The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 11 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Canary current upwelling: More or less?
Open accessAbstract
It has been hypothesized that coastal upwelling in the four major eastern boundary current systems might be intensified as global warming could result in a greater land-sea temperature gradient and hence strengthen alongshore winds. Recent research has suggested a substantial increase of upwelling intensity off Northwest Africa. Evidence there is based on the derivation of a proxy for upper ocean temperatures from the alkenone unsaturation index (U37K') derived from two sediment cores recovered off Cape Ghir, Morocco. An accelerating decrease of over 1. °C during the last century was concluded for near surface temperature near the Cape. Support for this conclusion was found in an increase in Bakun's upwelling index for the same area. The evidence for a general intensification of upwelling within the whole Canary current upwelling system is examined here. Using available estimates of wind from PFEL, NCAR/NCEP, ECMWF, ICOADS and WASWind plus measured wind data from coastal meteorological stations, no evidence of a coherent intensification in winds at the regional scale off Northwest Africa is found. Moreover, sea surface temperature records from ships-of-opportunity (ICOADS data set) and also from the Pathfinder satellite AVHRR data set show a significant and correlated increase at all latitudes in the region, including in the area around Cape Ghir. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a general increase in upwelling intensity off Northwest Africa or Iberia. The apparent lowering of SST off Cape Ghir indicated by the alkenone unsaturation index can be explained by coccolithophorids (phytoplankton from which the U37K' signal is derived) living deeper in the water column. The distribution of most phytoplankton (including coccolithophorids) will deepen and have less overlap with mixed layer temperatures as the ocean warms, resulting in a near surface temperature estimate that is increasingly biased by subsurface temperatures and lower than the actual SST. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper tests the hypothesis that coastal upwelling in the Canary Current system has intensified, and finds no evidence of a coherent regional increase in upwelling-favourable winds off Northwest Africa or Iberia. It argues that the apparent alkenone-derived SST cooling off Cape Ghir is an artefact of coccolithophorids living deeper in the water column as the ocean warms.
Key findings
- Using wind estimates from PFEL, NCAR/NCEP, ECMWF, ICOADS and WASWind plus measured wind data from coastal meteorological stations, "no evidence of a coherent intensification in winds at the regional scale off Northwest Africa is found."
- Sea surface temperature records from ships-of-opportunity (ICOADS) and the Pathfinder satellite AVHRR data set "show a significant and correlated increase at all latitudes in the region, including in the area around Cape Ghir."
- The authors conclude "there is no evidence for a general increase in upwelling intensity off Northwest Africa or Iberia," in direct contrast to earlier studies (e.g. McGregor et al. 2007, who reported a 1.2 °C SST reduction off Cape Ghir over the last century, and Narayan et al. 2010).
- The apparent lowering of SST off Cape Ghir from the alkenone unsaturation index (U^K′_37) is explained by coccolithophorids living deeper in the water column; as the ocean warms, their distribution deepens and overlaps less with mixed-layer temperatures, biasing the near-surface temperature estimate low relative to actual SST.
Methods
- Design: re-examination of the evidence for general intensification of upwelling across the whole Canary Current upwelling system, using publicly available wind and SST data sets for the North Atlantic upwelling region between Dakar, Senegal (15°N) and Galicia, Spain (43°N).
- Data: wind from PFEL, NCAR/NCEP, ECMWF, ICOADS and WASWind, plus measured wind from coastal meteorological stations; SST from ICOADS ships-of-opportunity and Pathfinder AVHRR satellite data; sediment-core alkenone (U^K′_37) proxy records from two cores off Cape Ghir, Morocco (from McGregor et al.).
- Analysis: documentation of temporal trends in atmospheric forcing and oceanic response, consideration of factors affecting reliability of the different wind and SST time series, and exploration of the SST–alkenone proxy temperature relationship.
Limitations
- The paper states that "the evidence that wind velocity is increasing and SST decreasing in the NW African upwelling region as a whole has many uncertainties," and notes that different analyses give conflicting results (e.g. Pardo et al. found weakening, Narayan et al. found increasing upwelling intensity).
- Evident from the supplied text: only the abstract, introduction and the start of the Data section (pages 1–3 of 42) are available, so the paper's detailed results, statistical tests and its own stated limitations section are not present in the provided fragment.
