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Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies
Open accessAbstract
Given the recent surge in functional neuroimaging studies on social exclusion, the current study employed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) based meta-analyses to identify brain regions that have consistently been implicated across different experimental paradigms used to investigate exclusion. We also examined the neural correlates underlying Cyberball, the most commonly used paradigm to study exclusion, as well as differences in exclusion-related activation between developing (7-18 years of age, from pre-adolescence up to late adolescence) and emerging adult (broadly defined as undergraduates, including late adolescence and young adulthood) samples. Results revealed involvement of the bilateral medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices, right precuneus and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex across the different paradigms used to examine social exclusion; similar activation patterns were identified when restricting the analysis to Cyberball studies. Investigations into age-related effects revealed that ventrolateral prefrontal activations identified in the full sample were driven by (i.e. present in) developmental samples, while medial prefrontal activations were driven by emerging adult samples. In addition, the right ventral striatum was implicated in exclusion, but only in developmental samples. Subtraction analysis revealed significantly greater activation likelihood in striatal and ventrolateral prefrontal clusters in the developmental samples as compared to emerging adults, though the opposite contrast failed to identify any significant regions. Findings integrate the knowledge accrued from functional neuroimaging studies on social exclusion to date, highlighting involvement of lateral prefrontal regions implicated in regulation and midline structures involved in social cognitive and self-evaluative processes across experimental paradigms and ages, as well as limbic structures in developing samples specifically.
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TL;DR
This coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis of 40 fMRI studies (1122 participants) found that social exclusion consistently engages medial prefrontal/posterior cingulate regions and left ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC, with similar patterns in Cyberball-only studies. Developmental samples showed exclusion-related right ventral striatum and ventrolateral PFC activation, whereas emerging adult samples drove medial prefrontal/posterior cingulate findings.
Key findings
- Across all 40 social-exclusion studies (1122 participants), four convergence clusters emerged: a bilateral medial cluster including perigenual/subgenual ACC, ventromedial PFC, and medial OFC; left ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC; left posterior cingulate; and right posterior cingulate extending into precuneus. Excluding two studies that combined healthy and clinical samples removed the posterior cingulate clusters and added a right dorsomedial PFC cluster.
- Cyberball-only analysis (29 studies, 857 participants) showed the same four clusters with slightly varying peaks/extents; the right posterior cingulate cluster was absent after excluding clinical-sample studies, and an additional right precentral gyrus cluster appeared. Dorsal ACC and anterior insula were not reliably identified across studies; they emerged only when the statistical threshold was lowered.
- Developmental samples (9 Cyberball studies, 248 participants; weighted mean age 13.5 years, range 7–18) showed right ventral striatum and left ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC clusters. Emerging adult samples (17 studies, 516 participants; weighted mean age 22.9 years from 15 studies) showed a bilateral medial cluster (perigenual/subgenual ACC, ventromedial PFC, medial OFC) and left posterior cingulate. Subtraction analysis reported greater right ventral striatum likelihood in developmental vs emerging adults; the inverse contrast found no significant regions.
- Design analysis: traditional Cyberball studies (16 studies, 530 participants) resembled the full Cyberball sample, while alternating-design studies (9 studies, 222 participants) showed only a medial OFC/ventromedial PFC cluster; subtraction found no significant differences between designs.
Methods
- Studies were identified from PubMed and Medline plus reference lists; inclusion required empirical fMRI, healthy samples, group main effects for exclusion/rejection versus inclusion/acceptance, and whole-brain peak coordinates. The final set comprised 40 studies.
- Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses were run in GingerALE v2.3.6 using random effects, MNI space, cluster-level corrected threshold p < 0.05, 5000 thresholding permutations, and an uncorrected p < 0.001. Sub-analyses included Social Exclusion (40 studies), Cyberball (29), Developmental (9) versus emerging adult (17), traditional (16) versus alternating (9) designs, and subtraction analyses.
- The paper notes that 8–10 studies minimum are required for valid ALE results, while 15 studies per group are recommended for GingerALE subtraction analyses.
Limitations
- Stated: developmental and alternating-design analyses included only the minimum number of studies necessary for valid ALE results, and subtraction analyses may lack power because 15 studies per group are recommended. The authors could not run separate analyses for non-Cyberball paradigms due to insufficient studies, could not investigate gender differences because only two reviewed studies did so, and note that many studies were excluded for failing to report main effects.
