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Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies
Open accessAbstract
Given the recent surge in functional neuroimaging studies on social exclusion, the current study employed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) based meta-analyses to identify brain regions that have consistently been implicated across different experimental paradigms used to investigate exclusion. We also examined the neural correlates underlying Cyberball, the most commonly used paradigm to study exclusion, as well as differences in exclusion-related activation between developing (7-18 years of age, from pre-adolescence up to late adolescence) and emerging adult (broadly defined as undergraduates, including late adolescence and young adulthood) samples. Results revealed involvement of the bilateral medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices, right precuneus and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex across the different paradigms used to examine social exclusion; similar activation patterns were identified when restricting the analysis to Cyberball studies. Investigations into age-related effects revealed that ventrolateral prefrontal activations identified in the full sample were driven by (i.e. present in) developmental samples, while medial prefrontal activations were driven by emerging adult samples. In addition, the right ventral striatum was implicated in exclusion, but only in developmental samples. Subtraction analysis revealed significantly greater activation likelihood in striatal and ventrolateral prefrontal clusters in the developmental samples as compared to emerging adults, though the opposite contrast failed to identify any significant regions. Findings integrate the knowledge accrued from functional neuroimaging studies on social exclusion to date, highlighting involvement of lateral prefrontal regions implicated in regulation and midline structures involved in social cognitive and self-evaluative processes across experimental paradigms and ages, as well as limbic structures in developing samples specifically.
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TL;DR
This coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis of 40 fMRI studies (1122 participants) found that social exclusion consistently engages medial prefrontal/posterior cingulate regions and left ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC, with similar patterns in Cyberball-only studies. Developmental samples showed exclusion-related right ventral striatum and ventrolateral PFC activation, whereas emerging adult samples drove medial prefrontal/posterior cingulate findings.
Key findings
- Across all 40 social-exclusion studies (1122 participants), four convergence clusters emerged: a bilateral medial cluster including perigenual/subgenual ACC, ventromedial PFC, and medial OFC; left ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC; left posterior cingulate; and right posterior cingulate extending into precuneus. Excluding two studies that combined healthy and clinical samples removed the posterior cingulate clusters and added a right dorsomedial PFC cluster.
- Cyberball-only analysis (29 studies, 857 participants) showed the same four clusters with slightly varying peaks/extents; the right posterior cingulate cluster was absent after excluding clinical-sample studies, and an additional right precentral gyrus cluster appeared. Dorsal ACC and anterior insula were not reliably identified across studies; they emerged only when the statistical threshold was lowered.
- Developmental samples (9 Cyberball studies, 248 participants; weighted mean age 13.5 years, range 7–18) showed right ventral striatum and left ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC clusters. Emerging adult samples (17 studies, 516 participants; weighted mean age 22.9 years from 15 studies) showed a bilateral medial cluster (perigenual/subgenual ACC, ventromedial PFC, medial OFC) and left posterior cingulate. Subtraction analysis reported greater right ventral striatum likelihood in developmental vs emerging adults; the inverse contrast found no significant regions.
- Design analysis: traditional Cyberball studies (16 studies, 530 participants) resembled the full Cyberball sample, while alternating-design studies (9 studies, 222 participants) showed only a medial OFC/ventromedial PFC cluster; subtraction found no significant differences between designs.
Methods
- Studies were identified from PubMed and Medline plus reference lists; inclusion required empirical fMRI, healthy samples, group main effects for exclusion/rejection versus inclusion/acceptance, and whole-brain peak coordinates. The final set comprised 40 studies.
- Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses were run in GingerALE v2.3.6 using random effects, MNI space, cluster-level corrected threshold p < 0.05, 5000 thresholding permutations, and an uncorrected p < 0.001. Sub-analyses included Social Exclusion (40 studies), Cyberball (29), Developmental (9) versus emerging adult (17), traditional (16) versus alternating (9) designs, and subtraction analyses.
- The paper notes that 8–10 studies minimum are required for valid ALE results, while 15 studies per group are recommended for GingerALE subtraction analyses.
Limitations
- Stated: developmental and alternating-design analyses included only the minimum number of studies necessary for valid ALE results, and subtraction analyses may lack power because 15 studies per group are recommended. The authors could not run separate analyses for non-Cyberball paradigms due to insufficient studies, could not investigate gender differences because only two reviewed studies did so, and note that many studies were excluded for failing to report main effects.