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Claims the paper makes
4 No full text of the sources · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Own result · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, sea surface temperature records from ships-of-opportunity (ICOADS data set) and also from the Pathfinder satellite AVHRR data set show a significant and correlated increase at all latitudes in the region, including in the area around Cape Ghir.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using available estimates of wind from PFEL, NCAR/NCEP, ECMWF, ICOADS and WASWind plus measured wind data from coastal meteorological stations, no evidence of a coherent intensification in winds at the regional scale off Northwest Africa is found.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“More recently, McGregor et al. (2007) found strong support for the hypothesis through evidence of a dramatic lowering of inferred SSTs in the northwest African upwelling region over the last century.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGregor et al., 2007 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is concluded that there is no evidence for a general increase in upwelling intensity off Northwest Africa or Iberia.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · boosted
“Our results clearly indicate that there is no evidence for increasing intensity of upwelling along this seaboard, in direct contrast to earlier studies.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · boosted
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the reported northward encroachment of more sub-tropical and tropical species of fish (Quéro et al., 1998; Brander et al., 2003; Graham & Harrod, 2009) is incongruent with decreasing temperatures in this coastal zone.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The apparent lowering of SST off Cape Ghir indicated by the alkenone unsaturation index can be explained by coccolithophorids (phytoplankton from which the View the MathML sourceU37K′ signal is derived) living deeper in the water column.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The UK’37 alkenone unsaturation index signal is derived from coccolithophorids.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Pardo et al. found “weakening of the upwelling intensity in the Iberian/Canary and NW African regions”.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pardo et al., 2011 source
The Summary and Conclusions state that upwelling intensity generally weakened in the Iberian/Canary region and that this pattern extended southward into the NW African region. The Interannual Variability section also reports weakening in both regions, while noting local and period-specific exceptions. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Other more detailed studies like Narayan et al. (2010) and Pardo et al. (2011) have examined long term variation in the Canaries and other upwelling zones with varied results.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Narayan et al., 2010 source
- Supportedcites Pardo et al., 2011 source
The Introduction says the study examines long-term changes in the Iberian/Canary region and extends the analysis to other major upwelling systems. Section 3.2 reports differing trends across those regions, supporting the description of varied results. No page numbers are provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Their alkenone unsaturation index indicates a reduction of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Cape Ghir upwelling of 1.2oC over the last century, coincident with the observed increase in atmospheric CO2 levels.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McGregor et al., 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bakun (1990) presented evidence of a tendency for stronger upwelling in the Californian, Iberian, Moroccan and Peruvian areas during the period from 1945 to 1985.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bakun, 1990 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution of most phytoplankton (including coccolithophorids) will deepen and have less overlap with mixed layer temperatures as the ocean warms, resulting in a near surface temperature estimate that is increasingly biased by subsurface temperatures and lower than the actual SST.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In global studies of trends in Large Marine Ecosystems, including the Canary Current LME (Belkin, 2009; Sherman et al., 2009), it was concluded that the “most striking result is the consistent warming” by amounts exceeding 0.6oC over 25 years in mid to low latitudes.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The UK’37 alkenone unsaturation index signal is derived from coccolithophorids.
“coccolithophorids (phytoplankton from which the View the MathML sourceU37K′ signal is derived)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They therefore conclude no intensification in winds off Northwest Africa.”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐a, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Barton et al. (2013)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This idea was originally supported by emerging interregional patterns of observed sea-surface wind stress, and has been periodically tested against time series of observed data in all four regional EBUS [12,13].”
From Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Barton et al. (2013) support this discussion by underlining the variations in different data sets and locations (even positive and negative trends for the same location).”
From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐a, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Barton et al. (2013)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anticipated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems
Bakun, A., Black, B. A., Bograd, S. J., García-Reyes, M., Miller, A. J., Rykaczewski, R. R., & Sydeman, W. J. (2015) · Current Climate Change Reports · doi:10.1007/s40641-015-0008-4 · Cited by 470
“This idea was originally supported by emerging interregional patterns of observed sea-surface wind stress, and has been periodically tested against time series of observed data in all four regional EBUS [12, 13].”