- Stated: the ventrolateral PFC difference between developmental and emerging adult studies was present only when including two studies that combined healthy and clinical samples, so further research is needed to corroborate these findings. Age was also dichotomized into under/over 18 years, and the authors could not infer similarities or differences between Cyberball and other social-exclusion paradigms.
- Evident from the text: coordinate-based ALE depends on reported peak coordinates and thresholding choices and cannot capture subthreshold effects; the authors recommend broader sharing of whole-brain statistical maps via Neurovault to enable more powerful image-based meta-analyses.
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Claims the paper makes
33 Own result · 31 Not checked yet · 15 Own method · 13 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also activation within one left PFC cluster encompassing the ventrolateral PFC and lateral OFC”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“There was also activation within a smaller cluster in the left lateral PFC, including the ventrolateral PFC and lateral OFC.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis of the 29 Cyberball studies that met inclusion criteria revealed the same four clusters of convergence (although with slightly varying peaks and extents) as the Social Exclusion analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“similar activation patterns were identified when restricting the analysis to Cyberball studies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the main brain regions that were reliably activated during conditions of social exclusion were located in one large medial bilateral cluster including the ACC (encompassing perigenual and subgenual portions) and extending into the ventromedial PFC and medial OFC.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“Our main findings from the overall analysis of all fMRI studies on social exclusion (meeting our inclusionary criteria) revealed activation of a large bilateral medial prefrontal cluster encompassing the perigenual and subgenual ACC, ventromedial PFC, and medial OFC.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“clusters were located in the right ventral striatum (VS), and left ventrolateral PFC extending into the lateral OFC in the developmental sample.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.3 Developmental analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the right posterior cingulate cluster was no longer present when excluding the two studies with clinical samples.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When excluding the two studies that reported main effects for exclusion combined across clinical and healthy groups, the two posterior cingulate clusters were no longer present.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis of nine Cyberball studies using developmental samples identified two clusters of convergence”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.3 Developmental analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ALE meta-analysis of all 40 studies on social exclusion revealed four clusters of convergence.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, one cluster of convergence was present in the right precentral gyrus.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, one additional novel cluster was evident in the right dorsomedial PFC.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one cluster in the left posterior cingulate”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“activation was identified within the left posterior cingulate”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main brain regions that were reliably activated during conditions of exclusion relative to inclusion (or fair play) were located in the bilateral medial PFC, left ventrolateral PFC extending to lateral OFC, and bilateral posterior cingulate”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.2 Cyberball analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one in the right posterior cingulate extending into the precuneus”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“right posterior cingulate cortex extending into the precuneus”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the right ventral striatum was implicated in exclusion, but only in developmental samples.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
“the VS was implicated when the developmental samples experienced exclusion in Cyberball studies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
- Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
In the paper
“our findings primarily lie within the subgenual portion, while their findings fall more rostrally (in what we consider to be primarily anterior rostral medial PFC).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although both studies also identified activation within the ACC”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“neither meta-analysis identified involvement of the dACC despite the sizeable focus on the region within the literature on social pain.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified activation of the VS when children and younger adolescents experienced exclusion in the Cyberball paradigm, which was absent in emerging adults.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current ALE meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social exclusion identified involvement of medial and lateral prefrontal cortices, as well as posterior cingulate cortices.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many studies met our inclusion criteria except for failing to report main effects.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, it is possible that younger adolescents are engaging in these higher order social cognitive and emotion regulatory processes differentially than emerging adults.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
In the paper
“This technique is a widely used and validated method for quantitatively analyzing voxel-wise neuroimaging foci (Kober and Wager, 2010).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 1. Introduction > 1.1 Aims/hypotheses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kober and Wager, 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Engaging in such perspective taking is also aided by self-guided mental imagery, which has consistently been shown to involve the precuneus (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cavanna and Trimble, 2006 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subtraction analyses still failed to identify any differences, suggesting that the absence of differences between traditional and alternating designs cannot be attributed to noise introduced by collapsing across different analytic strategies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.4 Design analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also acknowledge that only the ventrolateral PFC cluster was significantly different between developmental and emerging adult studies, and further, only when including two studies that incorporated both healthy and clinical samples.