Sex, gender, and pain: women and men really are different

Fillingim, Roger B.

doi:10.1007/s11916-000-0006-6

Cited by 488Sex and Gender in HealthcarePain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPain Management and Placebo Effect

Sex, gender, and pain: women and men really are different

Fillingim, Roger B.·2000·Current Review of Pain

DOI 10.1007/s11916-000-0006-6

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Abstract

Sex-related differences in the experience of both clinical and experimentally induced pain have been widely reported. Specifically, females are at greater risk for developing several chronic pain disorders, and women exhibit greater sensitivity to noxious stimuli in the laboratory compared with men. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for these sex differences. Psychosocial factors such as sex role beliefs, pain coping strategies, mood, and pain-related expectancies may underlie these effects. In addition, there is evidence that familial factors can alter pain responses, and these intergenerational influences may differ as a function of sex. Sex hormones are also known to affect pain responses, which may mediate the sex differences. Although the magnitude of these effects has not been well characterized, there are potentially important practical implications of sex differences in pain responses. These implications are discussed, and directions for future research are delineated.

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Headache in College Students: A Comparison of Four Populations
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Treatment of Premenstrual Mastalgia with Tamoxifen
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SELF-REPORTED ABUSE HISTORY AND PAIN COMPLAINTS AMONG HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS
Fillingim, R. B., Wilkinson, C. S., & Powell, T. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199901000-00148 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Test of Reliability of Perception of Parental and Childhood Illness Behavior
Turkat, I. D., & Guise, B. J. (1983) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1983.57.1.101 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

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Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings
Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B., & Riley, J. L. (2009) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.001 · Cited by 2,766 · see citing works
Self-citation
The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain
Green, C. R., Anderson, K. O., Baker, T. A., Campbell, L. C., Decker, S., Fillingim, R. B., Kaloukalani, D. A., Lasch, K. E., Myers, C., Tait, R. C., et al. (2003) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
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Predictors of Postoperative Pain and Analgesic Consumption: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Ip, H. Y. V., Abrishami, A., Peng, P. W. H., Wong, J., & Chung, F. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181aae87a · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes
Meints, S. M., & Edwards, R. R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and experimental pain perception – Part 1: Are there really differences between women and men?
Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choinière, M. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.025 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
The effects of sleep deprivation on pain inhibition and spontaneous pain in women
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A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and pain perception – Part 2: Do biopsychosocial factors alter pain sensitivity differently in women and men?
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Catastrophizing as a mediator of sex differences in pain: differential effects for daily pain versus laboratory-induced pain
Edwards, R. R., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Sullivan, M. J., & Fillingim, R. B. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.07.012 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
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Psychosocial contributions to sex-correlated differences in pain
Myers, C. D., Riley, J. L., & Robinson, M. E. (2003) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200307000-00005 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
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Ge, H.-Y., Madeleine, P., & Arendt-Nielsen, L. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.03.005 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Gender differences in chronic pain—findings from a population-based study of Norwegian adults
Rustøen, T., Wahl, A. K., Hanestad, B. R., Lerdal, A., Paul, S., & Miaskowski, C. (2004) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2004.01.004 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Prevalence of Painful Musculoskeletal Conditions in Female and Male Veterans in 7 Years After Return From Deployment in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom
Haskell, S. G., Ning, Y., Krebs, E., Goulet, J., Mattocks, K., Kerns, R., & Brandt, C. (2012) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e318223d951 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Is self-reported childhood abuse history associated with pain perception among healthy young women and men?
Fillingim, R. B., & Edwards, R. R. (2005) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000149801.46864.39 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
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Sex and age differences in coping styles among children with chronic pain
Lynch, A. M., Kashikar-Zuck, S., Goldschneider, K. R., & Jones, B. A. (2007) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.07.014 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
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Arout, C. A., Sofuoglu, M., Bastian, L. A., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2018) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2017.6622 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Pain tolerance as a predictor of outcome following multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain: differential effects as a function of sex
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Overview of orofacial pain: epidemiology and gender differences in orofacial pain
Shinal, R. M., & Fillingim, R. B. (2007) · Dental Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cden.2006.09.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in female rats is estrogen-dependent and involves tachykinin NK1 receptors
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Ilgen, M. A., Coughlin, L. N., Bohnert, A. S. B., Chermack, S., Price, A., Kim, H. M., Jannausch, M., & Blow, F. C. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2369 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Pain Catastrophizing and Pain-related Emotions
Ruscheweyh, R., Nees, F., Marziniak, M., Evers, S., Flor, H., & Knecht, S. (2011) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31820fde1b · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Chronic Pain: Structural and Functional Changes in Brain Structures and Associated Negative Affective States
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Gender-dependent difference in the relationship between pain aspects and pain catastrophizing
Son, C., Son, D., An, J., et al. (2019) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.7718 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Does Pain Acceptance Buffer the Negative Effects of Catastrophizing on Function in Individuals With Chronic Pain?
Ferreira-Valente, A., Solé, E., Sánchez‐Rodríguez, E., Sharma, S., Pathak, A., Jensen, M. P., Miró, J., & de la Vega, R. (2021) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000930 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Authors: Fillingim, R. B.
Affiliations: University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Corresponding author: Fillingim, Roger B.
ORCID: Fillingim, Roger B.
Venue: Current Review of Pain
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-02
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-30
ISSN: 1069-5850 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-000-0006-6
OpenAlex: W2064946902
Cited by: 488
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 1.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Review of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE 12261, R29DE012261)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords: sex differences in pain, gender differences, chronic pain, pain sensitivity, pain coping, mood, pain anticipation, sex hormones, intergenerational effects
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Attitude to Health, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Pain, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Sick Role

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Sex, gender, and pain: women and men really are different

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