsive spectrum
Riesel, A., Härpfer, K., Thoma, L., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14164 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multiple Adaptive Attention-Bias-Modification Programs to Alter Normative Increase in the Error-Related Negativity in Adolescents
Amir, N., Holbrook, A., Kallen, A. M., Santopetro, N. J., Klawohn, J., McGhie, S. F., Bruchnak, A., Lowe, M. E., Taboas, W., Brush, C. J., et al. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231170563 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…to anxious arousal (i.e., acute fear response), are related to an increased ERN, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; for a review, see Weinberg, Dieterich, & Riesel, 2015), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Weinberg et al., 2012; Weinberg et al., 2010; Weinberg, Kotov, & Proudfit,…”
Background
Error-related brain activity in pediatric major depressive disorder: An ERP and time-frequency investigation
Dell’Acqua, C., Hajcak, G., Amir, N., Santopetro, N. J., Brush, C. J., & Meyer, A. M. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.01.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“As suggested by Weinberg et al. (2015a, 2016), the magnitude of the ERN might reflect the degree to which errors are evaluated as threatening which, in turn, mobilizes defensive systems to respond adaptively.”
Event-related potential (ERP) measures of error processing as biomarkers of externalizing disorders: A narrative review
Lutz, M. C., Kok, R., & Franken, I. H. A. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Error-Related Neural Responses Recorded by Electroencephalography During Post-stroke Rehabilitation Movements
Kumar, A., Fang, Q., Fu, J., Pirogova, E., & Gu, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2019.00107 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The impact of recent and concurrent affective context on cognitive control: An ERP study of performance monitoring
Clayson, P. E., & Larson, M. J. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Utilizing sensory prediction errors for movement intention decoding: A new methodology
Ganesh, G., Nakamura, K., Saetia, S., Tobar, A., Yoshida, E., Ando, H., Yoshimura, N., & Koike, Y. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaq0183 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Furthermore, ERN is considered to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex and usually detected in the mid brain EEG channels Cz and FCz ( 35 ).”
Background
Beyond a blunted ERN - Biobehavioral correlates of performance monitoring in schizophrenia
Kirschner, H., & Klein, T. A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.027 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The error‐related negativity as a neuromarker of risk or resilience in young children
Lawler, J. M., Hruschak, J. L., Aho, K. M., Liu, Y., Ip, K. I., Lajiness-O'Neill, R. R., Rosenblum, K. L., Muzik, M., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Contradictorily, an enlarged (more negative) ERN has been cited as both a risk factor and protective factor (Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
Test–Retest Reliability of Electroencephalographic Measures of Performance Monitoring in Children and Adults
Lin, M., Davies, P. L., Stephens, J. A., & Gavin, W. J. (2020) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2020.1833208 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A condition-independent framework for the classification of error-related brain activity
Kakkos, I., Ventouras, E.-C., Asvestas, P. A., Karanasiou, I. S., & Matsopoulos, G. K. (2020) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-019-02116-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neural signature of error processing in major depression
Malejko, K., Hafner, S., Plener, P. L., Bonenberger, M., Grön, G., Abler, B., & Graf, H. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01238-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pubertal development and anxiety risk independently relate to startle habituation during fear conditioning in 8–14 year‐old females
Jackson, F. L., Nelson, B. D., Meyer, A. M., & Hajcak, G. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21506 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with a growing literature supporting the association of ERN and individual differences in anxiety and threat sensitivity (Proudfit et al., 2013; Weinberg et al., 2015; Boksem et al., 2006).”
An experimental therapeutics approach to the development of a novel computerized treatment targeting error-related brain activity in young children
Meyer, A., Chong, L., Wissemann, K., Mehra, L., & Mirzadegan, I. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.01.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Consistent with this conceptualization, a wealth of evidence suggests that the ERN is increased in anxious individuals (Cavanagh & Shackman, 2015; Cavanagh et al., 2012; Meyer, 2016, 2017; Weinberg et al., 2015a, 2016).”