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Activation within the perigenual and subgenual ACC is thought to be an important marker of sensitivity to social stressors (including peer rejection), having been found to be more active in individuals with lower rejection sensitivity (Burklund et al., 2007) and also more responsive to negative stimuli in depressed populations (Chen et al., 2007).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Note: this version of the software has addressed a previous error in GingerALE that resulted in inferences on uncorrected cluster-level p values as opposed to FWE corrected clusters; Eickhoff et al., 2016”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.2 Statistical meta-analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eickhoff et al., 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices, dominant hubs of the default mode network, are thought to support mentalizing processes, facilitating an individual’s ability to comprehend or interpret other people’s thoughts, feelings and intentions (Beer and Hughes, 2010; Frith and Frith, 2003; Hyatt et al., 2015).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As opposed to testing for above-chance clustering of individual foci, the current version of GingerALE assesses above-chance clustering of activated foci between studies, thus enabling random-effects inference.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.2 Statistical meta-analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the context of experiencing social exclusion or rejection, activation within these regions could potentially reflect social cognitive processes involved in understanding the mental states of the perpetrators (e.g., considering their motives for committing the rejection).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“structural neuroimaging suggests that medial and lateral prefrontal regions may exhibit different developmental trajectories and thus attain adult-levels of maturity at different ages (Mills et al., 2014; Shaw et al., 2008; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Masten and colleagues (2009) found that greater ACC activity was related to greater self-reported distress from exclusion during Cyberball, while greater ventrolateral PFC activation was related to less distress; this latter association (but not the former) was also supported by Kawamoto et al. (2012) and Bolling et al. (2012).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that only 10 studies meeting our inclusionary criteria used non-Cyberball paradigms, with only one or two studies using each specific task, we were unable to perform a separate analysis for each of these tasks.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.3 Sub-analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This number of studies is consistent with prior ALE analyses (Silverman et al., 2015; Wagner et al., 2014).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.3 Sub-analyses
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that overlapping samples can introduce bias from non-independence of observations, in each case we chose to include the initial study alone.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 2. Method > 2.1 Study selection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, activation within the ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC cluster is consistent with its hypothesized role in emotion regulation, thus potentially representing regulation of distress or negative affect following exclusion.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“research using multivariate pattern analyses suggests distinct neural representations of physical pain and social rejection in the dACC and anterior insula, which are not distinguishable using traditional task-based fMRI contrasts (Woo et al., 2014).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woo et al., 2014 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with our findings, studies have also reported activation of VS during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli (McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002; 2004; van Reekum et al., 2007).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there is increased statistical power and sensitivity to identify effects when combining results across studies, as opposed to the findings of individual studies.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Cacioppo and colleagues only included 12 studies (nine of which overlapped with our sample)”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cacioppo et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major strength of this meta-analytic approach is that it weighs the contribution of each study based on sample size, thus minimizing sampling error.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis that likewise found greater activity in VS during reward processing for children and adolescents (aged 8–19 years) than adults (Silverman et al., 2015).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Silverman et al., 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analysis was constrained to dichotomizing sub-analyses into samples under and over 18 years of age given the characteristics of current studies”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be particularly problematic for identifying clusters of convergence in the developmental samples relative to the emerging adult samples, as well as in the alternating design samples as compared to the traditional design samples.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may act to increase noise in the BOLD response associated with the exclusion condition.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and VS activity mediated the relationship between ventrolateral PFC activation and reappraisal success (i.e. less negative emotional experience).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wager et al., 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sex differences have been identified in a range of social cognitive processes (Pavlova, 2016; Proverbio, 2017).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pavlova, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Proverbio, 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a meta-analysis focusing on the ACC found that self-reported distress was associated with the location of peak BOLD response within this region (Rotge et al., 2015).”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rotge et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“highlighting differences that may arise from continued maturation of the brain during adolescence.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The emerging adult sample's age range is between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.
“However, we hypothesize the range as being between 18 and late-20s/early-30s.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Region-of-interest analyses are frequently conducted in the dACC without supplemental whole brain analyses.
“Moreover, region-of-interest analyses are frequently conducted in the dACC without supplemental whole brain analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Such region-of-interest analyses sometimes use lowered statistical thresholds, which are biased toward confirmatory findings.
