Therapeutic potential of cannabis-related drugs

Alexander, Stephen P.H.

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001

Cited by 151Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchNigella sativa pharmacological applicationsEpilepsy research and treatment

Therapeutic potential of cannabis-related drugs

Alexander, Stephen P.H.·2016·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001

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Abstract

In this review, I will consider the dual nature of Cannabis and cannabinoids. The duality arises from the potential and actuality of cannabinoids in the laboratory and clinic and the 'abuse' of Cannabis outside the clinic. The therapeutic areas currently best associated with exploitation of Cannabis-related medicines include pain, epilepsy, feeding disorders, multiple sclerosis and glaucoma. As with every other medicinal drug of course, the 'trick' will be to maximise the benefit and minimise the cost. After millennia of proximity and exploitation of the Cannabis plant, we are still playing catch up with an understanding of its potential influence for medicinal benefit.

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Chronic pain is one of the most frequent reasons why patients are accessing medicinal cannabis.
“Chronic pain is one of the most frequent reasons why patients are accessing medicinal cannabis [15,16,24].”
From Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The majority of studies implicate the CB1 receptor in analgesic effects of cannabinoids, but there is also good evidence that CB2 receptor contributes to these effects.
“The majority of the studies implicate the CB1 receptor in the analgesic effects of cannabinoids, but there is also good evidence that CB2 receptor also contributes to these effects [16].”
From Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Endocannabinoids are considered pain modulators, exhibiting an analgesic effect in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models.
“Several studies have already demonstrated that ECS is expressed in the areas responsible for pain control; indeed, endocannabinoids are considered pain modulators, exhibiting an analgesic effect in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models [1,16].”
From Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Other studies consider that there is substantial evidence to support that cannabis is effective in treating epilepsy.
“However, other studies consider that there is substantial evidence to support that cannabis is effective in treating epilepsy [1,8,16,20].”
From Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [16]

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Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain
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Induction of Psychosis byΔ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Reflects Modulation of Prefrontal and Striatal Function During Attentional Salience Processing
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Selective vulnerability in Huntington's disease: Preferential loss of cannabinoid receptors in lateral globus pallidus
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The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212‐2 decreases the intraocular pressure in human glaucoma resistant to conventional therapies
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Endocannabinoid metabolism and uptake: novel targets for neuropathic and inflammatory pain
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Self-citation
Fine-Scale Survey of X Chromosome Copy Number Variants and Indels Underlying Intellectual Disability
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Medical marijuana for cancer
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Fatty acid amide hydrolase: biochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic possibilities for an enzyme hydrolyzing anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoylethanolamide, and oleamide11Abbreviations: AEA, anandamide, arachidonyl ethanolamide; PEA, palmitoylethanolamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) hexadecamide; FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase; CB, cannabinoid; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; MAFP, methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; methAEA, arachidonyl-1′-hydroxy-2′-propylamide; and NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Activation and Binding of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ by Synthetic Cannabinoid Ajulemic Acid
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Endocannabinoids and their oxygenation by cyclo-oxygenases, lipoxygenases and other oxygenases
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Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase and cyclooxygenase-2 increases levels of endocannabinoid related molecules and produces analgesia via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in a model of inflammatory pain
Jhaveri, M. D., Richardson, D. S., Robinson, I., Garle, M. J., Patel, A., Sun, Y., Sagar, D. R., Bennett, A. J., Alexander, S. P. H., Kendall, D. A., et al. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.04.018 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
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Regional changes in type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability in Parkinson's disease in vivo
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Involvement of PPARγ in the antitumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma
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Identification of CB2 receptors in human nigral neurons that degenerate in Parkinson’s disease
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Involvement of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase in the degradation of anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in macrophages
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The contribution of cyclooxygenase‐2 to endocannabinoid metabolism and action
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The human eye expresses high levels of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA and protein
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An acid amidase hydrolyzing anandamide as an endogenous ligand forcannabinoid receptors
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Lipid Droplets Are Novel Sites of N-Acylethanolamine Inactivation by Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase-2
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Monoacylglycerol lipase – a target for drug development?