MethodIntensification and spatial homogenization of coastal upwelling under climate change
Wang, D., Gouhier, T. C., Menge, B. A., & Ganguly, A. R. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14235 · Cited by 447
Under Pressure: Climate Change, Upwelling, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems
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BackgroundInfluentialClimate Change Impacts on Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems
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“…intensity off the Iberian Peninsula (Lemos & Pires 2004, Barton et al. 2013, Bode et al. 2019) and off northwest Africa (Gómez-Gesteira et al. 2008, Barton et al. 2013), while others have reported an upwelling intensification trend off northwest Africa (Cropper et al. 2014,Benazzouz et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHas upwelling strengthened along worldwide coasts over 1982-2010?
Varela, R., Alvarez, I., Santos, F., deCastro, M., & Gómez-Gesteira, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10016 · Cited by 175
“…WSp PFEL (15.5-41.5°N) 1967-2007 (Annual) − Barton et al. (2013) WSp NCEP/NCAR (15-42.5°N) 1967-2007 (Annual) − Barton et al. (2013) WSp ECMWF (15-40°N) 1967-2007 (Annual) + Barton et al. (2013) WSp ICOADS (15-41°N) 1967-2007 (Annual) + Barton et al. (2013) WSp WASWind (16-44°N) 1967-2007…”
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Coastal warming and wind-driven upwelling: A global analysis
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What dynamics drive future wind scenarios for coastal upwelling off Peru and Chile?
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“…of observed wind and SST trends suggests that similarly to Peru, the Iberian and North African eastern boundary upwelling systems show no significant increase in upwelling-favorable winds and even a warming of the coastal zone (Barton et al. 2013), in disagreement with Bakun’s (1990) hypothesis.”
BackgroundGlobal and regional evolution of sea surface temperature under climate change
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“The present work aims to shed some light on this controversy by analyzing spatiotemporal trends on physical and biological variables in the Canary Current (CanC) upwelling region, which is located along the northwestern African coast (Figure 1) and constitutes one of the four major EBUEs in the planet, along with the…”
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“As a result, alkenone producers may synthesize biolipids in temperatures representative of either sea surface temperatures (SST) or thermocline temperatures, depending on the depth of maximum production relative to the mixed layer (Barton et al., 2013; Sachs et al., 2013).”
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“However, the magnitude of these upwelling changes and their future long-term evolution remain a matter of debate [e.g., Barton et al., 2013; Echevin et al., 2012].”
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“, 2015), or decrease it on average, due to enhanced stratification as the temperature differential between surface and deep waters is increased (Barton et al., 2013; Sarmiento et al., 2004b).”
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“Here we present a detailed study of the wave climate along the eastern boundary Canary Current system (EBCCS).”
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Saldías, G. S., & Allen, S. E. (2020) · Journal of Physical Oceanography · doi:10.1175/jpo-d-19-0130.1 · Cited by 39
Northerly wind trends along the Portuguese marine coast since 1950
Leitão, F., Relvas, P., Cánovas, F., et al. (2018) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2466-9 · Cited by 32
“However, the statistical significance of the changes in the meridional upwelling-favorable wind off the coast of Iberia has been questioned (Barton et al. 2013), mainly in fisheries science, where studies on Table 3 Slope values for seasonal and monthly linear regression analyses of northerly wind (v-wind) for both lo…”
BackgroundInfluentialBode, A., Álvarez, M., Ruiz‐Villarreal, M., & Varela, M. M. (2019) · Ocean Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s10236-019-01278-y · Cited by 30
A 60-Year Time Series Analyses of the Upwelling along the Portuguese Coast
Leitão, F., Baptista, V., Vieira, V. M. N. C. S., Silva, P. L., Relvas, P., & Teodósio, M. A. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11061285 · Cited by 29
Cabral, H. N., Drouineau, H., Teles‐Machado, A., et al. (2021) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102608 · Cited by 28
Climate change in the Iberian Upwelling System: a numerical study using GCM downscaling
Pires, A. C., Nolasco, R., Rocha, A. C., Ramos, A. M., & Dubert, J. (2015) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2848-y · Cited by 27
“Demarcq (2009) found both SST warming and equatorward wind strengthening trends in upwelling systems based on satellite data, whereas Barton et al. (2013) did not find significant trends in wind stress. In what concerns the WIM, the work of Relvas et al. (2009) provides evidence of upwelling enhancement since 1960 bas…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe declining availability of wild mussel seed for aquaculture in a coastal upwelling system
Padín, X. A., Babarro, J. M. F., Otero, P., Gilcoto, M., Rellán, T., Suárez, L. V., Velo, A., & Peteiro, L. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1375269 · Cited by 26
Trends in sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a in the seven African Large Marine Ecosystems
Sweijd, N., & Smit, A. J. (2020) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100585 · Cited by 24
Baldé, B. S., Sow, F. N., Bâ, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.13903 · Cited by 22
“Bakun (1990) hypothesized that climate change may lead to an intensification of 42 coastal upwelling in response to increasing favourable upwelling wind, and Barton et al. (2013) has predicted 43 there is an increase in SST in general.”
