Brain Mechanisms Supporting the Modulation of Pain by Mindfulness Meditation
Open accessAbstract
The subjective experience of one's environment is constructed by interactions among sensory, cognitive, and affective processes. For centuries, meditation has been thought to influence such processes by enabling a nonevaluative representation of sensory events. To better understand how meditation influences the sensory experience, we used arterial spin labeling functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the neural mechanisms by which mindfulness meditation influences pain in healthy human participants. After 4 d of mindfulness meditation training, meditating in the presence of noxious stimulation significantly reduced pain unpleasantness by 57% and pain intensity ratings by 40% when compared to rest. A two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was used to identify interactions between meditation and pain-related brain activation. Meditation reduced pain-related activation of the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify brain regions associated with individual differences in the magnitude of meditation-related pain reductions. Meditation-induced reductions in pain intensity ratings were associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, areas involved in the cognitive regulation of nociceptive processing. Reductions in pain unpleasantness ratings were associated with orbitofrontal cortex activation, an area implicated in reframing the contextual evaluation of sensory events. Moreover, reductions in pain unpleasantness also were associated with thalamic deactivation, which may reflect a limbic gating mechanism involved in modifying interactions between afferent input and executive-order brain areas. Together, these data indicate that meditation engages multiple brain mechanisms that alter the construction of the subjectively available pain experience from afferent information.
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Reductions in pain intensity from mindfulness-based pain relief are associated with heightened activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex, while reductions in pain unpleasantness are associated with attenuated thalamus activity.
“The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief have demonstrated that reductions of pain intensity are associated with heightened activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior insula, and the orbitofrontal cortex, while reductions in pain unpleasantness are associated with attenuated activity of the thalamus.32”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness in patients with migraine: Results of a qualitative study. (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness meditation-related pain reductions are associated with activation of perigenual ACC, OFC, and anterior insula.
“Brain imaging has shown that mindfulnessmeditation-related pain reductions are associated with activation of the perigenual ACC, OFC, and anterior insula (Zeidan et al., 2011;Zeidan et al., 2015).”
From Mindfulness-meditation-based pain relief is not mediated by endogenous opioids (2016) · cites this paper as Zeidan et al., 2011
The Results (Post-Meditation Training: MRI Session 2 Analyses; page unavailable) associate greater pain-intensity reductions with activation of the ACC and right anterior insula, and greater pain-unpleasantness reductions with OFC activation. The copy does not identify the pain-reduction-associated ACC activation as perigenual; the Discussion instead describes mid-cingulate activation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe study was designed with >80% power to detect a significant difference between groups on pain ratings with 16 subjects per group.
“Based on our previous studies (Zeidan et al., 2010a;Zeidan et al., 2011;Zeidan et al., 2015) and sample size determination software (G*power, 3.1), 16 subjects per group were considered sufficient to detect a signifi-cant difference (large effect size ϭ p 2 ϭ.14) between groups on a twosided, 0.05 test of proportions [repeated-measures (RM)”
From Mindfulness-meditation-based pain relief is not mediated by endogenous opioids (2016) · cites this paper as Zeidan et al., 2011
The Results (Post-Meditation Training: MRI Session 2 Analyses; page unavailable) report a significant, large reduction in pain ratings, which could serve as prior evidence for the citing authors’ sample-size calculation. The cited paper does not report >80% power or a design with 16 subjects per group: Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) says 15 participants completed it, and the Discussion (Limitations; page unavailable) calls it a within-group design. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness meditation deactivates the thalamus.
“Specifically, mindfulness meditation significantly deactivates the thalamus (Zeidan et al., 2011;Zeidan et al., 2015), potentially reflecting cognitive gating of the transmission of sensory information to the cortex (Zeidan et al., 2011;Zeidan et al., 2012).”
