Subcortical brain volumes in young infants exposed to antenatal maternal depression: Findings from a South African birth cohort
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported enlarged amygdala and smaller hippocampus volumes in children and adolescents exposed to maternal depression. It is unclear whether similar volumetric differences are detectable in the infants' first weeks of life, following exposure in utero. We investigated subcortical volumes in 2-to-6 week old infants exposed to antenatal maternal depression (AMD) from a South African birth cohort. METHODS: AMD was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) at 28-32 weeks gestation. T2-weighted structural images were acquired during natural sleep on a 3T Siemens Allegra scanner. Subcortical regions were segmented based on the University of North Carolina neonatal brain atlas. Volumetric estimates were compared between AMD-exposed (BDI-II ⩾ 20) and unexposed (BDI-II < 14) infants, adjusted for age, sex and total intracranial volume using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Larger volumes were observed in AMD-exposed (N = 49) compared to unexposed infants (N = 75) for the right amygdala (1.93% difference, p = 0.039) and bilateral caudate nucleus (left: 5.79% difference, p = 0.001; right: 6.09% difference, p < 0.001). A significant AMD-by-sex interaction was found for the hippocampus (left: F(1,118) = 4.80, p = 0.030; right: F(1,118) = 5.16, p = 0.025), reflecting greater volume in AMD-exposed females (left: 5.09% difference, p = 0.001, right: 3.54% difference, p = 0.010), but not males. CONCLUSIONS: Volumetric differences in subcortical regions can be detected in AMD-exposed infants soon after birth, suggesting structural changes may occur in utero. Female infants might exhibit volumetric changes that are not observed in male infants. The potential mechanisms underlying these early volumetric differences, and their significance for long-term child mental health, require further investigation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms are associated with larger right amygdala volume in infants under 2 months old and girls at 4.5 years old.
“Greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms are associated with larger right amygdala volume in infants under 2 months old and girls at 4.5 years old [39, 86, 87].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Results (Linear associations between severity of AMD exposure and infant subcortical volumes; page unavailable) report a positive association between prenatal depressive-symptom scores and right amygdala volume in infants aged 2–6 weeks. The Discussion says no significant severity associations were found overall, and the right-amygdala difference between exposed and unexposed infants lost significance after full adjustment. The paper did not study girls at 4.5 years; its Introduction cites a separate study reporting enlarged amygdala volumes in 4-year-old girls. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrenatal maternal depression is positively associated with hippocampal volume in female infants at 2-6 weeks old.
“While prenatal maternal depression is positively associated with the hippocampal volume in female infants at 2–6 weeks old [86].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · Cited by 14,183 · see citing works
Fast robust automated brain extraction
Smith, S. M. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10062 · Cited by 10,496 · see citing works
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535 · see citing works
Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence
Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., & Swinson, T. (2005) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000183597.31630.db · Cited by 3,282 · see citing works
Chawanpaiboon, S., Vogel, J. P., Moller, A., Lumbiganon, P., Petzold, M., Hogan, D. R., Landoulsi, S., Jampathong, N., Kongwattanakul, K., Laopaiboon, M., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30451-0 · Cited by 3,101 · see citing works
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 · Cited by 2,493 · see citing works
Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child
Stein, A., Pearson, R. M., Goodman, S. H., Rapa, E., Rahman, A., McCallum, M., Howard, L. M., & Pariante, C. M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61277-0 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review
Wang, Y.-P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression
Woody, C. A., Ferrari, A. J., Siskind, D. J., Whiteford, H. A., & Harris, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works
Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?
Andersen, S. L. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00005-8 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30284-x · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
Validation of the alcohol smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST)
Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T. F., Farrell, M., Formigoni, M. L., Jittiwutikarn, J., De Lacerda, R. B., Ling, W., Marsden, J., Monteiro, M., et al. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Screening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale (EDDS)
Murray, D., & Cox, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839008403615 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Fetal Origins of Mental Health: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis
O’Donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020138 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Infant Brain Atlases from Neonates to 1- and 2-Year-Olds
Shi, F., Yap, P., Guorong Wu, A., Jia, H., Gilmore, J. H., Lin, W., & Shen, D. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018746 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Arnone, D., McIntosh, A. M., Ebmeier, K. P., Munafò, M. R., & Anderson, I. M. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.05.003 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology
O'Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Barker, E. D., & O'Connor, T. G. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000029 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Lupien, S. J., Parent, S., Evans, A. C., Tremblay, R. E., Zelazo, P. D., Corbo, V., Pruessner, J. C., & Séguin, J. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1105371108 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Field, T. M. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005551 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
A review of longitudinal studies on antenatal and postnatal depression
Underwood, L., Waldie, K., D’Souza, S., Peterson, E. R., & Morton, S. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0629-1 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Herba, C. M., Glover, V. A. S., Ramchandani, P. G., & Rondón, M. B. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30148-1 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Bora, E., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001668 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth.
