Mindfulness training modulates value signals in ventromedial prefrontal cortex through input from insular cortex
Open accessAbstract
Neuroimaging research has demonstrated that ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) encodes value signals that can be modulated by top-down cognitive input such as semantic knowledge, price incentives, and monetary favors suggesting that such biases may have an identified biological basis. It has been hypothesized that mindfulness training (MT) provides one path for gaining control over such top-down influences; yet, there have been no direct tests of this hypothesis. Here, we probe the behavioral and neural effects of MT on value signals in vmPFC in a randomized longitudinal design of 8 weeks of MT on an initially naïve subject cohort. The impact of this within-subject training was assessed using two paradigms: one that employed primary rewards (fruit juice) in a simple conditioning task and another that used a well-validated art-viewing paradigm to test bias of monetary favors on preference. We show that MT behaviorally censors the top-down bias of monetary favors through a measurable influence on value signals in vmPFC. MT also modulates value signals in vmPFC to primary reward delivery. Using a separate cohort of subjects we show that 8 weeks of active control training (ACT) generates the same behavioral impact also through an effect on signals in the vmPFC. Importantly, functional connectivity analyses show that value signals in vmPFC are coupled with bilateral posterior insula in the MT groups in both paradigms, but not in the ACT groups. These results suggest that MT integrates interoceptive input from insular cortex in the context of value computations of both primary and secondary rewards.
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A neural circuit comprising the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and insula is involved in the unique processes of mindful emotion regulation.
“In line with the above cited and other recent evidence [81, 83–85], we outline a neural circuit comprising the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the amygdala (A), and the insula (I) that are involved in the unique processes of mindful emotion regulation.”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [85]
The Results (no page available) link mindfulness training to recruitment of the anterior insula during value computation, and the Discussion (no page available) describes a possible interaction between insula input and ventromedial prefrontal valuation systems in self-regulation. The paper does not establish the proposed four-region circuit: it does not link the anterior cingulate cortex or amygdala to that interaction, or show that the interaction governs mindful emotion regulation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Self-citationVentromedial prefrontal cortex shields value computations from bodily arousal in decision makingPreprint
Christian, P., Kaiser, J., Kapetaniou, G. E., Schütz‐Bosbach, S., & Soutschek, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.07.687164
- Authors
- Kirk, U., Gu, X., Harvey, A. H., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Anna Freud Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Montague, P. Read
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 100
- Pages
- 254-262
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4140407
- OpenAlex
- W2044743256
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 9.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011723-11)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS045790)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, value signals, insula, interoception, preference bias, primary reward, functional connectivity, top-down cognitive control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Mindfulness, Interoception
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