The affective benefits of nature exposure

Bratman, Gregory N.; Olvera‐Alvarez, Hector A.; Gross, James J.

doi:10.1111/spc3.12630

Cited by 177Urban Green Space and HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

The affective benefits of nature exposure

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Bratman, Gregory N., Olvera‐Alvarez, Hector A., Gross, James J.·2021·Social and Personality Psychology Compass

DOI 10.1111/spc3.12630

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Abstract

Mounting evidence demonstrates that nature exposure can have affective benefits. These include behavioral and psychophysiological responses consistent with (a) decreases in stress and negative affect; and (b) increases in subjective well‐being and positive affect. What is less clear, however, is what mechanisms are responsible for these effects. In this article, we examine the evidence for affective impacts of nature exposure, consider underlying mechanisms (with a focus on affect regulation), and discuss what might moderate these effects at the individual and population level. We end by pointing to future research directions and practical applications. This includes investigations into the range of effects and duration of their impact, harnessing knowledge about temporal dynamics for insights into causal mechanisms, broadening the discussions around moderators and effect modifications to include diverse perspectives on the relationship between nature exposure and psychological well‐being, and integrating findings into existing frameworks from public health.

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Affected populations may suffer from the repercussions that are tied to the decreased nature contact that is associated with WFS, through a deprivation of the opportunity to experience the anxiety and rumination reduction, social cohesion, and increases in positive affect that nature contact provides.
“Additionally, affected populations may suffer from the repercussions that are tied to the decreased nature contact that is associated with WFS, through a deprivation of the opportunity to experience the anxiety and rumination reduction [26–28], social cohesion [29, 30], and increases in positive affect [31–33] that nature contact provides.”
From What can we do when the smoke rolls in? An exploratory qualitative analysis of the impacts of rural wildfire smoke on mental health and wellbeing, and opportunities for adaptation (2022) · cites this paper as [33]

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Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest and Urban Sounds Using High-Resolution Sound Sources
Jo, H., Song, C., Ikei, H., Enomoto, S., Kobayashi, H., & Miyazaki, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152649 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Personality–place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places.
Matz, S., & Harari, G. M. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000297 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Coping with Stress in Deprived Urban Neighborhoods: What Is the Role of Green Space According to Life Stage?
Roe, J. J., Aspinall, P., & Thompson, C. W. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01760 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Different types of urban natural environments influence various dimensions of self-reported health
Jarvis, I., Koehoorn, M. W., Gergel, S. E., & van den Bosch, M. A. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109614 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Environmental Strategies of Affect Regulation and Their Associations With Subjective Well-Being
Korpela, K., Pasanen, T., Repo, V., Hartig, T., Staats, H., Mason, M., Alves, S., Fornara, F., Marks, T., Saini, S., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00562 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The gradual development of the preference for natural environments
Meidenbauer, K. L., Stenfors, C. U. D., Young, J., Layden, E. A., Schertz, K. E., Kardan, O., Jean Decety, A., & Berman, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101328 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Attention restoration during environmental exposure via alpha-theta oscillations and synchronization
Chen, Z., He, Y., & Yu, Y. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101406 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: A randomized control trial
Gelkopf, M., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., Bikman, M., & Kravetz, S. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.026 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Effect of nature-based sound therapy on agitation and anxiety in coronary artery bypass graft patients during the weaning of mechanical ventilation: A randomised clinical trial
Aghaie, B., Rejeh, N., Heravi‐Karimooi, M., Ebadi, A., Moradian, S. T., Vaismoradi, M., & Jasper, M. A. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.08.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Urban Green Space and the Pursuit of Health Equity in Parts of the United States
Jennings, V. L., Baptiste, A. K., Jelks, N. O., & Skeete, R. A. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14111432 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Examining privilege and power in US urban parks and open space during the double crises of antiblack racism and COVID-19
Hoover, F., & Lim, T. (2020) · Socio-Ecological Practice Research · doi:10.1007/s42532-020-00070-3 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
When complex is easy on the mind: Internal repetition of visual information in complex objects is a source of perceptual fluency.
Joye, Y., Steg, L., Ünal, A. B., & Pals, R. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000105 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

