Linking Brain Structure and Activation in Temporoparietal Junction to Explain the Neurobiology of Human Altruism
Open accessAbstract
Human altruism shaped our evolutionary history and pervades social and political life. There are, however, enormous individual differences in altruism. Some people are almost completely selfish, while others display strong altruism, and the factors behind this heterogeneity are only poorly understood. We examine the neuroanatomical basis of these differences with voxel-based morphometry and show that gray matter (GM) volume in the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is strongly associated with both individuals' altruism and the individual-specific conditions under which this brain region is recruited during altruistic decision making. Thus, individual differences in GM volume in TPJ not only translate into individual differences in the general propensity to behave altruistically, but they also create a link between brain structure and brain function by indicating the conditions under which individuals are likely to recruit this region when they face a conflict between altruistic and selfish acts.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 30 healthy adults, gray matter volume in the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) was strongly associated with altruism specifically in the domain of advantageous inequality, not disadvantageous inequality or reciprocity. Functional TPJ activation followed an inverted U-shaped profile, peaking when the cost of an altruistic act was just below the individual’s maximum willingness to pay.
Key findings
- Right TPJ gray matter volume positively correlated with the altruism parameter \(b\) for advantageous inequality: whole-brain VBM peak \(t = 5.94\), \(p < 0.05\) voxelwise whole-brain FWE corrected; a priori right TPJ ROI correlation \(r = 0.61\), \(p < 0.001\).
- No significant TPJ gray matter correlation was found with altruism in disadvantageous inequality \(a\) (ROI \(r = -0.01\), \(p = 0.95\); whole-brain \(p > 0.05\), uncorrected) or with positive reciprocity \(q\) or negative reciprocity \(d\).
- Behaviorally, mean altruism was positive for advantageous inequality (\(b\): mean 0.275, \(t(28) = 6.39\), \(p < 0.0001\)) and disadvantageous inequality (\(a\): mean 0.085, \(t(28) = 4.06\), \(p = 0.004\)); \(b\) was significantly higher than \(a\) (\(t(28) = 4.52\), \(p = 0.0001\)).
- Functional TPJ activation showed an inverted U-shaped pattern around the individual-specific maximum willingness to pay \(w\), with peak activation at MNI [60, -44, 18], \(t = 4.12\), \(p = 0.003\) FWE corrected for the cluster; TPJ gray matter volume was associated with \(w\) (\(r = 0.79\), \(p < 10^{-5}\)).
Methods
- Thirty healthy adults participated (17 females; 19–37 years; mean 23.36 years); one subject was excluded for very inconsistent behavior, though the results text reports \(n = 30\) and \(t(28)\).
- Subjects completed dictator and reciprocity games involving binary monetary allocations between themselves and anonymous partners; a mathematical model of social preferences estimated individual parameters \(a\), \(b\), \(q\), and \(d\).
- Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) tested correlations between local gray matter volume and preference parameters, including an a priori right TPJ ROI centered at [54, -54, 24]; fMRI BOLD data were analyzed for TPJ activation during the task, with SPM8 used for MRI preprocessing and analysis.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a stated limitations section.
- Evident from the text: the sample is small (30 participants, with one excluded for inconsistent behavior), and the design is correlational, so it cannot establish that TPJ structure causes altruistic preferences.
- Evident from the text: findings are limited to a specific set of economic games with anonymous partners and to the right TPJ; the reported \(n = 30\) alongside one exclusion and \(t(28)\) is also internally inconsistent.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 17 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Gray matter volume in the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is strongly positively correlated with altruism in the domain of advantageous inequality (parameter b).
“We find that GM volume in the right TPJ displays a strong positive correlation with b, our preference measure of altruism in the domain of advantageous inequality (t = 5.94, p < 0.05, voxelwise whole-brain familywise error [FWE] corrected) (Figure 3A)”
- Also stated in: § Gray Matter Volume in the Right TPJ Predicts the General Propensity for Altruistic Acts · boosted
“we also obtain a high and significant correlation (Figure 3B, r = 0.61, p < 0.001)”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“GM volume in the right TPJ, an area that has been shown to be implicated in perspective-taking tasks, is strongly associated with individuals' behavioral altruism in situations of advantageous inequality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Gray Matter Volume in the Right TPJ Predicts the General Propensity for Altruistic Acts · boosted
- Findingown data
No other brain region is significantly correlated with parameter b in a whole-brain analysis.