- Stated: the ventrolateral PFC difference between developmental and emerging adult studies was present only when including two studies that combined healthy and clinical samples, so further research is needed to corroborate these findings. Age was also dichotomized into under/over 18 years, and the authors could not infer similarities or differences between Cyberball and other social-exclusion paradigms.
- Evident from the text: coordinate-based ALE depends on reported peak coordinates and thresholding choices and cannot capture subthreshold effects; the authors recommend broader sharing of whole-brain statistical maps via Neurovault to enable more powerful image-based meta-analyses.
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Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 31 Not checked yet · 15 Own method · 13 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also activation within one left PFC cluster encompassing the ventrolateral PFC and lateral OFC”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“There was also activation within a smaller cluster in the left lateral PFC, including the ventrolateral PFC and lateral OFC.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis of the 29 Cyberball studies that met inclusion criteria revealed the same four clusters of convergence (although with slightly varying peaks and extents) as the Social Exclusion analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“similar activation patterns were identified when restricting the analysis to Cyberball studies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the main brain regions that were reliably activated during conditions of social exclusion were located in one large medial bilateral cluster including the ACC (encompassing perigenual and subgenual portions) and extending into the ventromedial PFC and medial OFC.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“Our main findings from the overall analysis of all fMRI studies on social exclusion (meeting our inclusionary criteria) revealed activation of a large bilateral medial prefrontal cluster encompassing the perigenual and subgenual ACC, ventromedial PFC, and medial OFC.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“clusters were located in the right ventral striatum (VS), and left ventrolateral PFC extending into the lateral OFC in the developmental sample.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.3 Developmental analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the right posterior cingulate cluster was no longer present when excluding the two studies with clinical samples.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When excluding the two studies that reported main effects for exclusion combined across clinical and healthy groups, the two posterior cingulate clusters were no longer present.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis of nine Cyberball studies using developmental samples identified two clusters of convergence”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.3 Developmental analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ALE meta-analysis of all 40 studies on social exclusion revealed four clusters of convergence.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, one cluster of convergence was present in the right precentral gyrus.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, one additional novel cluster was evident in the right dorsomedial PFC.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one cluster in the left posterior cingulate”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“activation was identified within the left posterior cingulate”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main brain regions that were reliably activated during conditions of exclusion relative to inclusion (or fair play) were located in the bilateral medial PFC, left ventrolateral PFC extending to lateral OFC, and bilateral posterior cingulate”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one in the right posterior cingulate extending into the precuneus”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“right posterior cingulate cortex extending into the precuneus”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the right ventral striatum was implicated in exclusion, but only in developmental samples.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“the VS was implicated when the developmental samples experienced exclusion in Cyberball studies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
In the paper
“our findings primarily lie within the subgenual portion, while their findings fall more rostrally (in what we consider to be primarily anterior rostral medial PFC).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both studies also identified activation within the ACC”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“neither meta-analysis identified involvement of the dACC despite the sizeable focus on the region within the literature on social pain.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified activation of the VS when children and younger adolescents experienced exclusion in the Cyberball paradigm, which was absent in emerging adults.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current ALE meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social exclusion identified involvement of medial and lateral prefrontal cortices, as well as posterior cingulate cortices.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many studies met our inclusion criteria except for failing to report main effects.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, it is possible that younger adolescents are engaging in these higher order social cognitive and emotion regulatory processes differentially than emerging adults.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
In the paper
“This technique is a widely used and validated method for quantitatively analyzing voxel-wise neuroimaging foci (Kober and Wager, 2010).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 1. Introduction > 1.1 Aims/hypotheses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kober and Wager, 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Engaging in such perspective taking is also aided by self-guided mental imagery, which has consistently been shown to involve the precuneus (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cavanna and Trimble, 2006 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subtraction analyses still failed to identify any differences, suggesting that the absence of differences between traditional and alternating designs cannot be attributed to noise introduced by collapsing across different analytic strategies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.4 Design analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also acknowledge that only the ventrolateral PFC cluster was significantly different between developmental and emerging adult studies, and further, only when including two studies that incorporated both healthy and clinical samples.