Cited by 570Pain Mechanisms and TreatmentsSex and Gender in HealthcarePain Management and Opioid Use

Sex differences in pain and analgesia: the role of gonadal hormones

Craft, Rebecca M., Mogil, Jeffrey S., Aloisi, Anna Maria·2004·European Journal of Pain

Abstract

There is now strong evidence for sex differences in pain and analgesia. These differences imply that gonadal steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone modulate sensitivity to pain and analgesia. The goal of this review is to present an overview of gonadal steroid modulation of pain and analgesia in animals and humans, and to describe mechanisms by which males' and females' biology may differentially predispose them to pain and to analgesic effects of drugs and stress. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that sex differences in pain and analgesia may be both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Current research suggests that sex‐specific management of clinical pain will be a reality in the not‐so‐distant future.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.01.003

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130 of 130 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Craft, R. M., Mogil, J. S., & Aloisi, A. M.
Affiliations
  • Washington State University (US)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • University of Siena (IT)
Corresponding author
Craft, Rebecca M.
Venue
European Journal of Pain
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2004-10
Volume
8
Issue
5
Pages
397-411
ISSN
  • 1090-3801 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-2149
OpenAlex
W2073162601
Cited by
570
References
130
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 36
FWCI
3.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • European Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Use Siena air (University of Siena) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords
sex differences in pain, analgesia, sex steroids, estradiol, testosterone, pain sensitivity, stress
MeSH terms
Analgesics, Animals, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Male, Neural Pathways, Pain, Receptors, Opioid, Sex Characteristics, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stress, Physiological, Opioid Peptides

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