“Moreover, a whole-brain analysis shows that no other brain region is (whole-brain FWE corrected) significantly correlated with b (Table S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Gray matter volume in the right TPJ is not correlated with altruism in the domain of disadvantageous inequality (parameter a).
“while we observe no correlation with preferences for altruism in the domain of disadvantageous inequality a (p > 0.05, uncorrected).”
- Also stated in: § Gray Matter Volume in the Right TPJ Predicts the General Propensity for Altruistic Acts · plain
“preferences for altruism in the domain of disadvantageous inequality a are uncorrelated with GM volume (Figure 3C, r = À0.01,p = 0.95).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Gray Matter Volume in the Right TPJ Predicts the General Propensity for Altruistic Acts · plain
- Findingown data
Altruism in the domain of advantageous inequality (parameter b) is significantly higher than altruism in the domain of disadvantageous inequality (parameter a) (t(28)=4.52, p=0.0001).
“Interestingly, altruism in the domain of advantageous inequality (b) is significantly higher than altruism in the domain of disadvantageous inequality (a, t(28) = 4.52, p = 0.0001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
On average, the preference parameter b (altruism in advantageous inequality) is significantly positive (mean 0.275, t(28)=6.39, p<0.0001).
“On average, a (mean 0.085, t(28) = 4.06, p = 0.004) and b (mean 0.275, t(28) = 6.39,p < 0.0001) are significantly positive”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
The association between TPJ gray matter volume and parameter b remains significant after controlling for parameters a, d, q, age, gender, political attitude, and autistic traits.
“Again, b is highly significant (p = 0.004, Table S3), while no other preference parameters are significantly correlated (all p > 0.5) with TPJ GM volume.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The main findings are robust to exclusion of the participant with extreme values of parameters b and a.
“When we repeat the analyses without the data from this participant, our main findings remain the same: using the independent ROI specified above, b correlates significantly (r = 0.57, p = 0.0013) with TPJ GM volume, while all other parameters do not (p > 0.10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There is considerable individual variation in parameters a and b.
“and there is considerable individual variation (Figure 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On average, the preference parameter a (altruism in disadvantageous inequality) is significantly positive (mean 0.085, t(28)=4.06, p=0.004).
“On average, a (mean 0.085, t(28) = 4.06, p = 0.004) and b (mean 0.275, t(28) = 6.39,p < 0.0001) are significantly positive”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Functional TPJ activity follows an inverted U-shaped profile as a function of an individual's maximum willingness to pay w, with strongest activation when the cost of an altruistic act is just below w.
“Figures 4B and 4C show that functional TPJ activity (peak coordinate [x, y, z] = [60, À44, 18], t value = 4.12, p = 0.003 FWE corrected for the volume of the cluster shown in Figure 3A) indeed follows such an activity profile, with the strongest activation for those situations in which the cost of an altruistic act is just below an individual's w.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Brain structure, in terms of gray matter volume in a particular brain region, accounts for interindividual variability in subjects' baseline behavioral properties.
“Brain structure-in terms of GM volume in a particular brain regionaccounts for interindividual variability in subjects' baseline behavioral properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The TPJ has a specific role in altruistic behaviors in the domain of advantageous inequality.
“These results suggest a specific role of the TPJ in altruistic behaviors in the domain of advantageous inequality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Previous functional imaging studies have shown that the right posterior superior temporal cortex (pSTC) is activated during perspective-taking tasks and charitable donation tasks.
“Previous functional imaging studies have shown that the right posterior superior temporal cortex (pSTC) is activated during perspective-taking tasks and charitable donation tasks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The same brain structure also accounts for within-individual variations in behavior dependent on the specific context, which in this study is the cost of the altruistic act.
“In addition, the same brain structure also accounts for within-individual variations in behavior dependent on the specific context (which, in our case, is given by the cost of the altruistic act).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Anatomical structure, which does not change over short periods of time, can account for the strong heterogeneity in individuals' preferences for altruistic acts.
“The present study shows that anatomical structure, which does not change over short periods of time, can account for the strong heterogeneity in individuals' preferences for altruistic acts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Anatomical brain structure, including gray matter volume, does not change over short periods of time.
- Interpretationown data
The study's results demonstrate a biological link between inter- and within-individual behavioral variability.
“Beyond the understanding of the role of the right TPJ in altruistic behavior, our results demonstrate a biological link between inter-and within-individual behavioral variability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In contrast to the TPJ, the vmPFC and ventral striatum are routinely found to be involved in nonsocial types of decision making such as reward-seeking behavior, intertemporal decision making, risk taking, and purchasing behavior.