From Mindfulness-meditation-based pain relief is not mediated by endogenous opioids (2016) · cites this paper as Zeidan et al., 2011
The Results (Post-Meditation Training: MRI Session 2 Analyses) report that participants with the greatest reductions in pain unpleasantness showed the greatest thalamic deactivation during meditation with noxious heat. The Discussion describes this as widespread deactivation and proposes a possible sensory-filtering mechanism. The paper supports thalamic deactivation associated with pain relief, but the cited passages do not establish the broader claim that meditation significantly deactivates the thalamus as a general effect. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfulness meditation has been shown to reduce the subjective pain experience in healthy controls.
“While mindfulness meditation has been shown to attenuate the subjective pain experience in healthy controls,31, 32”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness in patients with migraine: Results of a qualitative study. (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
Brief 3- or 4-day lab-based mindfulness training can have immediate effects on psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social stress and on perceived pain severity from noxious heat.
“Though these mindfulness interventions are too truncated to expect any long-term effects, studies indicate that they can have immediate effects on psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social stress,60 and perceived pain severity in response to noxious heat stimulation.61”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
Some impact on pain intensity may be reached because mindfulness skills have been found to influence brain mechanisms that may alter the pain experience.
“some impact on pain intensity may be reached because mindfulness skills have been found to influence brain mechanisms that may alter the pain experience (Zeidan et al., 2011).”
From Acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of chronic pain: a meta-analytic review (2016) · cites this paper as Zeidan et al., 2011
Mindfulness-meditation-induced pain relief is associated with reduced thalamic activity, which may be related to significantly attenuated low-level sensory processing.
“Importantly, mindfulness-meditation-induced pain relief is also associated with reduced thalamic activity, which may be related to significantly attenuated low-level sensory processing (Zeidan et al., 2011).”
From Mindfulness-meditation-based pain relief is not mediated by endogenous opioids (2016) · cites this paper as Zeidan et al., 2011
Brief mindfulness interventions have been reported to reduce experimentally-induced pain in the laboratory.
“Brief mindfulness interventions have been reported to reduce experimentally-induced pain in the laboratory, 15, 16”
From Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Mindfulness Training and Hypnotic Suggestion for Acute Pain Relief in the Hospital Setting. (2017) · cites this paper as [15]
Decreased functional connectivity in the left putamen/right insula and left insula/right thalamus may contribute to enhanced quality of life reported post-ACT.
“So, decreased functional connectivity in these regions may contribute to enhanced quality of life that is reported post-ACT [21,40].”
From Graph theory analysis of induced neural plasticity post-Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (Post-Meditation Training: MRI Session 2 Analyses; page unavailable) report regional activation and deactivation associated with pain ratings after mindfulness meditation. Searches for the specified functional-connectivity pairs, ACT, and quality of life found no passage connecting those pairs to post-ACT quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActivation of the left putamen, right insula, left insula, and right thalamus has been linked to thoughts of helplessness, pessimism, and rumination in chronic musculoskeletal pain.
“Activation of these regions has been linked to thoughts of helplessness, pessimism, and rumination in the instance of CMP [40].”
From Graph theory analysis of induced neural plasticity post-Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for chronic pain (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (pages unavailable) describe insular activation during noxious heat stimulation, while the Discussion describes thalamic deactivation associated with reduced pain unpleasantness during meditation. Our copy does not link the named regions to helplessness, pessimism, or rumination in chronic musculoskeletal pain; searches for those terms and for putamen and chronic pain found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA number of studies found meditation-related activation or volume increases lateralized to the right hemisphere and corresponding to tonic alertness-related brain areas.
“A number of studies have found that meditation-related activation or volume increases are lateralized to the right hemisphere and correspond to tonic alertness–related brain areas (lateral PFC, inferior parietal, and anterior insula).65–70”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
Buddhist meditation practices are associated with increases in dACC activation during meditation and during tasks.
“Buddhist meditation practices have been found to be associated with increases in activation in the dACC both during meditation45,65,76,78,86 and during tasks.70,80,81,87–89”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
Converging evidence suggests meditation training may be associated with decreased default mode network activity.