“At certain times, this occurs using lowered statistical thresholds, which are further biased towards confirmatory findings.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a prior meta-analysis identifying this region as more reliably recruited in Cyberball for adolescents than adults (Vijayakumar et al., 2017)”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“more ventral regions of ACC were more reliably recruited across the meta-analyses, including (1) rostral perigenual ACC bordering on mPFC (Cacioppo et al., 2013), (2) perigenual and subgenual ACC (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), and (3) vACC (Rotge et al., 2015).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“both of these studies suggest more reliable engagement of the ventromedial PFC and ventrolateral PFC/lateral OFC.”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Of the two whole-brain meta-analyses, the AI was identified by one (Cacioppo et al., 2013), but not the other (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Cyberball (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000) is a virtual ball-tossing game commonly used to simulate social exclusion in neuroimaging studies (for review and meta-analysis, see Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017
In the citing paper
“Prior meta-analyses have consistently implicated the anterior PFC in social exclusion (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2017), with recent work indicating that this region processes negative affect (Kragel et al., 2018).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Vijayakumar et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.3 Developmental analysis
“Subsequent subtraction analysis of the developmental and emerging adult convergence maps revealed significantly greater activation likelihood in the right VS in developmental compared to adults. Exclusion of the two adult studies that incorporated clinical samples did not change this result.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
“We also acknowledge that only the ventrolateral PFC cluster was significantly different between developmental and emerging adult studies, and further, only when including two studies that incorporated both healthy and clinical samples.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 3. Results > 3.1 Social exclusion analysis
“When excluding the two studies that reported main effects for exclusion combined across clinical and healthy groups, the two posterior cingulate clusters were no longer present.”
§ Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies > 4. Discussion
“Finally, activation was identified within the left posterior cingulate and right posterior cingulate cortex extending into the precuneus, although the latter cluster was not present when excluding two studies that incorporated clinical samples.”
Citations
Cites
The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl004 · Cited by 5,128 · cited 2×
“Engaging in such perspective taking is also aided by self-guided mental imagery, which has consistently been shown to involve the precuneus (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006).”
BackgroundDoes Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089134 · Cited by 3,849
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520 · cited 2×
“Consistent with our findings, studies have also reported activation of VS during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli (McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; van Reekum et al., 2007).”
ResultSteinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83 · Cited by 2,517
Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3313 · Cited by 2,507 · cited 2×
“This includes changes in activation of subcortical regions to affective stimuli, cortical midline and temporo-parietal structures supporting social-cognitive processes, and lateral prefrontal cortices involved in inhibitory control (Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
BackgroundDevelopment and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306 · cited 2×
“The precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices, dominant hubs of the default mode network, are thought to support mentalizing processes, facilitating an individual's ability to comprehend or interpret other people's thoughts, feelings and intentions (Beer and Hughes, 2010; Frith and Frith, 2003; Hyatt et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 · Cited by 2,276 · cited 1×
“Functional neuroimaging research on social exclusion in both adults and adolescents has most commonly employed the Cyberball paradigm (Williams et al., 2000; Williams and Jarvis, 2006), where participants are excluded from a ball-tossing game by virtual players with pre-programmed actions.”
BackgroundOchsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113 · cited 1×
“Consistent with our findings, studies have also reported activation of VS during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli (McRae et al., 2008; Ochsner et al., 2002, 2004; van Reekum et al., 2007).”
ResultDissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning
O'Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094285 · Cited by 2,088 · cited 1×
“Our results may therefore suggest that adolescent hyper-reactivity of VS is not limited to reward processing, and that this region may not be selective for the learning and prediction of rewarding outcomes (McClure et al., 2003; O'Doherty et al., 2004; 2003).”
BackgroundEickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Grefkes, C., Wang, L. E., Zilles, K., & Fox, P. T. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20718 · Cited by 1,924 · cited 1×
“We specifically used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) implemented in the GingerALE software (Eickhoff et al., 2009) to compare activation patterns across individual studies and identify brain regions that have been consistently associated with social exclusion.”
Method
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schurz, M., Raduà, J., Tholen, M. G., Maliske, L., Margulies, D. S., Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., & Kanske, P. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000303 · Cited by 702
Media use and brain development during adolescence
Crone, E. A., & Konijn, E. A. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03126-x · Cited by 464
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411
Self-citationStudying individual differences in human adolescent brain development
Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0078-4 · Cited by 413
Social connectedness, mental health and the adolescent brain
Lamblin, M., Murawski, C., Whittle, S., & Fornito, A. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.010 · Cited by 375
Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review
Lam, J. A., Murray, E. R., Yu, K. E., Ramsey, M., Nguyen, T. T., Mishra, J., Martis, B., Thomas, M. L., & Lee, E. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7 · Cited by 250
“It has been proposed that social rejection activates similar regions as physical pain, as supported by bilateral anterior insula activation with feelings of loneliness [70, 71], although a more recent social rejection meta-analysis of fMRI studies did not find anterior insula involvement [72].”