“However, in contrast to the TPJ, these latter areas are routinely found to be involved in nonsocial types of decision making such as reward-seeking behavior, intertemporal decision making, risk taking, and purchasing behavior (Kable and Glimcher, 2007;Kepecs et al., 2008;Knutson et al., 2007;Kuhnen and Knutson, 2005;Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, 2006;Plassmann et al., 2007;Rangel and Hare, 2010;Samej”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Activity in the vmPFC and ventral striatum relates to domain-general processes important for many different types of decisions.
“Activity in the vmPFC and ventral striatum thus seems to relate to domain-general processes important for many different types of decisions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Traditional variables such as gender, income, wealth, or education have shown little predictive power for individual differences in altruism.
“Typically, more traditional variables such as individuals' gender, income, wealth, or education have shown little predictive power (Camerer, 2003;Henrich et al., 2005)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Camerer, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Henrich et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Neurobiological variables have only rarely been used as predictors of individual differences in altruism.
“and neurobiological variables have only rarely been used as predictors of individual differences in altruism (de Quervain et al., 2004;Harbaugh et al., 2007;Hare et al., 2010;Moll et al., 2006;Tricomi et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In humans, altruism is likely to be related to perspective taking, i.e., the ability to take other individuals' perspectives into account.
“In humans, altruism is likely to be related to perspective taking, i.e., the ability to take other individuals' perspectives into account.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
If subjects have a lower initial payoff than their partner (disadvantageous initial inequality), they are much less willing to behave altruistically toward the partner compared to a situation with advantageous initial inequality.
“In particular, if subjects have a lower initial payoff than their partner (''disadvantageous initial inequality''), they are much less willing to behave altruistically toward the partner compared to a situation with advantageous initial inequality (i.e., when the subject has a higher initial payoff than the partner).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) has been repeatedly and reliably found to be implicated in tasks requiring the ability to represent and understand others' perspectives.
“One brain region that has been repeatedly and reliably found to be implicated in tasks requiring the ability to represent and understand others' perspectives is the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) (Decety and Lamm, 2007;Frith and Frith, 2007;Ruby and Decety, 2001;Saxe and Kanwisher, 2003;Young et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Other-regarding behaviors and motives depend on the initial payoff allocation between the subject and the subject's partner.
“Research on human social preferences provides behavioral (Bolton and Ockenfels, 2000;Charness and Rabin, 2002;Fehr and Schmidt, 1999) and neural (Tricomi et al., 2010) evidence that other-regarding behaviors and motives depend on the initial payoff allocation between the subject and the subject's partner.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bolton and Ockenfels, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Charness and Rabin, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fehr and Schmidt, 1999 source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 7
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataGray matter volume in the TPJ is not significantly correlated with positive reciprocity (parameter q) or negative reciprocity (parameter d).
“Interestingly, neither q nor d is significantly correlated with TPJ GM volume (Figures 3D and 3E) or with any other brain region (Table S2)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataParameters a and b are positively correlated, but the correlation falls just short of statistical significance (r=0.29, p=0.11).
“Both parameters are positively correlated, albeit the correlation falls just short of statistical significance (r = 0.29, p = 0.11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe right TPJ is important at the structural-anatomical level for subjects' baseline propensity to behave altruistically, while the concrete extent of an individual's functional TPJ activation depends on the relationship between the individual's maximum willingness to pay and the cost of the altruistic act.
“Taken together, our data thus suggest that the right TPJ is important at the structural-anatomical level for subjects' baseline propensity to behave altruistically, while the concrete extent of an individual's functional TPJ activation is dependent on the context, i.e., on the relationship between the individual's maximum willingness to pay for an altruistic act and the cost of the altruistic act.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrevious research documented that individuals' propensity for altruism is relatively stable across time, but these studies did not provide a biological basis for this temporal stability.
“Previous research has documented that individuals' propensity for altruism is relatively stable across time, but these studies did not provide any biological basis for this temporal stability (Benz and Meier, 2008;Van Lange, 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Benz and Meier, 2008
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Van Lange, 1999 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningGray matter volume in the TPJ is associated with both baseline altruism (parameter b) and subject-specific functional activity profiles in the TPJ.
“Our results thus indicate that GM volume in TPJ is associated with both subjects' baseline altruism as measured by b and subject-specific functional activity profiles in the TPJ.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningPrior studies on pSTC do not examine how individual differences in task-independent brain structure relate to behaviorally expressed preferences for altruism, and therefore do not establish a link between individual differences in brain structure and individual-specific conditions for functional activation of TPJ in the altruism task.