“Converging evidence suggests that meditation training may be associated with decreased DMN activity,67, 70, 87, 94, 97–99”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
Buddhist meditation practices are associated with increased DLPFC activity during meditation and during tasks, and with larger frontal gray matter volumes.
“Buddhist meditation practices have been found to be associated with increased activity in the DLPFC, both during meditation45,65,76–79 and during tasks,67,70,80,81 as well as larger frontal gray matter volumes.66,82,83”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [70]
Vipassana meditation is a state of nonappraisal and/or a nonelaborative mental stance.
“Vipassana meditation has been described as a state of nonappraisal and/or a nonelaborative mental stance.45,137”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
Greater pain relief was directly associated with greater activation of the pgACC, right anterior insula, and bilateral OFC.
“Regression analyses revealed that greater pain relief was directly associated with greater activation of the pgACC, right anterior insula, and bilateral OFC.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
Focusing on the breath before the intervention reduced pain unpleasantness ratings but not pain intensity ratings when compared with rest.
“Focusing on the breath before the intervention reduced pain unpleasantness ratings but not pain intensity ratings when compared with rest.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
Mindfulness meditation significantly reduces pain after brief mental training (4 days to 4 weeks).
“To this extent, it is now well established that mindfulness meditation significantly reduces pain after brief mental training (4 days > 4 weeks).62,134–136,141”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
Mindfulness reduces ascending nociceptive inputs to somatosensory cortical regions.
“In the presence of noxious heat, mindfulness significantly reduced SI activation corresponding to the stimulation site (right leg), suggesting that mindfulness reduces ascending nociceptive inputs to somatosensory cortical regions.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
In the presence of noxious heat, mindfulness significantly reduced SI activation corresponding to the stimulation site (right leg).
“In the presence of noxious heat, mindfulness significantly reduced SI activation corresponding to the stimulation site (right leg), suggesting that mindfulness reduces ascending nociceptive inputs to somatosensory cortical regions.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
After training, mindful attention to the breath significantly reduced pain intensity (40%) and pain unpleasantness (57%) ratings when compared with rest.
“After training, mindful attention to the breath significantly reduced pain intensity (↓40%) and pain unpleasantness (↓57%) ratings when compared with rest.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
Mindfulness meditation produced widespread activation of the ACC extending from the dACC to the pgACC, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortices corresponding to the face region, bilateral ventral striatum, and deactivation of the default mode network.
“Mindfulness meditation produced widespread activation of the (1) ACC extending from the dACC to the perigenual ACC (pgACC), (2) bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), (3) the primary somatosensory cortices (SI) corresponding to the face region, (4) bilateral ventral striatum, and (5) deactivation of the default mode network.141”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
Greater mindfulness-based pain relief was associated with significant extensive, bilateral deactivation of the thalamus.
“Greater mindfulness-based pain relief was also associated with significant extensive, bilateral deactivation of the thalamus, a critical node of ascending nociceptive information from the spinal cord (Fig. 1).49”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
There was significant deactivation of the PAG and thalamus, replicating and extending the previous ASL study.
“There was also significant deactivation of the PAG and thalamus, replicating and extending on the findings described in the previous ASL study.141”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
When compared with BOLD, ASL fMRI can reliably assess rostral neural regions, such as the OFC, a brain area repeatedly implicated in mindfulness meditation but suffering from substantial susceptibility artifacts.
“Furthermore, when compared with BOLD, ASL fMRI can reliably assess rostral neural regions, such as the OFC,126 a brain area repeatedly implicated in mindfulness meditation,135,141 but suffering from substantial susceptibility artifacts.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [141]
Mindfulness increased on average by 13% after three to four 20-minute sessions of mindfulness-based mental training.
“For instance, we found that mindfulness significantly increases on average by 13% after only three to four, 20 minutes sessions of mindfulness–based mental training [83; 84; 86–88].”
From Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
Mindfulness meditation reduces pain via several distinct psychological and neural pathways.