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Cannabis and schizophrenia
Mcloughlin, B. C., Pushpa-Rajah, J. A., Gillies, D. M., Rathbone, J., Variend, H., Kalakouti, E., & Kyprianou, K. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004837.pub3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of diacylglycerol lipase in depolarization-induced endocanabinoid release
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Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase produces PPAR‐α‐mediated analgesia in a rat model of inflammatory pain
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Cannabinoids in Experimental Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A reverses the antiemetic and motor depressant actions of WIN 55, 212-2
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Supraspinal modulation of pain by cannabinoids: the role of GABA and glutamate
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The Cannabinoid Use in Progressive Inflammatory brain Disease (CUPID) trial: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group multicentre trial and economic evaluation of cannabinoids to slow progression in multiple sclerosis
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The influence of cannabinoids on generic traits of neurodegeneration
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Dynamic changes to the endocannabinoid system in models of chronic pain
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A S ativex®‐like combination of phytocannabinoids as a disease‐modifying therapy in a viral model of multiple sclerosis
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Critical appraisal of the potential use of cannabinoids in cancer management
Rosengren, R. J., & Cridge, B. J. (2013) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s36105 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid system and pain: an introduction
Burston, J. J., & Woodhams, S. G. (2013) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113003650 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Acute inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase blocks endocannabinoid‐mediated retrograde signalling: evidence for on‐demand biosynthesis of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol
Hashimotodani, Y., Ohno‐Shosaku, T., Tanimura, A., Kita, Y., Sano, Y., Shimizu, T., Marzo, V. D., & Kano, M. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.254474 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Advances in the discovery of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors
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The case for the development of novel analgesic agents targeting both fatty acid amide hydrolase and either cyclooxygenase or TRPV1
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Effects of the FAAH inhibitor, URB597, and anandamide on lithium-induced taste reactivity responses: a measure of nausea in the rat
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Lack of effect of chronic pre‐treatment with the FAAH inhibitor URB597 on inflammatory pain behaviour: evidence for plastic changes in the endocannabinoid system
Okine, B. N., Norris, L. M., Woodhams, S. G., Burston, J. J., Patel, A., Alexander, S. P. H., Barrett, D. A., Kendall, D. A., Bennett, A. J., & Chapman, V. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02028.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase attenuates vomiting in Suncus murinus and 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol attenuates nausea in rats
Sticht, M. A., Long, J. Z., Rock, E. M., Limebeer, C. L., Mechoulam, R., Cravatt, B. F., & Parker, L. A. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01407.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Classical endocannabinoid‐like compounds and their regulation by nutrients
Kleberg, K., Hassing, H. A., & Hansen, H. S. (2014) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1158 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The anti‐nausea effects of CB1 agonists are mediated by an action at the visceral insular cortex
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GPR119 agonists: a promising approach for T2DM treatment? A SWOT analysis of GPR119
Kang, S.-U. (2013) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sativex in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis-Related Spasticity: Role of the Corticospinal Modulation
Russo, M., Calabrò, R. S., Naro, A., Sessa, E., Rifici, C., D’Aleo, G., Leo, A., Luca, R. D., Quartarone, A., & Bramanti, P. (2015) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2015/656582 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The multiple roles of fatty acid handling proteins in brain
Moullé, V. S. F., Cansell, C., Luquet, S. H., & Cruciani‐Guglielmacci, C. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00385 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
[125I]SD-7015 reveals fine modalities of CB1 cannabinoid receptor density in the prefrontal cortex during progression of Alzheimer’s disease
Farkas, S., Nagy, K., Palkovits, M., Kovács, G. G., Jia, Z., Donohue, S. R., Pike, V. W., Halldin, C., Máthé, D., Harkany, T., et al. (2011) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.004 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Effects of Sativex (THC BDS: CBD BDS) on Inhibition of Spasticity in a Chronic Relapsing Experimental Allergic Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Hilliard, A., Stott, C. G., Wright, S., Guy, G. W., Pryce, G., Al‐Izki, S., Bolton, C., & Giovannoni, G. (2012) · ISRN Neurology · doi:10.5402/2012/802649 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Critical appraisal of the potential use of cannabinoids in cancer management
Cridge, B. J., & Rosengren, R. J. (2013) · Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cannabis and Schizophrenia
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A Biophysical Model of Endocannabinoid-Mediated Short Term Depression in Hippocampal Inhibition
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The Synthetic Cannabinoid R(+)WIN55,212-2 Augments Interferon-β Expression via Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α
Downer, E. J., Clifford, E., Amu, S., Fallon, P. G., & Moynagh, P. N. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.371757 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Khan (2000) · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2

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Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders
Cristino, L., Bisogno, T., & Di Marzo, V. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z · Cited by 970 · see citing works
New approaches and challenges to targeting the endocannabinoid system
Marzo, V. D. (2018) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.115 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids: Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer
Pellati, F., Borgonetti, V., Brighenti, V., Biagi, M., Benvenuti, S., & Corsi, L. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/1691428 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
“CBDA has antimicrobial and antinausea properties [1, 11, 13], while CBG has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic activities [1, 11, 13, 15].”