BackgroundThe Senegalese Coastal and Marine Environment
Amara, R., Diop, M., Diop, C., et al. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805068-2.00043-7 · Cited by 21
Surface water subduction during a downwelling event in a semienclosed bay
Barton, E. D., Torres, R., Figueiras, F. G., Gilcoto, M., & Largier, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2016jc011950 · Cited by 20
Self-citationFischer, G., Romero, O., Toby, E., Iversen, M., Donner, B., Mollenhauer, G., Nowald, N., Ruhland, G., Klann, M., Hamady, B., et al. (2019) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2019gb006194 · Cited by 20
Upwelling influence on the number of extreme hot SST days along the Canary upwelling ecosystem
deCastro, M., Gómez-Gesteira, M., Costoya, X., & Santos, F. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2013jc009745 · Cited by 23
“Previous research dealing with changes in upwelling along the CUE [Lemos and Pires, 2004; McGregor et al., 2007; G omez-Gesteira et al., 2008b; Pardo et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2011b; G omez-Gesteira et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2012a, 2012c; Barton et al., 2013; Cropper et al., 2014] have shown a certain controvers…”
BackgroundInfluentialAlvarez, I., Lorenzo, M. N., deCastro, M., & Gómez-Gesteira, M. (2016) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.4927 · Cited by 21
“Inconsistent results were obtained indicating that wind estimates from different databases can differ in trends and variability as both negative and positive trends were observed (Barton et al., 2013; Varela et al., 2015).”
ResultRomero, O. E., Ramondenc, S., & Fischer, G. (2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-18-1873-2021 · Cited by 17
“Barton et al. (2013) found no statistically significant change of the annual mean wind intensity off northwest Africa over the second half of the 20th century.”
BackgroundInfluentialLancker, K., Deppenmeier, A., Demissie, T. D., & Schmidt, J. O. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220433 · Cited by 19
Alonso‐Pérez, F., Zúñiga, D., Arbones, B., Figueiras, F. G., & Castro, C. G. (2015) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.05.038 · Cited by 15
“For the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system, several studies demonstrated an interannual weakening of northerly winds (Barton et al., 2013; Pardo et al., 2011) which leads to a decrease in the occurrence and diminishing of the upwelling of cold and nutrient-rich subsurface waters into the rias.”