“demonstrating that mindfulness meditation significantly attenuates pain through multiple, unique mechanisms”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Mindfulness meditation may reduce pain by engaging top-down inhibition from OFC to thalamus over ascending nociceptive signals.
“We postulated that mindfulness meditation attenuates pain through engagement of top-down (OFC to thalamus) inhibition of ascending nociceptive information.15, 20, 21, 23”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
A four-session mindfulness meditation program yielded average reductions of 40% in pain intensity and 57% in pain unpleasantness during noxious heat.
“Meditation, after the four-session intervention, during noxious heat produced a mean 40% reduction in pain intensity and 57% reduction in pain unpleasantness ratings.”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Mindfulness meditation-based analgesia was linked to greater activity in sgACC, OFC, and right anterior insula.
“Greater activation of the subgenual ACC (sgACC), OFC, and right anterior insula (Fig. 1) was associated with mindfulness meditation–based analgesia.”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Mindfulness meditation pain relief correlated with stronger deactivation in both thalami.
“We also found that mindfulness meditation–based pain relief was associated with greater bilateral thalamic deactivation (Fig. 1) 21.”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
OFC activity may strengthen inhibitory links from thalamic reticular nuclei, limiting cortical elaboration of nociceptive signals, as suggested by lower thalamic, PAG, and SI activity.
“Activation of the OFC may facilitate inhibitory connections of the thalamic reticular nuclei (TRN) to further reduce the elaboration of nociceptive information throughout the cortex (evidenced by reductions in thalamic, PAG, and SI activation).21, 23”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
After brief training of under a week, meditation significantly lowers both pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings.
“While meditation after brief training (less than 1 week) produces significant reductions in pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings,20, 21, 23, 122, 142”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Novices recruit OFC, sgACC, and anterior insula to dampen ascending nociceptive input at the thalamus via executive attention shifts.
“Novice meditators recruit higher-order brain regions (OFC, sgACC, anterior insula) to downregulate ascending nociceptive input at the level of the thalamus through shifts in executive attention.21,23”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Mindfulness meditation pain relief correlated with greater activity in OFC, pgACC, and right anterior insula.
“Mindfulness meditation–based pain relief was associated with similar brain activation as in our previous neuroimaging study,21 including greater activation of the OFC, pregenual ACC (pgACC), and right anterior insula.”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
In nearly all mindfulness/pain experiments, the unpleasantness aspect of pain is reduced significantly more than pain intensity.
“Furthermore, across almost all mindfulness/pain–focused experiments, the unpleasantness dimension of pain was significantly more attenuated with respect to pain intensity,16–21, 23, 121, 122”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Mindfulness training decreases the suffering that accompanies painful stimuli.
“Mindfulness training decreases the suffering that accompanies painful stimuli,48,50 an effect that seems in part to be orthogonal to opioid-dependent pain processing.47”
From Randomized, wait-list–controlled pilot study of app-delivered mindfulness for patients reporting chronic pain (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
The promising results at the end of the proposed mindfulness program may indicate reduced subjective pain and changes in the brain.
“These promising results at the end of the proposed mindfulness program may indicate reduced subjective pain and changes in the brain [25-27].”
From A Cloud-Based Virtual Reality App for a Novel Telemindfulness Service: Rationale, Design and Feasibility Evaluation (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
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Self-citationDoes meditation training lead to enduring changes in the anticipation and experience of pain?
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The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation
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“61 These significant effects after only a few days of mindfulness training are exciting, and future research should explore whether such brief interventions can have similar effects on symptoms of anxiety or depression.”
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“Pain control and reduction are not the primary aims of acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions, but some impact on pain intensity may be reached because mindfulness skills have been found to influence brain mechanisms that may alter the pain experience (Zeidan et al., 2011).”
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“It is worthy of note that participants reported a significant decrease in pain intensity and unpleasantness (Zeidan et al., 2011).”