Background
Cannabinoids and Cytochrome P450 Interactions
Zendulka, O., Dovrtělová, G., Nosková, K., Turjap, M., Šulcová, A., Hanuš, L., & Juřica, J. (2016) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/1389200217666151210142051 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“They are known to have a wide range of pharmacologic effects [7, 8], for which the hemp plant has been used for over 6000 years in herbal medicine and as a recreational drug.”
Background
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis, Cannabidiol, and Cannabinoid-Based Pharmaceuticals
Legare, C. A., Raup‐Konsavage, W. M., & Vrana, K. E. (2022) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000521683 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)
Brighenti, V., Pellati, F., Steinbach, M., Maran, D., & Benvenuti, S. (2017) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.049 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetic and behavioural profile of THC, CBD, and THC+CBD combination after pulmonary, oral, and subcutaneous administration in rats and confirmation of conversion in vivo of CBD to THC
Hložek, T., Uttl, L., Kadeřábek, L., Balı́ková, M., Lhotková, E., Horsley, R. R., Nováková, P., Šíchová, K., Štefková, K., Tylš, F., et al. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.10.037 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“, 2014), the two major phytocannabinoids are Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), both of which have been shown to have distinct therapeutic and adverse effects (Alexander, 2016; Schubart et al., 2014; Whiting et al., 2015; Zhornitsky and Potvin, 2012).”
Clinical applications of hallucinogens: a review
Garcia-Romeu, A., Kersgaard, B., & Addy, P. H. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000084 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“…therapeutic applications of cannabinoids have garnered interest and demonstrated some preliminary or preclinical evidence of feasibility, including as an anticancer agent (Velasco et al., 2016), for epilepsy (Alexander, 2016), mood disorders (Bambico et al., 2007), and PTSD (Greer et al., 2014).”
Background
New Methods for the Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)
Pellati, F., Brighenti, V., Sperlea, J., Marchetti, L., Bertelli, D., & Benvenuti, S. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23102639 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“CB has anti icrobial and anti-nausea properties [2,20,22], hile CBG has anti-infla atory, anti icrobial and analgesic activities [2,20,22,24].”
Background
Impact of N, P, K, and Humic Acid Supplementation on the Chemical Profile of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L)
Bernstein, N., Gorelick, J., Zerahia, R., & Koch, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00736 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Cannabis sativa has been used for medical purposes in traditional medicine since antiquity and is currently being evaluated as a promising treatment for a wide range of medical indications (Grotenhermen and Müller-Vahl, 2012; Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis Sativa L. Optimized by Response Surface Methodology
Agarwal, C., Máthé, K., Hofmann, T., & Csóka, L. (2018) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14075 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Cannabinoids, Blood–Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition
Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“THC and CBD share the same plant derivation but show distinct biological effects [4,5].”
Background
Interplay between chemistry and morphology in medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.)
Bernstein, N., Gorelick, J., & Koch, S. (2018) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.039 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa L.) Extract: Anti-Microbial Properties, Methods of Extraction, and Potential Oral Delivery
Fathordoobady, F., Singh, A., Kitts, D. D., & Singh, A. P. (2019) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1600539 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive review
Bhunia, S., Kolishetti, N., Yndart, A., Vashist, A., & Nair, M. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.989717 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“ECS consists of two primary receptors of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) family: cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), two primary ligands known as endocannabinoids (namely, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG)) and enzymes (namely, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoglyceride lipase…”
Background
Safety and efficacy of nabiximols on spasticity symptoms in patients with motor neuron disease (CANALS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
Riva, N., Mora, G., Sorarù, G., Lunetta, C., Ferraro, O. E., Falzone, Y., Leocani, L., Fazio, R., Comola, M., Comi, G., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30406-x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?