Rifkin-Graboi, A., Bai, J., Chen, H., Hameed, W. B., Sim, L. W., Tint, M. T., Leutscher-Broekman, B., Chong, Y.-S., Gluckman, P. D., Fortier, M. V., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.019 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Decreased hippocampal volume in healthy girls at risk of depression
Chen, M. C., Hamilton, J. P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.202 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Investigating the early-life determinants of illness in Africa: the Drakenstein Child Health Study
Zar, H. J., Barnett, W., Myer, L., Stein, D. J., & Nicol, M. P. (2014) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206242 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal anxiety and infants’ hippocampal development: timing matters.
Qiu, A., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Chen, H., Chong, Y.-S., Kwek, K., Gluckman, P. D., Fortier, M. V., & Meaney, M. J. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.79 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
EEG activation in 1-month-old infants of depressed mothers
Jones, N. A., Field, T. M., Fox, N. A., Lundy, B. L., & Davalos, M. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001260 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Wen, D. J., Poh, J. S., Ni, S. N., Chong, Y.-S., Chen, H., Kwek, K., Shek, L. P., Gluckman, P. D., Fortier, M. V., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.74 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Meakin, A. S., Cuffe, J. S. M., Darby, J. R. T., Morrison, J. L., & Clifton, V. L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126386 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Weinstock, M. (2011) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.588294 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Tandon, S. D., Cluxton‐Keller, F., Leis, J. A., Le, H., & Perry, D. F. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.014 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Stein, D. J., Koen, N., Donald, K. A., Adnams, C. M., Koopowitz, S., Lund, C., Marais, A., MYERS, B. J., Roos, A., Sorsdahl, K. R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.016 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationPrenatal stress causes gender‐dependent neuronal loss and oxidative stress in rat hippocampus
Zhu, Z., Li, X., Chen, W., Zhao, Y., Li, H., Qing, C., Jia, N., Bai, Z., & Liu, J. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20338 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Brittain, K., Myer, L., Koen, N., Koopowitz, S., Donald, K. A., Barnett, W., Zar, H. J., & Stein, D. J. (2015) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12216 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationQiu, A., Shen, M., Buß, C., Chong, Y. S., Kwek, K. Y. C., Saw, S., Gluckman, P. D., Wadhwa, P. D., Entringer, S., Styner, M. A., et al. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx065 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Adamson, B., Letourneau, N. L., & Lebel, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.029 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Gray Matter Differences Between Healthy and Depressed Adolescents: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Shad, M. U., Muddasani, S., & Rao, U. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Seedat, S., Stein, D. J., HERMAN, A. A. B., Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, J. R., Heeringa, S. G., Williams, S. L., & Williams, D. R. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0399-9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMatsuo, K., Rosenberg, D. R., Easter, P. C., MacMaster, F. P., Chen, H.-H., Nicoletti, M., Caetano, S. C., Hatch, J. P., & Soares, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0026 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Buß, C., Davis, E. P., Class, Q. A., Gierczak, M., Pattillo, C., Glynn, L. M., & Sandman, C. A. (2009) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Bock, J., Murmu, M. S., Biala, Y., Weinstock, M., & Braun, K. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.048 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Donald, K. A., Hoogenhout, M., du Plooy, C., Wedderburn, C. J., Nhapi, R. T., Barnett, W., Hoffman, N., Malcolm‐Smith, S., Zar, H. J., & Stein, D. J. (2018) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000282 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationBurger, M., Hoosain, M., Einspieler, C., Unger, M., & Niehaus, D. J. H. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Maternal health and birth outcomes in a South African birth cohort study
Zar, H. J., Pellowski, J. A., Cohen, S., Barnett, W., Vanker, A., Koen, N., & Stein, D. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222399 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPagliaccio, D., Alqueza, K. L., Marsh, R., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.09.032 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Social anhedonia in major depressive disorder: a symptom-specific neuroimaging approach
Enneking, V., Krüssel, P., Zaremba, D., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Förster, K., Meinert, S. L., Bürger, C., Dzvonyar, F., Leehr, E. J., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0283-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Alcohol exposure in utero is associated with decreased gray matter volume in neonates
Donald, K. A., Fouché, J., Roos, A., Koen, N., Howells, F. M., Riley, E. P., Woods, R. P., Zar, H. J., Narr, K. L., & Stein, D. J. (2015) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-015-9771-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of female-specific glial deficits in the hippocampus in a mouse model of prenatal stress
Behan, Á. T., van den Hove, D., Mueller, L., Jetten, M. J. A., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Cotter, D., & Prickaerts, J. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.07.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
El Marroun, H., Tiemeier, H., Muetzel, R. L., Thijssen, S., van der Knaap, N. J. F., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Fernández, G., Verhulst, F. C., & White, T. J. H. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22524 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Huizink, A. C., & de Rooij, S. R. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000354 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The BDI-II factor structure in pregnancy and postpartum: Two or three factors?