ResultThe importance of belonging and the avoidance of social risk taking in adolescence
Tomova, L., Andrews, J. L., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100981 · Cited by 196
“Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017), one including developmental samples (7 years to late 20’s) (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAdolescent Neurodevelopment and Vulnerability to Psychosis
Patel, P. K., Leathem, L. D., Currin, D. L., & Karlsgodt, K. H. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.028 · Cited by 152
“Adolescents also show increased neuroendocrine and cardiovascular reactivity to social stressors relative to children (88) and increased subcortical activation following social rejection compared to adults (89), suggesting special vulnerability to social stress.”
BackgroundReinhard, M. A., Dewald‐Kaufmann, J., Wüstenberg, T., Musil, R., Barton, B. B., Jobst, A., & Padberg, F. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-01074-1 · Cited by 155
Zhao, J., Mo, L., Bi, R., He, Z., Chen, Y., Xu, F., Xie, H., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1906-20.2020 · Cited by 136
“Previous studies have demonstrated that both the VLPFC and the DLPFC are associated closely with the reduction of social pain (Koban et al., 2017a; Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017).”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Meta-analytic Study
Pozzi, E., Vijayakumar, N., Rakesh, D., & Whittle, S. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.006 · Cited by 129
Self-citationSocial exclusion reliably engages the default network: A meta-analysis of Cyberball
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Loneliness in adolescence: Insights from Cacioppo's evolutionary model
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Jankowski, K. F., Batres, J., Scott, H., Smyda, G., Pfeifer, J. H., & Quevedo, K. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy055 · Cited by 80
“While both depressed and healthy adolescents recruited perigenual ACC activity during social exclusion (corroborating past findings, Bolling et al., 2011; Vijayakumar et al., 2017), contrary to our hypotheses, there were no significant group differences in ACC activity.”
Self-citationAdolescent brain development and contextual influences: a decade in review
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The right VLPFC and downregulation of social pain: A TMS study
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Attachment, Mentalizing and Trauma: Then (1992) and Now (2022)
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Revisiting adolescence as a sensitive period for sociocultural processing
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“More importantly, the role of VLPFC has been highlighted for downregulation of negative emotion feelings induced by social reasons such as social exclusion and/or rejection (Riva and Eck, 2016; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe salience of self, not social pain, is encoded by dorsal anterior cingulate and insula
Perini, I., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kämpe, R., Zetterqvist, M., & Heilig, M. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24658-8 · Cited by 78
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A Focus on the Functions of Area 25
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“However, a meta-analysis of fMRI-measured brain activations during social exclusion, predominantly using the Cyberball task, identified positive correlations between social exclusion and activity centered on subcallosal area 24, rather than area 25 [89].”
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“This is also supported by the role of the PCC in processing social exclusion feelings [61,62].”
BackgroundA Social-Interactive Neuroscience Approach to Understanding the Developing Brain
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The affective neuroscience of socioeconomic status: implications for mental health
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Achterberg, M., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Crone, E. A. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1915124117 · Cited by 37
“Based on previous studies (14, 20, 30), we selected the AI, the dorsomedial PFC (DMPFC), the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), and DLPFC as regions of interest (ROIs) (Fig.”
MethodNeural Correlates of Social Inclusion in Borderline Personality Disorder
Malejko, K., Neff, D., Brown, R. C., Plener, P. L., Bonenberger, M., Abler, B., & Graf, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00653 · Cited by 34
Cheng, T. W., Vijayakumar, N., Flournoy, J. C., Op de Macks, Z., Peake, S. J., Flannery, J. E., Mobasser, A., Alberti, S. L., Fisher, P. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2020) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00772-x · Cited by 29
Self-citationBallantyne, J. C., & Sullivan, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.05.001 · Cited by 25
Sequeira, S. L., Silk, J. S., Edershile, E. A., Jones, N. P., Hanson, J. L., Forbes, E. E., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab038 · Cited by 24
“However, the subgenual ACC (sgACC) has been reliably linked to social rejection processing, particularly in youth (Rotge et al. , 2015; VijayaKumar et al. , 2017).”
BackgroundDo Belonging and Social Exclusion at School Affect Structural Brain Development During Adolescence?
