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Cognitive reserve
Open accessAbstract
The concept of reserve has been proposed to account for the disjunction between the degree of brain damage and its clinical outcome. This paper attempts to produce a coherent theoretical account the reserve in general and of cognitive reserve in particular. It reviews epidemiologic data supporting the concept of cognitive reserve, with a particular focus of its implications for aging and dementia. It then focuses on methodologic issues that are important when attempting to elucidate the neural underpinnings of cognitive reserve using imaging studies, and reviews some of our group's work in order to demonstrate these issues.
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“In contrast, the concept of CR suggests that the brain actively attempts to cope with brain damage by using pre-existing cognitive processing approaches or by enlisting compensatory approaches15, 16.”
From Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease (2012) · cites this paper as [16]
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In the citing paper
“The neural implementation of CR might take two forms: neural reserve and neural compensation16, 38.”
From Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease (2012) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Individual differences in cognitive reserve are determined by such factors as early-life general cognitive ability/intelligence, education level, occupation complexity, physical exercise, social engagement, and ongoing cognitive engagement126.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“Reserve can be built through a range of experiences across the lifespan, such as educational level, occupational complexity, and social and cognitive activity (Stern, 2009).”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as Stern, 2009
In the citing paper
“These differences are linked to the ability of an individual to recruit protective mechanisms associated with cognitive abilities built up over the lifespan, and actively compensate for damage caused by pathology [10].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Farmer ME Kittner SJ Rae DS Bartko JJ Regier DA 1995 Education and change in cognitive function: The epidemiologic catchment area study Annals of Epidemiology 5 1 7 7728280
- Rocca WA Bonaiuto S Lippi A Luciani P Turtu F Cavarzeran F 1990 Prevalence of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders: A door-to-door survey in Appignano, Macerata Province, Italy Neurology 40 626 631 2320236
- Satz P 1993 Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: A formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory Neuropsychology 7 273 295
- Scarmeas N Zarahn E Anderson KE Habeck CG Hilton J Flynn J 2003a Association of life activities with cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease - Implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis Archives of Neurology 60 359 365 12633147 PMC3028534
- Stern Y 2007 Imaging cognitive reserve Stern Y Cognitive Reserve: Theory and Applications 251 264 New York Taylor & Francis
- Stern Y Alexander GE Prohovnik I Stricks L Link B Lennon MC 1995 Relationship between lifetime occupation and parietal flow: Implications for a reserve against Alzheimer's disease pathology Neurology 45 55 60 7824135
- Wager TD Smith EE 2006 Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 3 255 274 15040547
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stern, Y.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Yaakov
- ORCID
- Stern, Yaakov
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2015-2028
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2739591
- OpenAlex
- W4251404648
- Cited by
- 2,943
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 236 · 2025: 241 · 2024: 211 · 2023: 211 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 227 · 2018: 166 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 150 · 2015: 131 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 120
- FWCI
- 56.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026158, R01-AG26158)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, brain reserve, dementia, aging, neuroimaging methodology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Young Adult
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