Background
From self-induced to perceived errors - a generalized over-monitoring activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Carmi, L., Alyagon, U., Barnea-Ygael, N., Zohar, J., Zangen, A., & Dar, R. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.240 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The ERN as a neural index of changes in performance monitoring following attention training in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder
Tan, P. Z., Rozenman, M. S., Chang, S. W., Jurgiel, J., Truong, H., Piacentini, J. C., & Loo, S. K. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108206 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
In the Face of Potential Harm: The Predictive Validity of Neural Correlates of Performance Monitoring for Perceived Risk, Stress, and Internalizing Psychopathology During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Riesel, A., Härpfer, K., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.08.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
New insights into neural networks of error monitoring and clinical implications: a systematic review of ERP studies in neurological diseases
Lenzoni, S., Baker, J., Sumich, A. L., & Mograbi, D. C. (2021) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2021-0054 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Evidence for a general performance‐monitoring system in the human brain
Zubarev, I., & Parkkonen, L. T. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24273 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moreover, the fact that the latencies (typically 0–100 ms for ERN and 200–400 ms for FRN, see Figure 3) and the source locations (Figure 4) of these patterns, estimated from the data without any prior constraints, were in line with previous studies (for reviews see Walsh & Anderson, 2012; Weinberg et al., 2014) provid…”
Result
Suppression of error-preceding brain activity explains exaggerated error monitoring in females with worry
Schroder, H. S., Glazer, J. E., Bennett, K. P., Moran, T. P., & Moser, J. S. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Error Monitoring in Adolescents with ADHD
Figuracion, M. T., Kozlowski, M. B., Macknyk, K. S., Heise, M. B., Pieper, S. M., Alperin, B. R., Morton, H. E., Nigg, J. T., & Karalunas, S. L. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01127-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Alterations in the early stages of error monitoring as indexed by the ERN have been linked to maladaptive behaviors and multiple psychopathologies (Weinberg et al., 2015; Meyer et al., 2021; Olvet & Hajcak, 2008; Manoach & Agam, 2013), and thus are already a promising psychopathology biomarker…”
Error Processing and Pain: A New Perspective
Traxler, J., Torta, D. M. E., von Leupoldt, A., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.05.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The error-related negativity for error processing in interoception
Tan, Y., Vandeput, J., Qiu, J., den Bergh, O. V., & von Leupoldt, A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.037 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The early detection of errors is crucial for survival in a changing environment as it forms the basis for adapting responses and optimizing behavior (Holroyd and Coles, 2002; Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Stability of performance monitoring with prolonged task performance: A study of error‐related negativity and error positivity
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“Consistent with this notion, ERN relates to cognitive and motivational processes (Larson et al., 2012, 2014; Olvet & Hajcak, 2008; Proudfit et al., 2013; Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Non-invasive brain stimulation modulates neural correlates of performance monitoring in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“Besides being robustly associated with OCD and anxiety disorders (for reviews and meta-analysis, see e.g., Gillan et al., 2017; Moser et al., 2016; Riesel, 2019; Weinberg et al., 2015), enhanced ERN magnitude is”
Background
ERN modulation under sustained threat: A pre-registered report
Pasion, R., Paiva, T. O., Fernandes, C., Almeida, R., & Barbosa, F. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.10.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Individual differences in combat experiences and error-related brain activity in OEF/OIF/OND veterans
Khan, N. I., Burkhouse, K. L., Lieberman, L., Gorka, S. M., DiGangi, J. A., Schroth, C., Frederick, A., Kennedy, A. E., Aase, D. M., Greenstein, J. E., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.04.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“, generalized anxiety, social anxiety) that have been linked to the ERN (Gorka et al., 2017; Weinberg et al., 2015).”
Background
Altered Performance Monitoring in Psychopathy: A Review of Studies on Action Selection, Error, and Feedback Processing
Schulreich, S. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0061-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Authors: Weinberg, A., Dieterich, R., & Riesel, A.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
Corresponding author: Weinberg, Anna
ORCID: Weinberg, Anna
Riesel, Anja
Venue: International Journal of Psychophysiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-11
Volume: 98
Issue: 2
Pages: 276-299
ISSN: 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.029
OpenAlex: W1990283973
Cited by: 179
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 1.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: error-related negativity, error monitoring, anterior cingulate cortex, Research Domain Criteria, event-related potentials, psychopathology, individual differences, positive valence systems, negative valence systems, cognitive systems, psychometric properties, task differences
MeSH terms: Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Reaction Time

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