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Actively Noticing Nature (Not Just Time in Nature) Helps Promote Nature Connectedness
Richardson, M., Hamlin, I., Butler, C. W., Thomas, R., & Hunt, A. (2021) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2021.0023 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Nature and human well-being: The olfactory pathway
Bratman, G. N., Bembibre, C., Daily, G. C., Doty, R. L., Hummel, T. R., Jacobs, L. F., Kahn, P. H., Lashus, C., Majid, A., Miller, J. D., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adn3028 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Stress recovery from virtual exposure to a brown (desert) environment versus a green environment
Yin, J., Bratman, G. N., Browning, M. H. E. M., Spengler, J. D., & Alvarez, H. A. O. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101775 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Why does nature enhance psychological well-being?A Self-Determination account
Yang, Y., Cai, H., Yang, Z., Zhao, X., Li, M., Han, R., & Chen, S. X. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101872 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework of Biophilic Design Parameters in Clinical Environments
Tekin, B. H., Corcoran, R., & Gutiérrez, R. U. (2022) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867221118675 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Applying an ecosystem services framework on nature and mental health to recreational blue space visits across 18 countries
Garrett, J. K., White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Grellier, J., Bell, S., Bratman, G. N., Economou, T., Gascón, M., Lõhmus, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28544-w · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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The Mediating Effect of Nature Restorativeness, Stress Level, and Nature Connectedness in the Association between Nature Exposure and Quality of Life
Bacevičienė, M., & Jankauskienė, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042098 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying childhood exposure to blue spaces and adult subjective well-being: An 18-country analysis
Vitale, V., Martin, L., White, M. P., Elliott, L. R., Wyles, K. J., Browning, M. H. E. M., Pahl, S., Stehl, P., Bell, S., Bratman, G. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101876 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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What can we do when the smoke rolls in? An exploratory qualitative analysis of the impacts of rural wildfire smoke on mental health and wellbeing, and opportunities for adaptation
Humphreys, A., Walker, E. G., Bratman, G. N., & Errett, N. A. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12411-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Effects of restorative environment and presence on anxiety and depression based on interactive virtual reality scenarios
Wang, Z., Li, Y., An, J., Dong, W., Li, H., Ma, H., Wang, J., Wu, J., Jiang, T., & Wang, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137878 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Residential green space, gardening, and subjective well-being: A cross-sectional study of garden owners in northern Belgium
Krols, J., Aerts, R., Vanlessen, N., Dewaelheyns, V., Dujardin, S., & Somers, B. (2022) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104414 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The role of nature in emotion regulation processes: An evidence-based rapid review
Vitale, V., & Bonaiuto, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102325 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Different types of virtual natural environments enhance subjective vitality through restorativeness
Theodorou, A., Romano, L., Bratman, G. N., Carbone, G. A., Rodelli, R., Casagrande, G., & Panno, A. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101981 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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The effects of walking in nature on negative and positive affect in adult psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder: A randomized-controlled study
Watkins‐Martin, K., Bolanis, D., Richard‐Devantoy, S., Pennestri, M., Malboeuf‐Hurtubise, C., Philippe, F. L., Guindon, J., Gouin, J., Ouellet‐Morin, I., & Geoffroy, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.121 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Top-Down Processing and Nature Connectedness Predict Psychological and Physiological Effects of Nature
Koivisto, M., Jalava, E. A., Kuusisto, L., Railo, H., & Grassini, S. (2022) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165221107535 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Forest features and mental health and wellbeing: A scoping review
Clark, H., Vanclay, J. K., & Brymer, E. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102040 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Contact with nature for emotion regulation: the roles of nature connectedness and beauty engagement in urban young adults
Gu, X., Zheng, H., & Tse, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48756-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Visual post-occupancy evaluation of a restorative garden using virtual reality photography: Restoration, emotions, and behavior in older and younger people
Boffi, M., Pola, L., Fermani, E., Senes, G., Inghilleri, P., Piga, B. E. A., Stancato, G., & Fumagalli, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927688 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Protective effect of restorative possibilities on cognitive function and mental health in children and adolescents: A scoping review including the role of physical activity
Dzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Vincens, N., Waye, K. P., Klatte, M., Leist, L., Lachmann, T., Schreckenberg, D., Belke, C., Ристовска, Г., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116452 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and virtual nature: cognitive reappraisal as an individual-level moderator for impacts on subjective vitality
Theodorou, A., Spano, G., Bratman, G. N., Monneron, K., Sanesi, G., Carrus, G., Imperatori, C., & Panno, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30287-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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Green sleep: Immediate residential greenspace and access to larger green areas are associated with better sleep quality, in a longitudinal population-based cohort
Stenfors, C. U. D., Stengård, J., Hanson, L. L. M., Kecklund, L. G., & Westerlund, H. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116085 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The One Health approach in urban ecosystem rehabilitation: An evidence-based framework for designing sustainable cities
Bruno, A., Arnoldi, I., Barzaghi, B., Boffi, M., Casiraghi, M., Colombo, B., Gennaro, P. D., Epis, S., Facciotti, F., Ferrari, N., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110959 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Developing a model linking self-reported nature exposure and positive body image: A study protocol for the body image in nature survey (BINS)
Swami, V., Tran, U. S., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.11.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
‘Blue’ coasts: Unravelling the perceived restorativeness of coastal environments and the influence of their components
Hooyberg, A., Michels, N., Allaert, J., Vandegehuchte, M., Everaert, G., Henauw, S. D., & Roose, H. (2022) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104551 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Associations of nature contact with emotional ill-being and well-being: the role of emotion regulation
Bratman, G. N., Mehta, A., Alvarez, H. A. O., Spink, K. M., Levy, C., White, M. P., Kubzansky, L. D., & Gross, J. J. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2316199 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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The relationship between natural environments and subjective well-being as measured by sentiment expressed on Twitter
Lin, Y., Wood, S. A., & Lawler, J. J. (2022) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104539 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
From childhood blue space exposure to adult environmentalism: The role of nature connectedness and nature contact
Stehl, P., White, M. P., Vitale, V., Pahl, S., Elliott, L. R., Fian, L., & van den Bosch, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102225 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Development and validation of self-efficacy and intention measures for spending time in nature
Maddock, J. E., Suess, C., Bratman, G. N., Smock, C., Kellstedt, D. K., Gustat, J., Perry, C. K., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00764-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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The Impact of Visual Stimuli and Properties on Restorative Effect and Human Stress: A Literature Review
Sedghikhanshir, A., Zhu, Y., Beck, M. R., & Jafari, A. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12111781 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Group Nature-Based Mindfulness Interventions: Nature-Based Mindfulness Training for College Students with Anxiety
Vitagliano, L. A., Wester, K. L., Jones, C. T., Wyrick, D. L., & Vermeesch, A. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021451 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Therapeutic Hospital Gardens: Literature Review and Working Definition
Nieberler-Walker, K., Desha, C., Bosman, C., Roiko, A. H., & Caldera, S. (2023) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867231187154 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Enhancing human well-being through cognitive and affective pathways linking landscape sensation to cultural ecosystem services
Wu, Y., Tang, L., Huang, C., Shao, G., Hou, J., & Sabel, C. E. (2024) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-024-01969-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nature Exposure, Even as Little as 10 Minutes, is Likely to Yield Short-Term Benefits for Adults with Mental Illness: A Meta Analysis
Bettmann, J. E., Speelman, E. A., Blumenthal, E., Couch, S., & Schmalz, D. L. (2024) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2023.0063 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The relationships between nature connectedness, nature contact, and positive psychological outcomes: A meta-analysis
Zeng, Q., Yang, Z., Chen, Z., & Chen, P. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102675 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Exploring the secret gardens of the city: An assessment of human-nature interactions on informal green space using citizen science data
Stanford, H. R., Hurley, J., Garrard, G. E., & Kirk, H. L. (2024) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128414 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Measuring urban nature for pedestrian health: Systematic review and expert survey
Lee, C., Park, A. H., Lee, H., Bratman, G. N., Hankey, S., & Li, D. (2024) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105129 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Virtual nature, real relief: how exposure to virtual natural environments reduces anxiety, stress, and depression in healthy adults