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Activation within the perigenual and subgenual ACC is thought to be an important marker of sensitivity to social stressors (including peer rejection), having been found to be more active in individuals with lower rejection sensitivity (Burklund et al., 2007) and also more responsive to negative stimuli in depressed populations (Chen et al., 2007).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Note: this version of the software has addressed a previous error in GingerALE that resulted in inferences on uncorrected cluster-level p values as opposed to FWE corrected clusters; Eickhoff et al., 2016”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.2 Statistical meta-analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eickhoff et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices, dominant hubs of the default mode network, are thought to support mentalizing processes, facilitating an individual’s ability to comprehend or interpret other people’s thoughts, feelings and intentions (Beer and Hughes, 2010; Frith and Frith, 2003; Hyatt et al., 2015).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As opposed to testing for above-chance clustering of individual foci, the current version of GingerALE assesses above-chance clustering of activated foci between studies, thus enabling random-effects inference.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.2 Statistical meta-analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the context of experiencing social exclusion or rejection, activation within these regions could potentially reflect social cognitive processes involved in understanding the mental states of the perpetrators (e.g., considering their motives for committing the rejection).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“structural neuroimaging suggests that medial and lateral prefrontal regions may exhibit different developmental trajectories and thus attain adult-levels of maturity at different ages (Mills et al., 2014; Shaw et al., 2008; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Masten and colleagues (2009) found that greater ACC activity was related to greater self-reported distress from exclusion during Cyberball, while greater ventrolateral PFC activation was related to less distress; this latter association (but not the former) was also supported by Kawamoto et al. (2012) and Bolling et al. (2012).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that only 10 studies meeting our inclusionary criteria used non-Cyberball paradigms, with only one or two studies using each specific task, we were unable to perform a separate analysis for each of these tasks.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.3 Sub-analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This number of studies is consistent with prior ALE analyses (Silverman et al., 2015; Wagner et al., 2014).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.3 Sub-analyses
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that overlapping samples can introduce bias from non-independence of observations, in each case we chose to include the initial study alone.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.1 Study selection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, activation within the ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC cluster is consistent with its hypothesized role in emotion regulation, thus potentially representing regulation of distress or negative affect following exclusion.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“research using multivariate pattern analyses suggests distinct neural representations of physical pain and social rejection in the dACC and anterior insula, which are not distinguishable using traditional task-based fMRI contrasts (Woo et al., 2014).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woo et al., 2014 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with our findings, studies have also reported activation of VS during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli (McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002; 2004; van Reekum et al., 2007).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is increased statistical power and sensitivity to identify effects when combining results across studies, as opposed to the findings of individual studies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Cacioppo and colleagues only included 12 studies (nine of which overlapped with our sample)”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major strength of this meta-analytic approach is that it weighs the contribution of each study based on sample size, thus minimizing sampling error.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis that likewise found greater activity in VS during reward processing for children and adolescents (aged 8–19 years) than adults (Silverman et al., 2015).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Silverman et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analysis was constrained to dichotomizing sub-analyses into samples under and over 18 years of age given the characteristics of current studies”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be particularly problematic for identifying clusters of convergence in the developmental samples relative to the emerging adult samples, as well as in the alternating design samples as compared to the traditional design samples.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may act to increase noise in the BOLD response associated with the exclusion condition.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and VS activity mediated the relationship between ventrolateral PFC activation and reappraisal success (i.e. less negative emotional experience).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wager et al., 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sex differences have been identified in a range of social cognitive processes (Pavlova, 2016; Proverbio, 2017).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pavlova, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Proverbio, 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a meta-analysis focusing on the ACC found that self-reported distress was associated with the location of peak BOLD response within this region (Rotge et al., 2015).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rotge et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“highlighting differences that may arise from continued maturation of the brain during adolescence.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
“However, we hypothesize the range as being between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Region-of-interest analyses are frequently conducted in the dACC without supplemental whole brain analyses.
“Moreover, region-of-interest analyses are frequently conducted in the dACC without supplemental whole brain analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Such region-of-interest analyses sometimes use lowered statistical thresholds, which are biased toward confirmatory findings.
