Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes – Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite
Abstract
Background Cannabinoids are used for numerous disease indications. However, cannabinoids can also produce adverse effects; for example, they can disturb physiological functions such as sleep and appetite. The medical use of cannabinoids refers to a wide variety of preparations and products. Approved cannabinoid products include dronabinol ((-)-trans-Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), nabilone (a THC analogue), and cannabidiol (CBD) that differ in their pharmacology and may thus have different adverse effects on sleep and appetite.Objectives Here we ask if (i) cannabinoids decrease sleep and appetite in somatic patients or patients that suffer from mental illness and if (ii) there is a difference between THC products (nabilone, dronabinol), vs. CBD in disturbing these physiological functions.Methods In order to answer these two questions, we performed a comparative systematic review (SR) for nabilone, dronabinol, and CBD. For the comparative SR we searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and extracted information for adverse side effects or outcomes reporting a negative impact on sleep and appetite. RCT evidence was calculated as odds ratios (ORs) via fixed effects meta-analyses. Evidence quality was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias and GRADE tools. This study is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021229932).Findings A total of 17 RCTs (n = 1479) and 15 RCTs (n = 1974) were included for sleep and appetite, respectively. Pharmaceutical THC (nabilone, dronabinol) does not affect sleep or appetite. In contrast, there is moderate evidence that CBD decreases appetite (OR = 2.46 [1.74:4.01] but has also no effect on sleep.Interpretations Our comparative systematic study shows that approved cannabinoids can decrease appetite as a negative side effect - an effect that seems to be driven by CBD. Approved cannabinoid products do not negatively affect sleep in somatic and psychiatric patients. This article is part of the special Issue on "Cannabinoids".
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A recent meta-analysis shows that pharmaceutical THC (dronabinol, nabilone) has no negative effect on appetite, whereas CBD decreases appetite (OR = 2.46 [1.74:4.01] with moderate evidence).
“A recent meta-analysis shows that pharmaceutical THC (dronabinol, nabilone) has no negative effect on appetite, whereas CBD decreases appetite (OR = 2.46 [1.74:4.01] with moderate evidence) [167].”
From Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. (2022) · cites this paper as [167]
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Bilbao, A., & Spanagel, R. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Spanagel, R., & Bilbao, A.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Spanagel, Rainer
- Bilbao, Ainhoa
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 196
- Pages
- 108680
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3173939612
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (402170461, SFB1158, B04)
- BMBF Berlin
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01ZX 1909A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- cannabinoids, dronabinol, nabilone, cannabidiol, sleep, appetite, adverse effects, THC, psychiatric patients, somatic patients, adverse drug reactions
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Cannabidiol, Cannabinoids, Humans, Sleep, Dronabinol, Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists, Medical Marijuana
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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