Cited by 691Sex and Gender in HealthcarePain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPain Management and Placebo Effect

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A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and experimental pain perception – Part 1: Are there really differences between women and men?

Racine, Mélanie, Tousignant-Laflamme, Yannick, Kloda, Lorie A., Dion, Dominique, Dupuis, Gilles, Choinière, Manon·2012·Pain

DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.025

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Abstract

The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize and critically appraise the results of 10 years of human laboratory research on pain and sex/gender. An electronic search strategy was designed by a medical librarian and conducted in multiple databases. A total of 172 articles published between 1998 and 2008 were retrieved, analyzed, and synthesized. The first set of results (122 articles), which is presented in this paper, examined sex difference in the perception of laboratory-induced thermal, pressure, ischemic, muscle, electrical, chemical, and visceral pain in healthy subjects. This review suggests that females (F) and males (M) have comparable thresholds for cold and ischemic pain, while pressure pain thresholds are lower in F than M. There is strong evidence that F tolerate less thermal (heat, cold) and pressure pain than M but it is not the case for tolerance to ischemic pain, which is comparable in both sexes. The majority of the studies that measured pain intensity and unpleasantness showed no sex difference in many pain modalities. In summary, 10 years of laboratory research have not been successful in producing a clear and consistent pattern of sex differences in human pain sensitivity, even with the use of deep, tonic, long-lasting stimuli, which are known to better mimic clinical pain. Whether laboratory studies in healthy subjects are the best paradigm to investigate sex differences in pain perception is open to question and should be discussed with a view to enhancing the clinical relevance of these experiments and developing new research avenues.

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Authors: Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choinière, M.
Affiliations: Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
McGill University (CA)
Université de Montréal (CA)
Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CA)
Corresponding author: Choinière, Manon
ORCID: Racine, Mélanie
Kloda, Lorie A.
Dupuis, Gilles
Choinière, Manon
Venue: Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 153
Issue: 3
Pages: 602-618
ISSN: 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.025
OpenAlex: W2040248009
Cited by: 691
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 4.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords: sex differences, gender differences, pain perception, experimental pain, pain tolerance, pain threshold, thermal pain, pressure pain, ischemic pain, visceral pain, electrical pain, chemical pain, myalgia, pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, sex differences in pain sensitivity
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Hyperalgesia, Ischemia, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Sex Characteristics, Databases, Bibliographic, Pain Threshold, Biomedical Research, Pain Perception

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A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and experimental pain perception – Part 1: Are there really differences between women and men?

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