Raufelder, D., Neumann, N., Domín, M., Lorenz, R. C., Gleich, T., Golde, S., Romund, L., Beck, A., & Hoferichter, F. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13613 · Cited by 33
The role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex on voluntary emotion regulation of social pain
Yu, W., Li, Y., Cao, X., Mo, L., Chen, Y., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26411 · Cited by 26
Dou, H., Lei, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, J., & Leppänen, P. H. T. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116735 · Cited by 24
“On the one hand, several investigations have linked the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to social exclusion (Bolling et al., 2011; Moor et al., 2012; Gradin et al., 2012; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGlosemeyer, R. W., Diekelmann, S., Cassel, W., Kesper, K., Koehler, U., Westermann, S., Steffen, A., Borgwardt, S., Wilhelm, I., Müller‐Pinzler, L., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74169-8 · Cited by 27
Delineating the social valuation network in adolescents
Kumar, P., Pisoni, A., Bondy, E., Kremens, R., Singleton, P., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz086 · Cited by 23
“Even though we did not hypothesize social value to be encoded in the amygdala and precuneus, it is not surprising that these regions encode social value, considering their involvement in processing social stimuli (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultWhen Physical and Social Pain Coexist: Insights Into Opioid Therapy
Sullivan, M. D., & Ballantyne, J. C. (2020) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2591 · Cited by 24
One-Month Stability of Cyberball Post-Exclusion Ostracism Distress in Adolescents
Davidson, C. A., Willner, C. J., van Noordt, S. J. R., Banz, B. C., Wu, J., Kenney, J. G., Johannesen, J., & Crowley, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09723-4 · Cited by 23
McIver, T. A., Bosma, R. L., Goegan, S. A., Sandre, A., Klassen, J. A., Chiarella, J., Booij, L., & Craig, W. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.085 · Cited by 24
Adolescents’ affective and neural responses to parental praise and criticism
van Houtum, L. A. E. M., Will, G., Wever, M. C. M., Janssen, L. H. C., van Schie, C. C., Tollenaar, M. S., & Elzinga, B. M. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101099 · Cited by 26
“social exclusion) is more often reported in adolescents, but not in young adults (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBrain responses to social punishment: a meta-analysis
Zinchenko, O. O. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49239-1 · Cited by 25
Sexually divergent cortical control of affective-autonomic integration
Wallace, T., Schaeuble, D., Pace, S. A., Schackmuth, M. K., Hentges, S. T., Chicco, A. J., & Myers, B. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105238 · Cited by 22
Links between adolescent bullying and neural activation to viewing social exclusion
Perino, M. T., Moreira, J. F. G., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00739-7 · Cited by 22
Bernheim, D., Buchheim, A., Domín, M., Mentel, R., & Lotze, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.810417 · Cited by 22
“Most typically, these studies experimentally simulated social exclusion (“Cyber-Ball”) during scanning, which was linked to the experience of “social pain” (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPagliaccio, D., Kumar, P., Kamath, R. A., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13690 · Cited by 23
Gao, W., Li, Y., Yuan, J., & He, Q. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9559056 · Cited by 19
“…by rejection sensitivity and always expect to be rejected by others when interacting with them, showing a high tendency towards interpersonal avoidance, brain regions such as the VLPFC and the striatum are activated and show a high degree of attentiveness to social cues of rejection [59, 60].”
Schulz, C. C., von Klitzing, K., Deserno, L., Sheridan, M. A., Crowley, M. J., Schoett, M. J. S., Hoffmann, F., Villringer, A., Vrtička, P., & White, L. O. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001681 · Cited by 19
“In line with the considerations above, we expected predominant neural activity during social exclusion in regions supporting emotion regulation and mentalizing (e.g., mPFC, PCC, and PRC) across our full sample (Vijayakumar et al., 2017; MwilambweTshilobo & Spreng, 2021).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMills, L., Driver, C., McLoughlin, L. T., Anijärv, T. E., Mitchell, J., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2023) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-023-00212-0 · Cited by 21
“Additionally, the right ventral striatum was also implicated in exclusion, but only in adolescent samples (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
Common neural responses to romantic rejection and acceptance in healthy adults
Hsu, D. T., Sankar, A., Malik, M. A., Langenecker, S. A., Mickey, B. J., & Love, T. M. (2020) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2020.1801502 · Cited by 18
Rudolph, K. D. (2020) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2020.08.001 · Cited by 26
The Stressed Brain: Neural Underpinnings of Social Stress Processing in Humans
Muscatell, K. A., Merritt, C., Cohen, J. R., Chang, L. J., & Lindquist, K. A. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_281 · Cited by 17
Mo, L., Li, S., Cheng, S. Y., Li, Y., Xu, F., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad043 · Cited by 17
“More relevant to our focus on downregulating social pain, previous fMRI studies have demonstrated that both the VLPFC and the DLPFC (especially their right hemispheric parts) are closely associated with the reduction of social pain (Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017).”