Solymosi, K., & Köfalvi, A. (2016) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557516666161004162133 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Plant Cannabinoids
Cascio, M. G., Pertwee, R. G., & Marini, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54564-6_9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Immunoregulatory Role of Cannabinoids during Infectious Disease
Hernández‐Cervantes, R., Méndez‐Díaz, M., Prospero-Garcia, O. E., & Morales‐Montor, J. (2017) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000481824 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
An efficient RNA-seq-based segregation analysis identifies the sex chromosomes of Cannabis sativaPreprint
Prentout, D., Разумова, О. В., Rhoné, B., Badouin, H., Henri, H., Feng, C., Käfer, J., Karlov, G. I., & Marais, G. A. B. (2020) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.251207.119 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Marijuana, which is used in folk medicine, as a recreational drug, and lately in conventional medicine (Alexander 2016), has a narcotic effect owing to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids produced in high concentration by some C. sativa cultivars.”
Background
Extraction techniques for bioactive compounds of cannabis
Martinez, A. S., Lanaridi, O., Stágel, K., Halbwirth, H., Schnürch, M., & Bica, K. (2023) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d2np00059h · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Distinct roles of neuronal and microglial CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the mouse hippocampus
Li, Y., & Kim, J. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.053 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Regulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic systems by cannabinoids: relevance to cannabinoid-induced effects
Mendiguren, A., Aostri, E., & Pineda, J. (2017) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.029 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Therefore, over the last years, this system has been proposed as an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, obesity, chronic pain and neurodegenerative diseases [2,133].”
FABP1: A Novel Hepatic Endocannabinoid and Cannabinoid Binding Protein
Huang, H., McIntosh, A. L., Martin, G. G., Landrock, D., Chung, S., Landrock, K. K., Dangott, L. J., Li, S., Kier, A. B., & Schroeder, F. (2016) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00446 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.: A New Tool Based on HPLC–DAD–MS/MS for a Rational Use in Medicinal Chemistry
Protti, M., Brighenti, V., Battaglia, M. R., Anceschi, L., Pellati, F., & Mercolini, L. (2019) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00571 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Real world experience of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the treatment of spasticity using tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD)
Meyer, T., Funke, A., Münch, C., Kettemann, D., Maier, A., Walter, B., Thomas, A., & Spittel, S. (2019) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1443-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Cannabinoids are increasingly recognised as a treatment option in neuropathic and nonneuropathic pain [29, 30].”
Background
Spicing Up Pharmacology: A Review of Synthetic Cannabinoids From Structure to Adverse Events
Davidson, C., Opacka‐Juffry, J., Arévalo‐Martín, Á., García‐Ovejero, D., Molina‐Holgado, E., & Molina‐Holgado, F. (2017) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2017.05.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of nabiximols cannabinoid medicine for paediatric spasticity in cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial
Fairhurst, C., Kumar, R., Checketts, D., Tayo, B., & Turner, S. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14548 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Cannabinoids have been used medicinally for thousands of years.(1) The ability of plant-based cannabinoids to manage spasms was discovered by a variety of cultures around the world to treat conditions such as tetanus.”
BackgroundInfluential
Receptors and Channels Possibly Mediating the Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Seizures and Epilepsy
Senn, L., Cannazza, G., & Biagini, G. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13080174 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“It is furthermore observed that CBD, as THC, shows high anti-inflammatory [44], antioxidant, and anticonvulsant activity [45,46].”
Background
Cannabidiol: Bridge between Antioxidant Effect, Cellular Protection, and Cognitive and Physical Performance
Jîtcă, G., Ősz, B. E., Vari, C.-E., Rusz, C.-M., Tero-Vescan, A., & Puşcaş, A. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12020485 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications
de Aguiar, A. C., Vardanega, R., Viganó, J., & Silva, E. K. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28093849 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“However, other studies consider that there is substantial evidence to support that cannabis is effective in treating epilepsy [1,8,16,20].”
BackgroundInfluential
Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia
Berger, A. A., Keefe, J., Winnick, A. A., Gilbert, E., Eskander, J. P., Yazdi, C., Kaye, A. D., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2020) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effect of Colonization of Trichoderma harzianum on Growth Development and CBD Content of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Kakabouki, I. P., Tataridas, A., Mavroeidis, A., Kousta, A., Karydogianni, S., Ζisi, C., Kouneli, V., Konstantinou, A., Folina, A., Konstantas, A., et al. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030518 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Besides the aforementioned uses of hemp, there is currently a rising trend for medicinal hemp compounds in the pharmaceutical industry [12].”