BackgroundFroján, M., Castro, C. G., Zúñiga, D., et al. (2018) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2018.02.025 · Cited by 15
Transatlantic gradients in calcifying phytoplankton (coccolithophore) fluxes
Guerreiro, C., Baumann, K., Brummer, G.-J. A., Korte, L. F., Sá, C., & Stuut, J.-B. W. (2019) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102140 · Cited by 17
González‐Dávila, M., Santana‐Casiano, J. M., & Machín, F. (2017) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017 · Cited by 15
Vega, I., Ribera, P., & Gallego, D. (2020) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0734.1 · Cited by 14
Detecting Regime Shifts in the Portuguese Continental Shelf Ecosystem Within the Last Three Decades
Szalaj, D., Silva, A., Ré, P., & Cabral, H. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.629130 · Cited by 14
“, 2013) while others documented their weakening (Barton et al., 2013; Sydeman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPereira, H., Picado, A., Sousa, M. C., et al. (2023) · Ocean Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102207 · Cited by 13
Lachkar, Z., Cornejo, M., Singh, A., Arístegui, J., Dewitte, B., Fawcett, S. E., Garcon, V. C., Lovecchio, E., Molina, V., & Vinayachandran, P. N. M. (2024) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.2023.00088 · Cited by 18
“…and Ajayamohan, 2015; Varela et al., 2015; Aguirre et al., 2019), other studies reveal trends that are indiscernible or spatially inconsistent (Barton and Roy, 2013; Casabella et al., 2014; Tim et al., 2015; Go´mez-Letona et al., 2017; Abrahams et al., 2021) or highly sensitive to data…”
BackgroundTemperature and salinity trends in the northern limit of the Canary Current Upwelling System
Otero, P., Cabrero, Á., Alonso‐Pérez, F., Gago, J., & Nogueira, E. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165791 · Cited by 15
Picado, A., Lorenzo, M. N., Alvarez, I., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.4555 · Cited by 13
“…changes in upwelling have been mainly studied in terms of the variability of atmospheric conditions focusing on wind patterns (Garcia-Reyes and Largier, 2010; Narayan et al., © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society 2010; Patti et al., 2010; Seo et al., 2012; Barton et al., 2013; Aravena et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDecade-scale oceanographic fluctuation in Monterey Bay, California, 1989–2011
Pennington, J. T., & Chávez, F. P. (2017) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.07.005 · Cited by 13
Krug, L. A., Platt, T., & Barbosa, A. B. (2018) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2018.01.003 · Cited by 13
Garteizgogeascoa, M., Kluger, L. C., Gonzales, I. E., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.557181 · Cited by 13
Beca‐Carretero, P., Otero, J., Land, P. E., Groom, S., & Álvarez–Salgado, X. A. (2019) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102135 · Cited by 15
Origin and development of recurrent dipolar vorticity structures in the outer Ría de Vigo (NW Spain)
Piedracoba, S., Rosón, G., & Varela, R. A. (2016) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.001 · Cited by 12
The other coastal Niño/Niña—the Benguela, California, and Dakar Niños/Niñas
Oettli, P., Yuan, C., & Richter, I. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818156-0.00010-1 · Cited by 13
Murie, K. A., & Bourdeau, P. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90608-6 · Cited by 16
Lophelia reefs off North and West Africa–Comparing environment and health
Buhl‐Mortensen, L., Houssa, R., Mbengue, B. A., Nyadjro, E. S., Cervantes, D., Idrissi, M. M., Mahu, E., Dia, A. S., Olsen, M., Mas, C., et al. (2023) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-023-04344-8 · Cited by 11
Villacieros‐Robineau, N., Gilcoto, M., Pardo, P. C., & Barton, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2021jc017540 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDrivers of body size changes in a Pollachius pollachius stock in NE Atlantic coastal waters
Alonso‐Fernández, A., Otero, J., Villegas‐Ríos, D., & Bañón, R. (2014) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10939 · Cited by 10
“Nevertheless, this negative trend in upwelling strength is still under scrutiny (Barton et al. 2013).”
BackgroundTemporal and Spatial Variations of Monsoonal Upwelling along the South West and East Coasts of India
Patel, S., Vithalpura, M., Mallick, S. K., et al. (2019) · Marine Geodesy · doi:10.1080/01490419.2019.1703061 · Cited by 10
“…in the previous studies are mainly attributed to the data from different databases and the time period that varying in trends and variability (Barton, Field, and Roy 2013; Varela et al. 2015) and is also associated with the changes in the number of upwelling days and events in the region…”
BackgroundAsymmetric Ocean Response to Atmospheric Forcing in an Island Wake: A 35-Year High-Resolution Study
Alves, J. I. D. M., Tomé, R., Caldeira, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.624392 · Cited by 10
“…system, and for climate change scenarios appears justified, as it could help in the discussion of a still open question: the response of the North African upwelling system to climate change (Bakun, 1990; Alves and Miranda, 2013, Barton et al., 2013; Miranda et al., 2013, Sydeman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMouget, A., Brehmer, P., Perrot, Y., Uanivi, U., Diogoul, N., Ayoubi, S. E., Jeyid, M. A., Sarré, A., Béhagle, N., Kouassi, A. M., et al. (2022) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes7020086 · Cited by 10
Seasonality and trend of the global upper-ocean vertical velocity over 1998–2017
Liao, F., Gao, G., Zhan, P., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102804 · Cited by 10
Varela, R., DeCastro, M., Rodriguez-Diaz, L., Dias, J. M., & Gómez-Gesteira, M. (2022) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse10121970 · Cited by 9
Huang, C., Yang, Y., Chen, F., Kong, D., Xu, J., Chen, C., Zhu, Q., & Huang, X. (2022) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.104021 · Cited by 9
Unsupervised Classification of Global Temperature Profiles Based on Gaussian Mixture Models
Ye, X., & Zhou, W. (2025) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse13010092 · Cited by 9
“By mapping each class back to recognized hydrographic regimes and circulation patterns, we link our findings to a robust body of past research, providing a new, probabilistic perspective on the global water mass structure.”