Schurz, M., Berenz, J.-P., Maerz, J., Perla, R., Buchheim, A., & Labek, K. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14040395 · Cited by 18
“Together, the two identified brain networks featured component processes not only implicated in empathy and mentalizing (see [32], p. 20) but also in action observation [40], emotion processing [41], experiencing social exclusion [42], and social interactions (e.g., [43]; see also [32], p. 23).”
BackgroundLi, S., Cao, X., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Cheng, S. Y., & Zhang, D. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120620 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, meta-analyses examining social pain have revealed inconsistent findings in the dACC (see Cacioppo et al., 2013; Mwilambwe-Tshilobo and Spreng, 2021; Vijayakumar et al., 2017 for reviews), underscoring the need for additional research in this area.”
Asscheman, J. S., Koot, S., Ma, I., Buil, J. M., Krabbendam, L., Cillessen, A. H. N., & van Lier, P. A. C. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100673 · Cited by 14
Effects of social exclusion and maternal rejection on Children's high-caloric food consumption
Senese, V. P., Pezzella, M., Pasquariello, L., Ali, S., & Rohner, R. P. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104494 · Cited by 16
Perceived burdensomeness and neural responses to ostracism in the Cyberball task
Le, T. M., Zhornitsky, S., Wang, W., & Li, C. R. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.015 · Cited by 17
“While not typically associated with emotional processing, these regions may be recruited in the Cyberball task, as reported in a recent meta-analysis (Vijayakumar et al., 2017), due to their role in motor planning and action (Kato and Izumiyama, 2015; Yousry et al.”
BackgroundMethodWhy Don’t You Like Me? The Role of the Mentalizing Network in Social Rejection
Sahi, R. S., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_32 · Cited by 21
Neural responses to social rejection reflect dissociable learning about relational value and reward
Babür, B. G., Leong, Y. C., Pan, C. X., & Hackel, L. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2400022121 · Cited by 17
Gorka, S. M., Phan, K. L., Hosseini, B., Chen, E. Y., & McCloskey, M. S. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618776947 · Cited by 18
Stroud, L. R., Morningstar, M. A., Vergara‐Lopez, C., Bublitz, M. H., Lee, S. Y., Sanes, J. N., Dahl, R. E., Silk, J. S., Nelson, E. E., & Dickstein, D. P. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108618 · Cited by 14
Mo, L., Guo, T., Zhang, Y., Xu, F., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00494 · Cited by 13
Screens and brains: multimodal neuroimaging insights into mechanisms of problematic smartphone use
Wolf, N. D., Henemann, G. M., Schmitgen, M. M., Koenig, J., Bach, P., & Wolf, R. C. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111531 · Cited by 19
Flechsig, A., Bernheim, D., Buchheim, A., Domín, M., Mentel, R., & Lotze, M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13071001 · Cited by 12
“In studies with healthy participants, aMCC was related to processing attachment relevant stimuli such as social exclusion and increased attachment anxiety [27,29,30,62].”
BackgroundSex-specific prefrontal-hypothalamic control of behavior and stress responding
Schaeuble, D., Wallace, T., Pace, S. A., Hentges, S. T., & Myers, B. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106413 · Cited by 12
A framework for integrating neural development and social networks in adolescence
Capella, J., & Telzer, E. H. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101442 · Cited by 16
“Rejection sensitivity, which is commonly associated with social outcomes throughout adolescence (Gao et al., 2017; Vijayakumar et al., 2017), relates to features of our framework such as peer sensitivity and social goals.”
Rejection Distress Suppresses Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Borderline Personality Disorder
Fertuck, E. A., Stanley, B., Kleshchova, O., Mann, J. J., Hirsch, J., Ochsner, K. N., Pilkonis, P. A., Erbe, J. K., & Grinband, J. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.11.006 · Cited by 13
Brain Sensitivity to Exclusion is Associated with Core Network Closure
Bayer, J., O'Donnell, M., Cascio, C. N., & Falk, E. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33624-3 · Cited by 10
Erskine, N., Barratt, J., & Cairney, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1320338 · Cited by 10
Látalová, A., Radimecká, M., Lamoš, M., Jáni, M., Damborská, A., Theiner, P., Bartečková, E., Bartys, P., Vlčková, H., Školiaková, K., et al. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00240-1 · Cited by 12
“The meta-analyses comparing traditional and alternating Cyberball designs with healthy participants did not confirm any significant differences between these two approaches [15, 17].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSzkody, E. M., Steele, E. H., & McKinney, C. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.004 · Cited by 13
Takami, K., & Haruno, M. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0273-19.2020 · Cited by 9
“…social exclusion situations, and demonstrated that a higher activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and insula in those who are socially rejected or isolated (Eisenberger et al., 2003; Masten et al., 2013; Chester et al., 2014; Vijayakumar et al., 2017; Perino et al., 2019).”