Background
Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes
Kong, T. Y., Kim, J., Kim, D. K., & Lee, H. S. (2018) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid signaling in brain diseases: Emerging relevance of glial cells
Bernal‐Chico, A., Tepavčević, V., Manterola, A., Utrilla, C. L., Matute, C., & Mato, S. (2022) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24172 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“mented across the globe for centuries (Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Chromenopyrazole, a Versatile Cannabinoid Scaffold with in Vivo Activity in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Morales, P., Gómez‐Cañas, M., Navarro, G., Hurst, D. P., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., Lagartera, L., Pazos, R., Goya, P., Reggio, P. H., Guaza, C., et al. (2016) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00397 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cannabidiol-based natural health products for companion animals: Recent advances in the management of anxiety, pain, and inflammation
Yu, C. H. J., & Rupasinghe, H. P. V. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Marijuana’s Influence on Pain Scores, Initial Weight Loss, and Other Bariatric Surgical Outcomes
Bauer, F. L., Donahoo, W. T., Hollis, H. W., Tsai, A. G., Pottorf, B. J., Johnson, J. M., Silveira, L. J., & Husain, F. A. (2018) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/18-002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Evaluation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in wild and cultivated Cannabis
Guo, R., Guo, H., Zhang, Q., Guo, M., Xu, Y., Zeng, M., Lv, P., Chen, X., & Yang, M. (2018) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2018.1506253 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Development of a new method for the analysis of cannabinoids in honey by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry detection
Brighenti, V., Licata, M., Pedrazzi, T., Maran, D., Bertelli, D., Pellati, F., & Benvenuti, S. (2019) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.034 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Anti-fatigue activity of hemp leaves water extract and the related biochemical changes in mice
Zhu, J., Yi, J., Kang, Q., Huang, J., Cui, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Zheng, Z., Lu, J., et al. (2021) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112054 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cannabinoid ligands, receptors and enzymes: Pharmacological tools and therapeutic potential
Hourani, W., & Alexander, S. P. H. (2018) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212818783908 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cannabinoids Reduce Inflammation but Inhibit Lymphocyte Recovery in Murine Models of Bone Marrow Transplantation
Khuja, I., Yekhtin, Z., Or, R., & Almogi‐Hazan, O. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20030668 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“While cannabis is not registered as a drug or a medical product, the potential of cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of various conditions [1] has led many countries around the world to authorize the clinical use of such treatments.”
Background
FABP1 controls hepatic transport and biotransformation of Δ9-THC
Elmes, M. W., Prentis, L. E., McGoldrick, L. L., Giuliano, C. J., Sweeney, J., Joseph, O. M., Che, J., Carbonetti, G., Studholme, K. M., Deutsch, D. G., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44108-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Use of Cannabinoids for Spasticity and Pain Management in MS
Chohan, H., Greenfield, A. L., Yadav, V., & Graves, J. S. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-015-0385-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Potential of Cannabichromene (CBC) as a Therapeutic Agent
Sepúlveda, D. E., Vrana, K. E., Kellogg, J. J., Bisanz, J. E., Desai, D. H., Graziane, N., & Raup‐Konsavage, W. M. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.124.002166 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Additionally, pain is a major issue for which patients report using medical cannabis and cannabis extracts (Alexander, 2016; Aviram and Samuelly-Leichtag, 2017; Legare et al., 2022).”
Development of extraction technique and GC/FID method for the analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. spp. santicha (hemp)
Baranauskaitė, J., Marksa, M., Іванаускас, Л., Vitkevičius, K., Liaudanskas, M., Skyrius, V., & Baranauskas, A. (2020) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.2915 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cannabis for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: What is the patients’ view?
Lacroix, C., Guilhaumou, R., Micallef, J., Bruneteau, G., Desnuelle, C., & Blin, O. J. (2023) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Exploring targets and therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current insights into dietary interventions
Ngo, S. T., Mi, J. D., Henderson, R. D., McCombe, P., & Steyn, F. J. (2017) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s120607 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“49,50 We limit the discussion to advances in the use of cannabis and cannabis-derived factors in treating symptoms associated with ALS, including appetite and spasticity.”