Georg, T., Neves, M. C., & Relvas, P. (2023) · Ocean science · doi:10.5194/os-19-351-2023 · Cited by 11
“1 coast offshore SST SST ◦ ◦ The NAO and EA climate indices were retrieved from NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center (NOAA, 2020a, b: https: //psl.noaa.gov/data/climateindices, last access: 5 July 2020) at a monthly temporal resolution and were aggregated for the winter months, from December to March (DJFM).”
BackgroundInfluentialFischer, G., Neuer, S., Ramondenc, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00280 · Cited by 8
Comparación de las surgencias de la Guajira colombiana y del oriente venezolano
Gaspar, A. G., & Arturo Acero, P. (2020) · Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras · doi:10.25268/bimc.invemar.2020.49.2.943 · Cited by 11
Gallego, D., García‐Herrera, R., Losada, T., Mohíno, E., & Rodríguez‐Fonseca, B. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2020jc017093 · Cited by 8
“This, along with the presence of biases associated with observations and models, such as the one documented for the wind speed on ICOADS (Barton et al., 2013), could introduce spurious trends into reanalysis-derived indices.”
BackgroundInfluentialPiedracoba, S., Pardo, P. C., Álvarez–Salgado, X. A., & Torres, S. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2024jc021075 · Cited by 10
Sbiba, S. E., Quintela, M., Øyro, J., et al. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17928 · Cited by 7
“…the abundance and distribution of marine life, including fi sh populations and seem to shape genetic differentiation of coastal species in this region ( Alpers et al., 2013 ; Barton, Field & Roy, 2013 ; Mittelstaedt, 1991 ; Nielsen et al., 2018 ; Pelegrí & Peña-Izquierdo, 2015 ; Shannon, 2001 ).”
BackgroundUsta, D. F. B., Narváez, D. A., Dewitte, B., Oerder, V., Vidal, M., & Tapia, F. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1446766 · Cited by 9
Climate change in the Canary/Iberia upwelling region: the role of ocean stratification and wind
Vázquez, R., Berrocal, I. M. P., Cabos, W., Sein, D., Mañanes, R., Bolado-Penagos, M., & Izquierdo, A. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad5ab4 · Cited by 9
Environmental drivers of mussels flesh yield in a coastal upwelling system
Álvarez–Salgado, X. A., Labarta, U., Vinseiro, V., et al. (2017) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.04.039 · Cited by 7
Un Demi Siècle D’évaluation De L’activité De L’upwelling De La Côte Atlantique Marocaine
Hilmi, K., Bessa, I., Aouni, A. E., Makaoui, A., & Ettahiri, O. (2020) · European Scientific Journal ESJ · doi:10.19044/esj.2020.v16n21p89 · Cited by 5
“…où la tendance de l’activité de l’upwelling dans les zones d’upwelling (EBUEs) est soit vers la “hausse” ou vers la “baisse” (Bakun et al., 1990, 2015; Barton et al., 2013), la recherche scientifique actuelle est orientée vers les projections des modèles climatiques du GIEC (RCP 2.0 à RCP 8.5).”