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Self-citationThe Mindful Brain and Emotion Regulation in Mood Disorders
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“Some neuroimaging evidence indicates that acute meditation practice activates the anterior cingulate cortex (56,57), and it may be that anterior cingulate cortex activity during these 4.”
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Self-citationA mind you can count on: validating breath counting as a behavioral measure of mindfulness
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Self-citationMindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers
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“In that regard, mindfulness training has been shown to increase activity in the anterior insula during provocations by emotionally salient stimuli (113, 114).”
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Self-citationMindfulness-Based Mobile Applications: Literature Review and Analysis of Current Features
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Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief
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Self-citationPsychological and neural mechanisms of trait mindfulness in reducing depression vulnerability
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“Using different cognitive and affective paradigms, increased and decreased insular activation has also found to be associated with dispositional mindfulness or post-intervention mindfulness (Kumar et al., 2008; Ives-Deliperi et al., 2010; Slagter et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Garland, E. L., Brintz, C. E., Hanley, A. W., Roseen, E. J., Atchley, R. M., Gaylord, S. A., Faurot, K. R., Yaffe, J., Fiander, M., & Keefe, F. J. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.4917 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
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Neuromodulatory treatments for chronic pain: efficacy and mechanisms
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Meditation for Migraines: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
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Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: age-, experience-, and frequency-dependent plasticity
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Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement Reduces Pain Attentional Bias in Chronic Pain Patients
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Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness
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Self-reported interoceptive awareness in primary care patients with past or current low back pain
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Mindfulness-meditation-based pain relief is not mediated by endogenous opioids
Zeidan, F., Adler-Neal, A. L., Wells, R. E., Stagnaro, E., May, L. M., Eisenach, J. C., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4328-15.2016 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Specifically, mindfulness meditation significantly deactivates the thalamus (Zeidan et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2015), potentially reflecting cognitive gating of the transmission of sensory information to the cortex (Zeidan et al.”
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Distinct brain mechanisms support spatial vs temporal filtering of nociceptive information
Nahman‐Averbuch, H., Martucci, K. T., Granovsky, Y., Weissman‐Fogel, I., Yarnitsky, D., & Coghill, R. C. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.07.008 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationMindfulness-based training attenuates insula response to an aversive interoceptive challenge.
Haase, L., Thom, N. J., Shukla, A., Davenport, P. W., Simmons, A. N., Stanley, E. A., Paulus, M. P., & Johnson, D. C. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu042 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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Pain sensitivity is inversely related to regional grey matter density in the brain
Emerson, N. M., Zeidan, F., Lobanov, O. V., Hadsel, M. S., Martucci, K. T., Quevedo, A. S., Starr, C. J., Nahman-Averbuch, H., Weissman-Fogel, I., Granovsky, Y., et al. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
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Self-citationUsing Integrative Medicine in Pain Management: An Evaluation of Current Evidence
Lin, Y., Wan, L., & Jamison, R. N. (2017) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002579 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Let it be: mindful acceptance down-regulates pain and negative emotion
Hedy Kober, A., Buhle, J. T., Weber, J., Ochsner, K. N., & Wager, T. D. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz104 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Distributed Nociceptive System: A Framework for Understanding Pain
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“Practicing mindfulness meditation has been shown to be associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortices, both of which are involved in cognitive regulation of nociceptive processes, and in the orbitofrontal cortex that is implicated in reframing the contextual evaluation of se…”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., Gordon, N. S., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Marquette University (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zeidan, Fadel
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-04-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 5540-5548
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3090218
- OpenAlex
- W2151568754
- Cited by
- 640
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 47.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wake Forest University
- Mind and Life Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-39426, R01NS039426)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, pain modulation, pain unpleasantness, pain intensity, primary somatosensory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, arterial spin labeling, individual differences, meditation training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Individuality, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Pain, Pain Measurement, Physical Stimulation, Psychophysics, Regression Analysis, Pain Threshold, Meditation, Young Adult, Pain Management
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