Bos, S. C., Pereira, A. T., Marques, M., Maia, B., Soares, M. J., Valente, J., Gomes, A. A., Macedo, A., & de Azevedo, M. H. P. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.10.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Naja, S., Al-Kubaisi, N., Chehab, M. A. H., Al-Dahshan, A., Adli, N., & Bougmiza, I. M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030365 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Factor structure and clinical utility of BDI-II factor scores in postpartum women
Manian, N., Schmidt, E., Bornstein, M. H., & Martinez, P. E. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.039 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Antenatal and early life tobacco smoke exposure in an African birth cohort study
Vanker, A., Barnett, W., Brittain, K., Gie, R. P., Koen, N., MYERS, B. J., Stein, D. J., & Zar, H. J. (2016) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.15.0697 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPellowski, J. A., Wedderburn, C. J., Stadler, J. A. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033259 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationWedderburn, C. J., Groenewold, N. A., Roos, A., Yeung, S., Fouché, J., Rehman, A. M., Gibb, D. M., Narr, K. L., Zar, H. J., Stein, D. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25863 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationJeena, P. M., Asharam, K., Mitku, A. A., Naidoo, P., & Naidoo, R. N. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03328-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Acosta, H., Kantojärvi, K., Hashempour, N., Pelto, J., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Lewis, J. D., Fonov, V. S., Collins, D. L., Evans, A., et al. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa158 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jacobs, R. H., Orr, J. L., Gowins, J. R., Forbes, E. E., & Langenecker, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.038 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Maternal depression during pregnancy alters infant subcortical and midbrain volumes.
Sethna, V., Siew, J., Gudbrandsen, M., Pote, I., Wang, S., Daly, E., Deprez, M., Pariante, C. M., Seneviratne, G., Murphy, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gilliam, M., Forbes, E. E., Gianaros, P. J., Erickson, K. I., Brennan, L. M., & Shaw, D. S. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12364 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Makhubela, M. S., & Mashegoane, S. (2015) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246315611016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
H, A., JJ, T., NM, S., N, H., O, R., TI, L., J, P., V, S., R, P., T, L., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111153 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Acosta, H., Kantojärvi, K., Tuulari, J. J., Lewis, J. D., Hashempour, N., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Fonov, V., Collins, D. L., Evans, A. C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24722 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- World Health Organization Recommended definition, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 56 1997 247 253 560099
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wu, Y., De Asis-Cruz, J., & Limperopoulos, C. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02449-0 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms are associated with larger right amygdala volume in infants under 2 months old and girls at 4.5 years old [39, 86, 87].”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Groenewold, N. A., Wedderburn, C. J., Pellowski, J. A., Fouché, J.-P., Michalak, L., Roos, A., Woods, R. P., Narr, K. L., Zar, H. J., Donald, K. A., & Stein, D. J.
- Affiliations
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Groenewold, Nynke A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage: Clinical
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 103206
- ISSN
- 2213-1582 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9668606
- OpenAlex
- W4296445618
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage Clinical (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Carnegie Corporation of New York
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1017641, 1017641, INV-006732)
- Wellcome Trust (203525/Z/16/Z, 203525)
- South African Medical Research Council
- Harry Crossley Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA023887)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- subcortical volume, infant brain development, amygdala enlargement, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, sex differences, prenatal stress, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Birth Cohort, Adolescent, Amygdala, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pregnancy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