BackgroundInfluentialLorente, P., Piedracoba, S., Montero, P., et al. (2020) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs12172762 · Cited by 6
Baseline Climatology of the Canary Current Upwelling System and Evolution of Sea Surface Temperature
Mills, L., Janeiro, J., & Martins, F. (2024) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs16030504 · Cited by 5
García‐Lafuente, J., Naranjo, C., Sánchez-Leal, R. F., et al. (2015) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.03.005 · Cited by 5
“Barton et al. (2013) pointed out that winds off Iberian Peninsula are becoming slightly less upwelling favorable, in which case the inflow through the Strait of Gibraltar would become slightly saltier. Should the tendency be maintained in time, the influence of the extra-accumulation of salt into the Mediterranean Sea…”
BackgroundInfluentialGutiérrez-Guerra, M. Á., Pérez-Hernández, M. D., & Vélez‐Belchí, P. (2024) · Ocean science · doi:10.5194/os-20-1291-2024 · Cited by 6
“The first analysis is similar to the one used in (Barton et al., 2013) to build confidence in the trend.”
MethodGreenhouse Warming Weakens the Seasonal Cycle of the Eastern Boundary Upwelling
Du, T., Wang, S., Jing, Z., Wang, H., & Wu, L. (2023) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2023gl103857 · Cited by 4
“(2014) proposed that the intensification of alongshore winds would be more pronounced during the upwelling or warm season, resulting in an uneven trend in intensified upwelling-favorable winds across different seasons, as widely verified by both observations and models (Barton et al., 2013; Cropper et al., 2014; Rykac…”
Outgassing of CO2 dominates in the coastal upwelling off the northwest African coast
Lefèvre, N., Veleda, D., & Hartman, S. E. (2023) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2023.104130 · Cited by 4
Linking Phytoplankton Variability to Atmospheric Blocking in an Eastern Boundary Upwelling System
Le, C., Wu, M., Sun, H., Long, S., & Beck, M. W. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1029/2021jc017348 · Cited by 5
Mouget, A., Brehmer, P., Jeyid, M. A., Perrot, Y., Diogoul, N., Sidibeh, M., Mamza, K., Acou, A., & Sarré, A. (2024) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2024.105372 · Cited by 2
Low-level jets drive the summer intra-seasonal variability of the Canary upwelling system
Alves, J. I. D. M., Miranda, P., & Caldeira, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1068134 · Cited by 2
Historical record of upwelling-favorable winds in Southern Benguela 1833–2014
Gallego, D., García‐Herrera, R., Tomety, F. S., Álvarez-Castro, M. C., & Peña‐Ortiz, C. (2025) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-025-00925-0 · Cited by 5
Kluger, L. C., Mercer, S., Partelow, S., Roque‐Sánchez, M. A., Moyano, K. O. H., & Salazar, M. (2025) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70063 · Cited by 3
“…change will intensify (Bakun et al., 2010, 2015; Bakun & Weeks, 2008; Chamorro et al., 2021; Narayan et al., 2010; Xiu et al., 2018) or reduce (Barton et al., 2013) upwelling in eastern boundary up-welling systems (which include the HCUS), and whether and how this reflects in increases or…”
High-frequency radar-derived coastal upwelling index
Lorente, P., Rubio, A., Reyes, E., Solabarrieta, L., Piedracoba, S., Álvarez-Fanjul, E., Tintoré, J., & Mader, J. (2023) · State of the Planet · doi:10.5194/sp-1-osr7-8-2023 · Cited by 4
Zhao, X., Dupont, L. M., Kölling, M., Baqloul, A., Reddad, H., & Bouimetarhan, I. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110723 · Cited by 2
Thomas, B. H., Costoya, X., deCastro, M., & Gómez-Gesteira, M. (2024) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse12091494 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Barton, E. D., Field, D. B., & Roy, C.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (ES)
- Hawaii Pacific University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Barton, E.D.
- Venue
- Progress in Oceanography
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 116
- Pages
- 167-178
- ISSN
- 0079-6611 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004932320
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 6.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress In Oceanography (publishedVersion)
- HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (submittedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Keywords
- global warming, alkenone unsaturation index, sea surface temperature, coccolithophores, mixed layer temperature, alongshore winds, Maghreb, Iberia, eastern boundary currents
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