Chen, L., Yan, R., & Yu, J. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02057-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Development and Validation of an Attitude Toward Spending Time in Nature Scale
Maddock, J. E., Suess, C., Bratman, G. N., Smock, C., Kellstedt, D. K., Layton, R., Christiana, R. W., Horton, T. H., Gustat, J., Perry, C. K., et al. (2022) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2022.0017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effects of Natural Sounds and Proxemic Distances on the Perception of a Noisy Domestic Flying Robot
Wang, Z., Hu, Z., Rohles, B., Ljungblad, S., Koenig, V., & Fjeld, M. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579859 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effective Recreational Activities in Urban Green Spaces for Mental Health of Scientific Researchers
Yan, J., Wu, Y., Shao, G., Qiu, Q., & Tang, L. (2024) · Ecosystem Health and Sustainability · doi:10.34133/ehs.0199 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Mechanisms Underpinning Psychological Change Following Nature Exposure in an Adolescent Population
Rowley, M., Topciu, R. A., & Owens, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912649 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Types of greenspace and adolescent mental health and well-being in metropolitan London
Mueller, M. A. E., Midouhas, E., & Flouri, E. (2023) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2023.2175410 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nature-based solutions and mental health
Kabisch, N., Basu, S., van den Bosch, M. A., Bratman, G. N., & Masztalerz, O. (2023) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781800376762.00019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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The restorative effects of mental imagery of nature: A study on subjective and physiological responses
Koivisto, M., & Grassini, S. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102346 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An Analysis of Theoretical Perspectives in Research on Nature-Based Interventions and Pain
Jones, R., & Littzen, C. O. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912740 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Susceptibility to stress and nature exposure: Unveiling differential susceptibility to physical environments; a randomized controlled trial
Eisen, A. M., Bratman, G., & Olvera-Alvarez, H. A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301473 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Natural soundscapes are associated with mental well-being via capacity-building and capacity-restoring pathways
Uebel, K., Ratcliffe, E., Buchan, C., Butler, S. J., Hanley, N., Higney, A., & Marselle, M. R. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102735 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nature versus urban hiking for Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomised trial conducted in the Pacific Northwest USA
Littman, A. J., Bratman, G. N., Lehavot, K., Engel, C. C., Fortney, J. C., Peterson, A. C., Jones, A., Klassen, C., Brandon, J., & Frumkin, H. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051885 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Positive emotional experiences from nature contact: A thematic analysis on types and regulation pathways
Wang, X., Chen, C., Qi, J., Chen, K., Huang, P., Luo, C., & Chen, S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102561 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exploring the Restorative Effects of Natural Environments in Virtual Reality
Marocco, S., Vitale, V., Grossi, E., Presaghi, F., Bonaiuto, M., & Talamo, A. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040535 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Impact of a Woodland Walk on Body Image: A Field Experiment and an Assessment of Dispositional and Environmental Determinants
Czepczor‐Bernat, K., Modrzejewska, J., Modrzejewska, A., & Swami, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114548 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The impact of a values affirmation intervention on body dissatisfaction and negative mood in women exposed to fitspiration.
Pilot, I. G., & Stutts, L. (2022) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.11.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The contribution of environmental sensitivity and connectedness to nature to mental health: Does nature view count?
Wigley, I. L. C. M., Nazzari, S., Pastore, M., Provenzi, L., & Barello, S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102541 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Positive Rational Acceptance of Body Image Threats Mediates the Association Between Nature Exposure and Body Appreciation
Swami, V., Robinson, C., & Furnham, A. F. (2022) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2021.0029 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Does a brief virtual dose of an environment affect subjective wellbeing and judgements of perceived restorativeness? Considering the role of place preference
Wilkie, S., Platt, T., & Trotter, H. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Proximity to nature prevents problematic smartphone use: the role of mindfulness
Zhu, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05581-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Do Positive Environmental Changes Impact Residents’ Intention of Rural Development? Role of Leisure and Quality of Life
Nguyen-Dinh, N., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17031245 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Forest terpenes and stress: Examining the associations of filtered vs. non-filtered air in a real-life natural environment
