Commentary: is Alzheimer's disease uniquely human?
Open accessAbstract
That Alzheimer's disease (AD) might be a human-specific disease was hypothesized by Rapoport in 1989. Apes and humans share an identical amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide amino acid sequence and accumulate considerable Aβ deposits after age 40 years, an age when amyloid plaques are uncommon in humans. Despite their early Aβ buildup, ape brains have not shown evidence dystrophic neurites near plaques. Aging great ape brains also have few neurofibrillary tangles, with one exception of 1 obese chimpanzee euthanized after a stroke who displayed abundant neurofibrillary tangles, but without the typical AD distribution. We discuss the need for more exacting evaluation of neuron density with age, and note husbandry issues that may allow great apes to live to greater ages. We remain reserved about expectations for fully developed AD-like pathology in the great apes of advanced ages and cautiously support Rapoport's hypothesis.
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Inflammatory cells including mast cells generate •NO and O2•−; •NO triggers vasodilation, while activated neutrophils and macrophages use NADPH oxidase-derived O2•− to kill targets.
“Inflammatory cells, including mast cells, generate both •NO and O2•−; the former triggers vasodilation, while activated neutrophils and macrophages use O2•− from NADPH oxidase to kill their targets (259).”
From Chemiexcitation: Mammalian Photochemistry in the Dark<sup>†</sup> (2023) · cites this paper as [259]
The Abstract discusses possible roles of amyloid-beta in innate immunity and inflammation, but not the claimed production or actions of nitric oxide and superoxide. Searches for mast cells, vasodilation, NADPH oxidase, and neutrophil or macrophage target killing found no passage addressing those mechanisms; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRed Duroc pigs develop significant hypertrophic scarring whereas Yorkshire White pigs do not.
“In animals, the Red Duroc pig develops significant hypertrophic scarring whereas the Yorkshire White does not (259).”
From Chemiexcitation: Mammalian Photochemistry in the Dark<sup>†</sup> (2023) · cites this paper as [259]
The paper’s Abstract discusses Alzheimer’s-related brain changes in great apes, not wound healing or scarring in pigs. Searches for Red Duroc, Yorkshire White, and hypertrophic scarring found no passage addressing the claimed breed difference. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAD remains arguably a disease unique to humans, as full pathological evidence of AD, particularly AD-related neurodegeneration, is lacking in great apes.
“In fact, AD remains arguably a disease unique to humans, as full pathological evidence of AD, particularly AD-related neurodegeneration, are lacking in great apes 51 .”
From A Chronological Atlas of Natural Selection in the Human Genome during the Past Half-million Years (2015) · cites this paper as [51]
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- Authors
- Finch, C. E., & Austad, S. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Finch, Caleb E.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 553-555
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4394838
- OpenAlex
- W1988365689
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (AG-040683, AG026572, AG037962, R24 OD010933)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, great apes, amyloid-beta, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites, chimpanzees, animal models of Alzheimer's disease, neuronal density
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Brain, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Humans, Neurons, Obesity, Species Specificity, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurofibrillary Tangles, Plaque, Amyloid
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