Background
The Cerebellum, THC, and Cannabis Addiction: Findings from Animal and Human Studies
Moreno-Rius, J. (2019) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0993-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Receptome: Interactions between three pain-related receptors or the “Triumvirate” of cannabinoid, opioid and TRPV1 receptors
Zádor, F., & Wollemann, M. (2015) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cannabis roots: Pharmacological and toxicological studies in mice
Lima, K. S. B., Silva, M. E. G. D. C., Araújo, T. C. D. L., Silva, C. P. D. F., dos Santos, B. L., Ribeiro, L. A. D. A., Menezes, P. M. N., Silva, M. G., de Lavor, É. M., Silva, F. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.113868 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Combined ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide based dynamic extraction of six cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.
Kornpointner, C., Sainz Martinez, A., Schnürch, M., Halbwirth, H., & Bica-Schröder, K. (2021) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1gc03516a · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Influence of Hemp Extract in Combination with Ginger on the Metabolic Activity of Metastatic Cells and Microorganisms
Makoter, T. Ž., Leitgeb, M., Golle, A., Dariš, B., Knez, Ž., & Hrnčič, M. K. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25214992 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Receptor mechanisms underlying the CNS effects of cannabinoids: CB1 receptor and beyond
Hempel, B. J., & Xi, Z. (2022) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 Elicits Death in Human Cancer Cell Lines
Müller, L., Radtke, A., Decker, J., Koch, M., & Belge, G. (2017) · Anticancer Research · doi:10.21873/anticanres.12086 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Two Janus Cannabinoids That Are Both CB2 Agonists and CB1 Antagonists
Dhopeshwarkar, A., Murataeva, N., Makriyannis, A., Straiker, A. J., & Mackie, K. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.116.236539 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Cannabinoids have since been implicated in several major physiologic processes (Corcoran et al., 2015; Di Marzo et al., 2015; Alexander, 2016) and cannabinoid receptors remain a promising pharmacological target.”
Background
Role of Caryophyllane Sesquiterpenes in the Entourage Effect of Felina 32 Hemp Inflorescence Phytocomplex in Triple Negative MDA-MB-468 Breast Cancer Cells
Giacomo, S. D., Mariano, A., Gullì, M., Fraschetti, C., Vitalone, A., Filippi, A., Mannina, L., d’Abusco, A. S., & Sotto, A. D. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26216688 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In line with the growing pharmacological interest in industrial hemp as the source of bioactive compounds and phytocomplex [2,3,6,10,13], in the present study, the in vitro anticancer properties of the organic FOJ and FOS extracts from Felina 32 inflorescences, collected in June and September, respectively, and the po…”
Background
The endocannabinoid system, a new gatekeeper in the pharmacology of human hepatocellular carcinoma
Ebrahimi, N., Far, N. P., Fakhr, S. S., Faghihkhorasani, F., Miraghel, S. A., Chaleshtori, S. R., Rezaei‐Tazangi, F., Beiranvand, S., Baziyar, P., Manavi, M. S., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.115914 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effect of saline irrigation and plant-based biostimulant application on fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth and phytocannabinoid composition
Formisano, C., Fiorentino, N., Mola, I. D., Iaccarino, N., Gargiulo, E., & Chianese, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1293184 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Throughout history and even today, the species Cannabis indica L. ( Cannabaceae ) known as cannabis is acknowledged for its effectiveness in treating various medical conditions (Grotenhermen and Müller-Vahl, 2012; Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Chemical Composition and In Vitro Neuroprotective Activity of Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)
Corsi, L., Pellati, F., Brighenti, V., Plessi, N., & Benvenuti, S. (2018) · Current Bioactive Compounds · doi:10.2174/1573407214666180809124952 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Delightful Trip Along the Pathway of Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Chemistry and Pharmacology
Mechoulam, R. (2022) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-083709 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Angiosperms, Fungi, and Liverworts and Their Versatile Role
Arif, Y., Singh, P., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10071307 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Herbal medicine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Song, Y., Jia, Q., Guan, X., Sugimoto, K., Liu, J., Duan, W., Feng, L., Zhang, C., & Gao, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.946548 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Cannabinoids exert effects on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (Alexander, 2016).”
