A quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of social rejection
Open accessAbstract
Early neuroimaging studies using Cyberball suggested that social rejection activated the pain matrix, as identified in studies of physical pain. However, these early studies were characterized by small sample sizes. Our statistical multi-level kernel density analysis (MKDA) of Cyberball neuroimaging studies with 244 participants fails to support the claim that social rejection operates on the same pain matrix as nociceptive stimuli, questioning whether social pain is more figurative or literal. We also performed an MKDA of the neuroimaging studies of reliving a romantic rejection to test whether the pain matrix was activated if the rejection were more meaningful. Results again failed to support the notion that rejection activates the neural matrix identified in studies of physical pain. Reliving an unwanted rejection by a romantic partner was significantly characterized by activation within and beyond the "Cyberball" brain network, suggesting that the neural correlates of social pain are more complex than previously thought.
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fMRI studies using Cyberball have identified a network of brain regions involved in processing exclusion-related distress, most consistently the ACC, anterior insula, and vlPFC.
“Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies using the Cyberball game have identified a network of brain regions involved in processing exclusion-related distress of which three regions are most consistently found: the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the anterior insula and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC)”
From Chronic Childhood Peer Rejection is Associated with Heightened Neural Responses to Social Exclusion During Adolescence (2016) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al. 2013
The Results (page unavailable) identify the anterior insula and left ACC among three regions reliably recruited during Cyberball rejection. The third is the left inferior orbito-frontal cortex, not the vlPFC named in the claim. The Discussion (page unavailable) says the network may reflect distress, among other possibilities, rather than establishing it specifically as a distress-processing network. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeither the current meta-analysis nor Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis identified involvement of the dACC.
“neither meta-analysis identified involvement of the dACC despite the sizeable focus on the region within the literature on social pain.”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
There is minimal overlap between the current meta-analysis findings and Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis of the Cyberball literature.
“It is interesting to note that there is minimal overlap between our findings and Cacioppo and colleagues’ (2013) prior meta-analysis of the Cyberball literature.”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis included 12 studies, nine of which overlapped with the current sample.
“Cacioppo and colleagues only included 12 studies (nine of which overlapped with our sample)”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
The current findings primarily lie within the subgenual portion of the ACC, while Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) findings fall more rostrally (primarily anterior rostral medial PFC).
“our findings primarily lie within the subgenual portion, while their findings fall more rostrally (in what we consider to be primarily anterior rostral medial PFC).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis only included one study on adolescents.
“the prior meta-analysis only included one such study on adolescents.”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
Common activation between the current meta-analysis and Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis was limited to one area, the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
“Common activation was limited to one area, the left lateral OFC.”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis found activation of the anterior insula.
“While Cacioppo and colleagues (2013) found activation of the former region”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
Both the current meta-analysis and Cacioppo and colleagues' (2013) prior meta-analysis identified activation within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
“Although both studies also identified activation within the ACC”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Cacioppo, S., Frum, C., Asp, E., Weiss, R. M., Lewis, J. W., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- West Virginia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cacioppo, Stephanie
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2013-06-19
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2027-2027
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3761131
- OpenAlex
- W2086899306
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of Chicago
- West Virginia University
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (128599, PP00_1_128599/1)
- National Institutes of Health (W81XWH)
- U.S. Public Health Service (E15524)
- National Center for Research Resources
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- social rejection, social pain, pain matrix, Cyberball, nociception, romantic rejection, meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychological Distance
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