“At certain times, this occurs using lowered statistical thresholds, which are further biased towards confirmatory findings.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“more ventral regions of ACC were more reliably recruited across the meta-analyses, including (1) rostral perigenual ACC bordering on mPFC (Cacioppo et al., 2013), (2) perigenual and subgenual ACC (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), and (3) vACC (Rotge et al., 2015).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“both of these studies suggest more reliable engagement of the ventromedial PFC and ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC.”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Of the two whole-brain meta-analyses, the AI was identified by one (Cacioppo et al., 2013), but not the other (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Cyberball (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000) is a virtual ball-tossing game commonly used to simulate social exclusion in neuroimaging studies (for review and meta-analysis, see Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017
In the citing paper
“a prior meta-analysis identifying this region as more reliably recruited in Cyberball for adolescents than adults (Vijayakumar et al., 2017)”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Prior meta-analyses have consistently implicated the anterior PFC in social exclusion (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2017), with recent work indicating that this region processes negative affect (Kragel et al., 2018).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.3 Developmental analysis
“Subsequent subtraction analysis of the developmental and emerging adult convergence maps revealed significantly greater activation likelihood in the right VS in developmental compared to adults. Exclusion of the two adult studies that incorporated clinical samples did not change this result.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
“We also acknowledge that only the ventrolateral PFC cluster was significantly different between developmental and emerging adult studies, and further, only when including two studies that incorporated both healthy and clinical samples.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
“When excluding the two studies that reported main effects for exclusion combined across clinical and healthy groups, the two posterior cingulate clusters were no longer present.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
“Finally, activation was identified within the left posterior cingulate and right posterior cingulate cortex extending into the precuneus, although the latter cluster was not present when excluding two studies that incorporated clinical samples.”
Citations
Cites
The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl004 · Cited by 5,128 · cited 2×
“Engaging in such perspective taking is also aided by self-guided mental imagery, which has consistently been shown to involve the precuneus (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006).”
BackgroundDoes Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089134 · Cited by 3,849
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520 · cited 2×
“Consistent with our findings, studies have also reported activation of VS during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli (McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; van Reekum et al., 2007).”
ResultSteinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507 · cited 2×
“This includes changes in activation of subcortical regions to affective stimuli, cortical midline and temporo-parietal structures supporting social-cognitive processes, and lateral prefrontal cortices involved in inhibitory control (Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
BackgroundDevelopment and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306 · cited 2×
“The precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices, dominant hubs of the default mode network, are thought to support mentalizing processes, facilitating an individual's ability to comprehend or interpret other people's thoughts, feelings and intentions (Beer and Hughes, 2010; Frith and Frith, 2003; Hyatt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 · Cited by 2,276 · cited 1×
“Functional neuroimaging research on social exclusion in both adults and adolescents has most commonly employed the Cyberball paradigm (Williams et al., 2000; Williams and Jarvis, 2006), where participants are excluded from a ball-tossing game by virtual players with pre-programmed actions.”
BackgroundOchsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113 · cited 1×
“Consistent with our findings, studies have also reported activation of VS during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli (McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; van Reekum et al., 2007).”
ResultDissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning
O'Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094285 · Cited by 2,088 · cited 1×
“Our results may therefore suggest that adolescent hyper-reactivity of VS is not limited to reward processing, and that this region may not be selective for the learning and prediction of rewarding outcomes (McClure et al., 2003; O'Doherty et al., 2004; 2003).”
BackgroundEickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Grefkes, C., Wang, L. E., Zilles, K., & Fox, P. T. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20718 · Cited by 1,924 · cited 1×
“We specifically used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) implemented in the GingerALE software (Eickhoff et al., 2009) to compare activation patterns across individual studies and identify brain regions that have been consistently associated with social exclusion.”
Method
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–161 of 161
Social exclusion: differences in neural mechanisms underlying direct versus vicarious experience
Song, J., Lian, T., Zhang, Y., Cao, M., & Jiao, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1368214 · Cited by 5
“Frontiers in Psychology 06 frontiersin.org Targets experiencing social exclusion show increased activation in the mPFC compared to experiencing social inclusion, akin to findings in previous related studies (Moor et al., 2012; Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Wasylyshyn et al., 2018).”
ResultOstracism and Sense of Coherence: The Mediating Role of Social Media Addiction in Adolescents
Kaya, B., & Önder, F. C. (2024) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2024.2413494 · Cited by 7
“Another experimental study analyzed brain images of individuals who were exposed to ostracism with fMRI and concluded that ostracism had a negative effect on the prefrontal cortex (cognitive skills, decision skills dimensions that help to cope with stress) (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
Fang, X., Kerschreiter, R., Yang, Y., & Niedeggen, M. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01151-y · Cited by 6
“In the current study, as well as in the previous study (Fang et al., 2022), we considered the potential impact of age on the neural characteristics revealed in the ERPs (Rodrigo et al., 2014; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
ResultCaregiver or Playmate? Fathers’ and mothers’ brain responses to ball-play with children
Açıl, D., Puhlmann, L. M. C., White, L. O., & Vrtička, P. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01237-1 · Cited by 5
“…of neural regions as part of the default-mode network (Mwilambwe-Tshilobo & Spreng, 2021) as well as areas involved in experiencing and regulation of aversive emotions (Seeley, 2019), self-evaluative processing (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), and “social pain” (Eisenberger, 2015), among others.”