Background
Anticonvulsive Effects and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD) in the Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Models of Seizures in Infantile Rats
Uttl, L., Hložek, T., Mareš, P., Páleníček, T., & Kubová, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010094 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impacts of industrial microwave and infrared drying approaches on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) quality and chemical components
Oduola, A. A., Bruce, R. M., Shafiekhani, S., & Atungulu, G. G. (2022) · Food and Bioproducts Processing · doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2022.10.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neuroprotection or Neurotoxicity of Illicit Drugs on Parkinson’s Disease
Ferreira, C., de Almeida, M. C. M. D., Tenreiro, S., & Quintas, A. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life10060086 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anti-depressant effects of ethanol extract from Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed in chlorpromazine-induced Drosophila melanogaster depression model
Ahn, Y., Han, S., Kim, M. G., Hong, K., Kim, W. J., Suh, H. J., & Jo, K. (2021) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2021.1949356 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effect of Fertilization and Weed Management Practices on Weed Diversity and Hemp Agronomic Performance
Kousta, A., Papastylianou, P. T., Travlos, I. S., Mavroeidis, A., & Kakabouki, I. P. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13041060 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Association between Nonmedical Marijuana and Pain Reliever Uses among Individuals Aged 50+
Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2017) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1342153 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“abuse and addiction (Alexander 2016), and its longterm analgesic effectiveness or harm is also not known (Deshpande et al.”
Background
Endocannabinoid-Binding Receptors as Drug Targets
Gómez‐Cañas, M., Rodríguez‐Cueto, C., Satta, V., Hernández-Fisac, I., Navarro, E., & Fernández‐Ruíz, J. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Preparation and characterization of full-spectrum cannabis extract loaded poly(thioether-ester) nanoparticles: In vitro evaluation of their antitumoral efficacy
Freire, N. F., Feuser, P. E., Ambel, E. T., Cordani, M., Pieri, E. D., Machado‐de‐Ávila, R. A., Zielinski, A. A. F., Sayer, C., de Araújo, P. H. H., Velasco, G., et al. (2022) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130676 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulates the proteasome system in the brain
Salgado-Mendialdúa, V., Aguirre‐Plans, J., Güney, E., Reig‐Viader, R., Maldonado, R. J., Bayés, À., Oliva, B., & Ozaita, A. (2018) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In addition, their use in medicinal forms is currently under close scrutiny [3].”
Endocannabinoids in arthritis: current views and perspective
Barrie, N., Kuruppu, V., Manolios, E., Ali, M., Moghaddam, M. J., & Manolios, N. (2017) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.13146 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cannabidiol is a behavioral modulator in BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism
Shrader, S. H., Mellen, N. M., Cai, J., Barnes, G. N., & Song, Z.-H. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1359810 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Cannabis sativa has garnered recent attention for its potential therapeutic applications and is demonstrated to have analgesic, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, anti-inflammation and antitumor properties (Atakan, 2012; McAllister et al., 2015; Alexander, 2016; Rosenberg et al., 2017).”
Background
Elevation of endocannabinoids in the brain by synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018: mechanism and effect on learning and memory
Li, R., Fukumori, R., Takeda, T., Song, Y., Morimoto, S., Kikura‐Hanajiri, R., Yamaguchi, T., Watanabe, K., Aritake, K., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45969-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Anticancer Activity of Cannabinol (CBN) and Cannabigerol (CBG) on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Kadriya, A., Forbes-Robertson, S., & Falah, M. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29245970 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, clinical research has not fully elucidated the mechanisms of their action and still debates their uses under certain pathological conditions, mainly due to the psychotropic side effects of some cannabinoids [10,12].”
Interaction of sex and cannabis in adult in vivo brain imaging studies: A systematic review
Francis, A. M., Bissonnette, J. N., MacNeil, S. E., Crocker, C. E., Tibbo, P. G., & Fisher, D. J. (2022) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/23982128211073431 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“, 2013) or neuroprotective (Alexander, 2016; Appendino et al., 2011; Campos et al., 2016; FernándezRuiz et al., 2011; Hartsel et al., 2016; Izzo et al., 2009) to males and females and what neural networks (if any) may be impacted with cannabis use.”