“These studies, however, do not examine how individual differences in (task-independent) brain structure are related to subjects' behaviorally expressed preferences for altruism; therefore, they do not establish a link between individual differences in brain structure and the individual-specific conditions for the functional activation of TPJ in the altruism task.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThere is enormous individual heterogeneity in human altruism, and the sources of individual variation are still very poorly understood.
“However, there is also enormous individual heterogeneity in human altruism, and the sources of individual variation are still very poorly understood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRecent applications of brain morphometry indicate that individual differences in brain structure can be useful in understanding individual differences in traits and skills.
“Recent applications of brain morphometry indicate that individual differences in brain structure can be useful in understanding individual differences in traits and skills (Kanai and Rees, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kanai and Rees, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The utility function specified by the equation with parameters a, b, q, and d adequately captures subjects' social preferences.
“We applied a model of social preferences in order to estimate each individual's preferences for altruistic acts.Formally, the model can be represented by the following equation:”
“UAðPA; P B Þ = ð1 À br À as À qq + dvÞP A + ðbr + as + qq À dvÞP B”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anatomical brain structure, including gray matter volume, does not change over short periods of time.
“The present study shows that anatomical structure, which does not change over short periods of time, can account for the strong heterogeneity in individuals' preferences for altruistic acts.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous findings link prosocial decisions with several hubs in the social brain network, including the amygdala, ventral striatum and TPJ.
“Moreover, we found evidence that social value distance is also encoded by neural responses in the ventral striatum and TPJ in prosocials, consistent with previous findings linking prosocial decisions with several hubs in the social brain network 7,36 , including the amygdala, ventral striatum and TPJ.”
From Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Social value distance signals in prosocials may also relate to mentalizing about the needs of others, integrating social information into estimates of subjective value, and calculating altruistic values in the social brain network.
“Social value distance signals in prosocials may also relate to mentalizing about the needs of others 36,37 , integrating social information into estimates of subjective value 40 , and calculating altruistic values 41 in the social brain network.”
From Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: t(28) = 4.06, p = .004
MinorThe paper reports p = .004 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p < .001 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .004 · recomputed p < .001
“t(28) = 4.06, p = 0.004”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upt(28) = 4.06reported p = .004 · recomputed p < .001
“t(28) = 4.06, p = .004”
- Consistentt(28) = 6.39reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(28) = 6.39,p < .0001”
- Consistentt(28) = 4.52reported p = .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(28) = 4.52, p = .0001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
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The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making
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Self-citationRight supramarginal gyrus is crucial to overcome emotional egocentricity bias in social judgments
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Self-citationA nexus model of the temporal–parietal junction
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A Neurocomputational Model of Altruistic Choice and Its Implications
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Social discounting involves modulation of neural value signals by temporoparietal junction
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Imaging empathy and prosocial emotions
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A neural link between generosity and happiness
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Moral transgressions corrupt neural representations of value
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Functional Connectivity Mapping of Regions Associated with Self- and Other-Processing
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How serotonin shapes moral judgment and behavior
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The neuroscience of moral cognition: from dual processes to dynamic systems
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Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala
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Common and distinct neural mechanisms associated with the conscious experience of vicarious pain
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Psychopathy to Altruism: Neurobiology of the Selfish–Selfless Spectrum
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Dissecting functional contributions of the social brain to strategic behavior
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Self-citationDissociable Neural Processes Underlying Risky Decisions for Self Versus Other
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The Neural Basis of Mentalizing
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Over a Decade of Neuroeconomics: What Have We Learned?
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The Neural Mechanism of the Social Framing Effect: Evidence from fMRI and tDCS Studies
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Emotional Dysfunction in Psychopathology and Neuropathology
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The neurobiology of collective action
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Cerebral Lateralization of Pro- and Anti-Social Tendencies
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Testosterone reduces generosity through cortical and subcortical mechanisms
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Functions of the right DLPFC and right TPJ in proposers and responders in the ultimatum game
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A Value-Based Framework for Understanding Cooperation
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- Authors
- Morishima, Y., Schunk, D., Bruhin, A., Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Morishima, Yosuke
- Fehr, Ernst
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-79
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1989006812
- Semantic Scholar
- 36d2b2b21607c3987a356dff97bd1ae038578515
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 8.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- altruism, temporoparietal junction, gray matter volume, individual differences, brain structure-function relationship, voxel-based morphometry
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Altruism, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
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