A Game-based Assessment of the Effects of Rejection on Young Adults
Tuijnman, A., Kleinjan, M., Chen, S., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Granic, I. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3474681 · Cited by 7
Hollarek, M., van Buuren, M., Asscheman, J. S., Cillessen, A. H. N., Koot, S., van Lier, P. A. C., & Krabbendam, L. (2023) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2023.2207837 · Cited by 5
“Neural activity in our ROI of the left IFG has previously been associated with the regulation of negative emotions after social exclusion, in adults and developmental samples (Rotge et al., 2015; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLonging for belonging: Feeling loved (or not) and why it matters
Ali, S., Rohner, R. P., Britner, P. A., & Jahn, A. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13029 · Cited by 5
Asscheman, J. S., Koot, S., Ma, I., Buil, J. M., Krabbendam, L., Cillessen, A. H. N., & van Lier, P. A. C. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100792 · Cited by 5
Weinreich, L., Moll, K., Sperl, M. F. J., Schulte‐Körne, G., & Timmermans, B. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02687-9 · Cited by 10
Ostracism affects children’s behavioral reactivity and gaze cueing of attention
Basset, G., Testa, A., Turati, C., Quadrelli, E., & Bulf, H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320338 · Cited by 5
“Indeed, the activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was mainly observed with developmental samples when compared to adults [29], suggesting that the brain’s response to social exclusion changes across development.”
The heart of social pain: examining resting blood pressure and neural sensitivity to exclusion
Dembling, S. J., Abaya, N. M., Gianaros, P. J., & Inagaki, T. K. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf025 · Cited by 4
“Specifically, studies have shown increased activity in the dACC and AI during acute experiences of social rejection (Eisenberger et al. 2003, Vijayakumar et al. 2017), social evaluation (Eisenberger et al. 2011, Muscatell et al. 2016), and imaginal re-experiencing of social pain (Kross et al. 2011,…”
Development of Social Cognition in Adolescence and the Importance of Mating
Donaldson, S. H., & Mills, K. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843290.003.0004 · Cited by 4
Roybal, D. J., Cosgrove, V. E., Kelley, R. G., Shoukry, R. S., Larios, R. M., Novy, B., Chang, K., & Garrett, A. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.687052 · Cited by 5
Wever, M. C. M., Will, G., van Houtum, L. A. E. M., Janssen, L. H. C., Wentholt, W. G. M., Spruit, I. M., Tollenaar, M. S., & Elzinga, B. M. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01169-w · Cited by 4
“Ado-lescents show enhanced sensitivity to social events, with negative social experiences (e.g., rejection) particularly inducing negative feelings (Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Will et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfants’ neural processing of emotional faces after ostracism
Quadrelli, E., Mermier, J., Basset, G., Bulf, H., & Turati, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11310-5 · Cited by 5
“Research has identified brain regions involved in emotional regulation, social cognition and self-evaluation as key neural substrates of ostracism sensitivity 35–37 .”
Kim, H., Kwak, S., Baek, E. C., Oh, N., Baldina, E., Youm, Y., & Chey, J. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad015 · Cited by 3
“Despite similar connectivity patterns during social exclusion, however, the two mPFC networks could be involved in slightly different social cognition as suggested by previous studies (Sebastian et al., 2011; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultNeural Sensitivity to Peer Feedback and Depressive Symptoms: Moderation by Executive Function
Davis, M. M., Modi, H. H., Skymba, H. V., Haigler, K., Finnegan, M. K., Telzer, E. H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2024) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22515 · Cited by 3
Brain structure and function and social exclusion reactivity in the Cyberball game
Mulder, R. H., Xu, B., López-Vicente, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Tiemeier, H. W., & Muetzel, R. L. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115707 · Cited by 2
Neural systems for processing social relationship information along two principal dimensions
Kang, W., Kwon, M., & Lee, S. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08504-y · Cited by 2
Felnhofer, A., Goreis, A., Weiss, L., Haslacher, H., Nigmann, C., Skacel, G., Marculescu, R., Plener, P. L., Greber‐Platzer, S., & Kothgassner, O. D. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01824-3 · Cited by 2
“This brief exclusion task is known to elicit strong emotional and physiological responses [26, 27] but has also been criticized [22, 28] for its arti fi cial nature.”