Background
Development of a plant-produced recombinant monoclonal antibody against Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) for immunoassay application
Boonyayothin, W., Kobtrakul, K., Khositanon, P., Vimolmangkang, S., & Phoolcharoen, W. (2022) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00725 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Imaging Cannabinoid Receptors: A Brief Collection of Covalent and Fluorescent Probes for CB1 and CB2 Receptors
Hamilton, A. J., Payne, A. D., Mocerino, M., & Gunosewoyo, H. (2021) · Australian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1071/ch21007 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory effects of a rationally designed peptide mimetic of human IFNβ in EAE model of multiple sclerosis
Poorebrahim, M., Asghari, M., Abazari, M. F., Askari, H., Sadeghi, S., Taheri‐Kafrani, A., Nasr‐Esfahani, M. H., Ghoraeian, P., Aleagha, M. N., Arab, S. S., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.028 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Consequently, there are several natural- and synthetic-based treatment strategies which are widely used to alleviate the exacerbations of MS [2, 3].”
Uso medicinal de cannabis: una revisión de la evidencia
Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Cisterna, A., Hernández, V., Miranda, F., Moreno, A., & Alarcón, L. (2019) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082019000200166 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…como inflamaciones, espasticidad, epilepsia, trastornos de la alimentación, glaucoma, enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales, y trastornos neurológicos (Ahmed & Katz, 2016; Alexander, 2016; Fife, Moawad, Moschonas, Shepard, & Hammond, 2015; Maida, 2017; Lahat, 2017; Patel, 2016; Peters, 2013).”
Paeoniflorin protects chicken against APEC-induced acute lung injury by affecting the endocannabinoid system and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways
Shen, S., Fu, B., Deng, L., Zhu, G., Shi, H., Tian, G., Han, C., Yi, P., & Peng, L.-Y. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.103866 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…and B lymphocytes, which have the highest expression and regulate the function of a wide range of immune cells (Gali (cid:1) egue, et al., 1995; Alexander, 2016), and is a therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of in ﬂ ammatory diseases (Coppola, et al., 2014; Coppola, et al., 2015;…”
Background
A high-throughput segregation analysis identifies the sex chromosomes of Cannabis sativaPreprint
Prentout, D., Разумова, О. В., Rhoné, B., Badouin, H., Henri, H., Feng, C., Käfer, J., Karlov, G. I., & Marais, G. A. B. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/721324 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Marijuana, which is used in folk medicine, as a recreational drug, and lately in conventional medicine (Alexander 2016), has a narcotic effect thanks to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids produced in high concentration by some C. sativa cultivars.”
Background
In silico analysis enabling informed design for genome editing in medicinal cannabis; gene families and variant characterisation
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“Reported in vivo effects in human and animal models indicate therapeutic applications in conditions such as multiple sclerosis [10], cancer [11], pain management [12] and epilepsy [13].”
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Psychedelics and psychological strengths
Brasher, T. J., Rosen, D., & Spinella, M. (2023) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v13i1.2325 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids
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“b) Also the review of results obtained from the “lege artis” clinical studies published in the year 2016 con irmed the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid therapies in: multiple sclerosis and epilepsy; pain and spasticity; nausea and vomiting; eating disorders; glaucoma; epilepsy; stress and anxiety; schizophrenia; c…”
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The Influence of an Acute Administration of Cannabidiol or Rivastigmine, Alone and in Combination, on Scopolamine-Provoked Memory Impairment in the Passive Avoidance Test in Mice
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Cultivo y usos etnobotánicos del cañamo (Cannabis Sativa L.) en la ciencia árabe (siglos VIII-XVII)
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“…of cannabinoid receptors recognized as CB1R and CB2R bodily expressed, (ii) two primary ECS ligands named anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG), and (iii) enzymes as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoglyceride lipase (MAGL) that control the release and degradation of ECS [10].”
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“Hemp (Cannabis sativa) has been used by humans for more than 4000 years; records of its medicinal applications in many diseases have been found in many ancient cultures [Alexander, 2016].”
Background
Recent advances in the development of CB1R selective probes
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Pharmacology of Endocannabinoids and Their Receptors
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Authors: Alexander, S. P. H.
Affiliations: University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Alexander, Stephen P.H.
ORCID: Alexander, Stephen P.H.
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-01
Volume: 64
Pages: 157-166
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.001
OpenAlex: W1580068968
Cited by: 149
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 1.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Nigella sativa pharmacological applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
Keywords: cannabis, cannabinoids, medical cannabis, pain, epilepsy, feeding disorders, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, drug abuse, therapeutic potential
MeSH terms: Animals, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Phytotherapy, Endocannabinoids

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