Levy, C., Riederer, A. M., Simpson, C. D., Gassett, A. J., Gilbert, A. J., Paulsen, M. H., Silva, L. K., Bhandari, D., Newman, C. A., Blount, B. C., et al. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121482 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Black Bodies and Green Spaces: Remembering the Eminence of Nature During a Pandemic
Roberts, J. D., Tehrani, S. O., & Bratman, G. N. (2023) · Global culture and sport series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14387-8_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
The relationship between urban greenspace perception and use within the adolescent population: A focused ethnography
Lyons, R., Colbert, A. M., Browning, M. H. E. M., & Jakub, K. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15905 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Environmentalism around the globe. An introduction to the 2020 ISSP environment module and selected country-level findings
Hadler, M., Fairbrother, M., González, R., Sevä, I. J., Liao, P., Lago, M. M., & Schweighart, M. (2024) · International Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1080/00207659.2024.2419695 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Childhood Opportunity Index 2.0: Factor Structure in 9–10 Year Olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
Harris, J. C., Wilson, I. G., Cardenas‐Iniguez, C., Watts, A. L., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22020228 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Does virtual reality forest mindfulness restore individuals’ mood after work and the next day? A multilevel modeling experiment
Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., & Han, L. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102596 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
How multisensory nature exposure affects well‐being: Visual and auditory influences on affect
Aldoh, A., Ungureanu, R., Popescu, S., Eldridge, A., Sandom, C. J., & Rae, C. L. (2025) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70157 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding the Public Health Impact of a School-Based Citizen Science Program to Reduce Arsenic in Private Well Water
Taylor, A., Garretson, A. C., Bieluch, K., Buckman, K. L., Lust, H., Bailey, C., Farrell, A., Jackson, B. P., Lincoln, R. A., Arneson, E., et al. (2024) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp13421 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Meadows or asphalt road – Does momentary affective well-being vary with immediate physical environment? Results from a geographic ecological momentary assessment study in three metropolitan areas in Germany
Mascherek, A., Luong, G., Wrzus, C., Riediger, M., & Kühn, S. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120283 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Why nature contact is good for us
Bratman, G. N., & Gross, J. J. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.11.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Fundamentals of Environmental Neuroscience
Berman, M. G., & Bratman, G. N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64699-7_1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Profiles of Depression and Restoration in Nature-Based Group Therapy
Paakkolanvaara, J.-V., Hyvönen, K., Salonen, K. J., Muotka, J. S., & Korpela, K. (2023) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2022.0092 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Resurrecting Gaia: harnessing the Free Energy Principle to preserve life as we know it
Montgomery, C., & Hipólito, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1206963 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Public nature and health for homeless populations: Professionals’ perceptions of contingent human benefits and harms
Derrien, M. M., Bratman, G. N., Cerveny, L. K., Levy, C., Blahna, D. J., Frank, P., & Serio, N. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116764 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nature-Based Meditation Reduces Depressive Rumination and Stress in Adolescents and Young Adults
Owens, M., & Bunce, H. L. I. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6020036 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cultivating Care Through Nature: A Meta-Analysis of Nature Connectedness and Prosociality
Yao, Z., Li, M. D., & Liu, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su172310580 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Theoretical Foundation and Practical Prospect for Urban Rewilding
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Time Spent Interacting with Nature Is Associated with Greater Well-Being for Girl Scouts Before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Authors: Bratman, G. N., Olvera‐Alvarez, H. A., & Gross, J. J.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
School of Nursing Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR USA
Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Bratman, Gregory N.
ORCID: Bratman, Gregory N.
Gross, James J.
Venue: Social and Personality Psychology Compass
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2021-06-30
Volume: 15
Issue: 8
ISSN: 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12630
OpenAlex: W3185178841
Cited by: 177
References: 235
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 6
FWCI: 8.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Keywords: nature exposure, emotion regulation, stress reduction, negative affect, positive affect, subjective well-being, psychophysiological responses, temporal dynamics, psychological well-being

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The affective benefits of nature exposure

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