Neural correlates of social exclusion in individuals with excessive smartphone use
Henemann, G. M., Schmitgen, M. M., Haage, S. H., Rosero, J. P., Bach, P., Wolf, N. D., Koenig, J., & Wolf, R. C. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108852 · Cited by 2
Aerobic fitness moderates girls' affective and working memory responses to social exclusion
Paoli, A. G. D., Smith, A. L., Pontifex, M. B., & Moser, J. S. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101927 · Cited by 2
School Social Relations, Self-Regulation, and Social Decision-Making
Troop‐Gordon, W., & Erath, S. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07109-6_7 · Cited by 2
Neural responses to gender‐based microaggressions in academic medicine
Balters, S., Foland-Ross, L. C., Bruno, J., Periyakoil, V., Valantine, H., & Reiss, A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25240
Kellij, S., Dobbelaar, S., Lodder, G. M. A., Veenstra, R., & Güroğlu, B. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01227-4 · Cited by 2
Baek, E. C., Shen, Y. L., Kim, H., Baldina, E., Chey, J., Youm, Y., & Parkinson, C. M. (2025) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaf067 · Cited by 2
Social Acts and Anticipation of Social Feedback
Perini, I., Kroll, S. L., Mayo, L. M., & Heilig, M. A. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_274 · Cited by 2
Cheng, T. W., Vijayakumar, N., Flournoy, J. C., de Macks, Z. A. O., Peake, S. J., Flannery, J., Mobasser, A., Alberti, S. L., Fisher, P. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/524934 · Cited by 4
“In comparison, the ventromedial PFC, ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC, and anterior insula were more reliably recruited than ACC subregions across whole-brain meta-analyses (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLabek, K., & Viviani, R. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14111158 · Cited by 1
“Vijayakumar et al. [12] replicated these results, adding to them the posterior cingulate cortex (pCC), with Brain Sci. 2024 , 14 no significant dACC activation.”
Feeling left out in the Lunchroom: Neural mechanisms of ostracism vary across adolescence
Nelson, C. M., Revilla, R., Friedman, N. R., Xia, M., & Hudac, C. M. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101607 · Cited by 1
“In addition, source estimation indicated three critical neural sources of ostracism (ACC, amygdala, and superior temporal gyrus [STG]), consistent with prior fMRI findings (for review see Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
InfluentialGu, H., Zhong, Q., & Cheng, Y. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2573840 · Cited by 1
“This attenuation aligns with prior research indicating that gender disparities in emotionality tend to peak during early adolescence (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), while school-based mental health initiatives may help reduce behavioral differences across genders (Fazel & Hoagwood, 2021).”
Torige, S., Yasumuro, S., & Iwaki, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1593873 · Cited by 2
“Younger adolescents show functional alterations in prefrontal, midline, and limbic regions during exclusion (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
Neural sensitivity to social feedback and adaptations to changing social contexts in adolescence
Davis, M. M., Achterberg, M., & Sheridan, M. A. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106620 · Cited by 1
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Anxiety, for better or for worse
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Röhr, A.-K., Kohn, N., Bergs, R., Clemens, B., Lampert, A., Spehr, M., Habel, U., & Wagels, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57585-y · Cited by 1
“A meta-analysis focusing on exclusion in Cyberball paradigms attests participation of the bilateral medial PFC and posterior cingulate cortices, right precuneus and ACC, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) 32 .”