Ethofer, T., Stegmaier, S., Koch, K., Reinl, M., Kreifelts, B., Schwarz, L., Erb, M., Scheffler, K., & Wildgruber, D. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24806 · Cited by 11
“, 2019) as well as regions previously associated with processing social pain (i.e., mPFC/ACC, PCC/PC, and IFG; Vijayakumar et al., 2017) increase with negative social intent attribution, indicating perceived social rejection while activation in lateral frontoparietal areas increases if laughter is perceived as reflect…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWallace, T., & Myers, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.737960 · Cited by 8
Beard, S. J., Hastings, P. D., Ferrer, E. E., Robins, R. W., & Guyer, A. E. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.06.006 · Cited by 13
Lisco, A., Gallucci, A., Fabietti, C., Fornaroli, A., Marchesi, C., Preti, E., Riva, P., Panfilis, C. D., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13792 · Cited by 8
“…social exclusion Functional neuroimaging studies identi fi ed cerebral networks involved in regulating individuals ’ emotional and behavioral responses to social exclusion, 24 – 26 which include, among other brain regions, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, especially its right portion (rVLPFC).”
Media use and brain development during adolescence
Crone, E. A., & Konijn, E. A. (2018) · Yearbook of pediatric endocrinology · doi:10.1530/ey.15.7.4 · Cited by 9
Wang, W., Zhornitsky, S., Chao, H. H., Levy, I., Joormann, J., & Li, C. R. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112301 · Cited by 9
“These findings also extend the work of Vijayakumar and colleagues, who reported age-related reduction in mPFC activities during the Cyberball task throughout young adulthood [26], although the study did not specify the Wang et al.”
BackgroundResultPremkumar, P., & Kumari, V. (2022) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101110 · Cited by 10
“As the dACC and VLPFC are found to be activated during psychological or physical pain and emotion regulation [39,43 ,44], this finding may suggest deficient modulation of the emotional response to social rejection scenes in people with a high level of schizotypy.”
InfluentialChen, Y., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Wu, X., & Mo, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926181 · Cited by 9
“First, although there are many brain regions related to basic psychological needs (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Rotge et al., 2014; Vijayakumar et al., 2017), the present study only investigated the modulating roles of the dACC.”
BackgroundWu, X., Chen, Y., Chen, B., Guan, L., & Zhao, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01989 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, previous metaanalyses of studies of social exclusion found that there is no robust evidence to support the notion that dACC is the core region of social exclusion (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPrefrontal representation of affective stimuli: importance of stress, sex, and context
Wallace, T., & Myers, B. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad110 · Cited by 7
Differences in empathy toward patients between medical and nonmedical students: an fMRI study
Kim, S. A., Lee, Y., Hamann, S. B., & Kim, S. H. (2021) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-021-10045-y · Cited by 8
“Although some evidence suggests that psychological distress also elicits activation in the pain matrix (Eisenberger, 2012), a more recent meta-analysis study did not support this view (Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
ResultRamadas, L., Doba, K., Mesquita, A. R., Wawrziczny, É., & Nandrino, J. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112461 · Cited by 9
van de Groep, I. H., Bos, M. G. N., Popma, A., Crone, E. A., & Jansen, L. M. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1100277 · Cited by 7
“Studies using the Cyberball paradigm typically reveal that social exclusion evokes increased activity in cortical midline areas like the ACC, mPFC and anterior insula (see Cacioppo et al., 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2017).”
MethodBehavioral and psychiatric correlates of brain responses to social feedback
Rappaport, B. I., Kujawa, A., Arfer, K. B., Pegg, S. L., Kelly, D., Jackson, J. J., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14413 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Vijayakumar, N., Cheng, T. W., & Pfeifer, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vijayakumar, Nandita
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 153
- Pages
- 359-368
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5457721
- OpenAlex
- W2591527129
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH107418)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA035763)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social exclusion, neural correlates, Cyberball paradigm, age differences, developmental neuroscience, emerging adulthood, adolescence, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, self-assessment, social cognition, brain activation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Psychological Distance, Young Adult
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