InfluentialDifferential neural sensitivity to social inclusion and exclusion in adolescents in foster care
Vijayakumar, N., Cheng, T. W., Flannery, J., Flournoy, J. C., Ross, G., Mobasser, A., de Macks, Z. A. O., Fisher, P. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102986 · Cited by 2
“exclusion in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC; particularly ventromedial [vm]PFC and ventral anterior cingulate cortex [vACC]), posterior cingulate, precuneus, ventrolateral (vl)PFC, and to a lesser extent, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and insula (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Mwilambwe-Tshilobo & Spreng, 20…”
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Asscheman, J. S., Koot, S., Ma, I., Buil, J. M., Krabbendam, L., Cillessen, A. H. N., & van Lier, P. A. C. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100793 · Cited by 1
Puberty and social brain developmentPreprint
Barendse, M. E. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zvrhn · Cited by 1
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Bosulu, J., Luo, Y., & Hétu, S. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510041 · Cited by 1
“, 2003; Mwilambwe-Tshilobo & Spreng, 2021) and OFC (ex. van der Lan et al., 2011; De Araujo et al., 2003; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialvon Guttenberg, M., Gassen, J., & Slavich, G. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.18.660364 · Cited by 2
Existential givens, religion, and neuroscience
Klackl, J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817204-9.00024-x · Cited by 1
Cannard, C. (2019) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.canna.2019.01.0385
Correia, R. D. C. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2021.tde-28012022-110238
Social Processes in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Zetterqvist, M., & Bjureberg, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197611272.013.17 · Cited by 1
Impact sélectif de l’exclusion sociale sur l’humeur des adolescent.e.s
Walter, J., Brunel, L. C., & Buon, M. (2023) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf2.232.0177
Social Exclusion and Emotional Experience: The Impact of Mentalized Affectivity
Voicu, A., & Luchner, A. F. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251358211
Exposure to Bullying Engages Social Distress Circuits in the Adolescent and Adult Brain
Paranko, B., Garandeau, C. F., Seppälä, K., Putkinen, V., Santavirta, S., Hirvonen, J., Salmivalli, C., & Nummenmaa, L. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0738-25.2025
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Wolf, N. D., Henemann, G. M., Schmitgen, M., & Wolf, R. (2025) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2625-7090
Developmental trajectories of head and eye cue integration in gaze perception
Otsuka, Y., Watanabe, K., & Clifford, C. W. G. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34625-9
“46 ).”
Shared network between social exclusion and physiological needsPreprint
Bosulu, J., Mzireg, Y., Luo, Y., & Hétu, S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.707574
Heightened Susceptibility to Social Exclusion in Poor Sleepers: A Resting-State fMRI Study
Wei, Y., Fan, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, S., Mi, Y., Lv, Z., & Lei, X. (2026) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-026-01186-7
“…social exclusion tasks, the vACC and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of the PFC showed the robust activation (Mwilambwe-Tshilobo and Spreng 2021; Vijayakumar et al. 2017), and that only these two regions are reliably 1 3 associated with subjective reports of distress (Mwilambwe-Tshilobo and…”
On the Verge of Exclusion: The Unique Psychological Profile of the Threat of Social Exclusion
Widiastuti, T. R., van Schie, H. T., van Beest, I., & Karremans, J. C. (2026) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70068
Krasberg-Schoett, M. J. S., Deichmann, R., Fischmann, T., & Fiebach, C. J. (2026) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2026.2649161
“However, while meta-analytic evidence suggests an involvement of vlPFC during social exclusion (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), there is no data available on which to base specific expectations regarding how exactly attachment style modulates exclusion-related vlPFC activity: Given that vlPFC activation…”
Ding, Y., Oba, K., Ishibashi, R., & Sugiura, M. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01483-5 · Cited by 2
Neural bias to social feedback moderates link between childhood abuse and subsequent harsh parenting
Johnston, C. R., Cunningham, E., Moger, I., Smith, O. V., Dow, K., Kilmer, A., Mitchell, W. J., Murty, V. P., & Jarcho, J. M. (2026) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsag071
“We focused on a set of overlapping a priori regions of interest (ROIs) implicated in social feedback processing (Vijayakumar et al. 2017, Feng et al. 2021, Martins et al. 2021, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo and Spreng 2021) and the neural sequela of childhood abuse (Hart and Rubia 2012, Heany et al. 2018,…”
Bonacina, G., Wagels, L., Habel, U., Wilkin-Krug, L. C. M., O’Leary, A., & Boccadoro, S. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106998
McIntosh, R. C., Sharma, R., Lobo, J. D., Howard, K., Pallikkuth, S., Gianaros, P. J., & Hurwitz, B. E. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.107039
Metadata
- Authors
- Vijayakumar, N., Cheng, T. W., & Pfeifer, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vijayakumar, Nandita
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 153
- Pages
- 359-368
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5457721
- OpenAlex
- W2591527129
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH107418)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA035763)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social exclusion, neural correlates, Cyberball paradigm, age differences, developmental neuroscience, emerging adulthood, adolescence, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, self-assessment, social cognition, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psychological Distance, Young Adult
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