Validation of a Clinical Scoring System for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Diagnosis in Preweaned Dairy Calves Using a Bayesian Framework

Buczinski, S.; Fecteau, G.; Dubuc, J.; Francoz, D.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.004

Cited by 43Microbial infections and disease researchAnimal health and immunologyAnimal Disease Management and Epidemiology

Validation of a Clinical Scoring System for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Diagnosis in Preweaned Dairy Calves Using a Bayesian Framework

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Buczinski, S., Fecteau, G., Dubuc, J., Francoz, D.·2018·Preventive Veterinary Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.004PMC PMC7114123

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Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease complex is a major cause of illness in dairy calves. The diagnosis of active infection of the lower respiratory tract is challenging on daily basis in the absence of accurate clinical signs. Clinical scoring systems such as the Californian scoring system, are appealing but were developed without considering the imperfection of reference standard tests used for case definition. This study used a Bayesian latent class model to update Californian prediction rules. The results of clinical examination and ultrasound findings of 608 preweaned dairy calves were used. A model accounting for imperfect accuracy of thoracic ultrasound examination was used to obtain updated weights for the clinical signs included in the Californian scoring system. There were 20 points (95% Bayesian credible intervals: 11-29) for abnormal breathing pattern, 16 points (95% BCI: 4-29) for ear drop/head tilt, 16 points (95% BCI: 9-25) for cough, 10 points (95% BCI: 3-18) for the presence of nasal discharge, 7 points (95% BCI: -1 to 8) for rectal temperature ≥39.2 °C, and -1 points (95% BCI: -9 to 8) for the presence of ocular discharge. The optimal cut-offs were determined using the misclassification cost-term term (MCT) approach with different possible scenarios of expected prevalence and different plausible ratio of false negative costs/false positive costs. The predicted probabilities of active infection of the lower respiratory tract were also obtained using posterior densities of the main logistic regression model. Depending on the context, cut-off varying from 9 to 16 can minimized the MCT. The optimal cut-off decreased when expected prevalence of disease and false negative/false positive ratio increased.

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In severe cases, BRD leads to strenuous, accelerated, open-mouthed breathing.
“In severe cases, the disease leads to strenuous, accelerated, open-mouthed breathing [24,52,53,54].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Introduction lists tachypnea (rapid breathing) and dyspnea (difficult breathing) among the clinical signs of BRD and says their intensity can vary. The paper does not specify open-mouthed breathing or link that particular sign to severe cases. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Various methodologies developed to evaluate multiple clinical indicators still require expert interpretation and often fail to detect all cases of BRD.
“While various methodologies have been developed to evaluate multiple clinical indicators, they still require expert interpretation and often fail to detect all cases of BRD [20,22,23,24,25].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Introduction describes scoring systems that combine several clinical signs, and the Discussion reports sensitivities below 100%, meaning some BRD cases are missed. But the Discussion describes the scoring rule as simple and usable by farmers and their workers, rather than requiring expert interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Wisconsin Scoring System and California Scoring System stand out, with the latter including a specialized chart for post-weaning calves and an adapted version.
“Notably, the Wisconsin Scoring System and the California Scoring System stand out, with the latter including a specialized chart for post-weaning calves and an adapted version [22,23,24,25].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Introduction and Materials and methods (page unavailable) discuss both the Wisconsin and Californian scoring systems, and the Introduction says this study updates the Californian prediction rules. The cited paper concerns preweaned calves; our copy does not describe a specialized Californian chart for post-weaning calves. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Wisconsin Scoring System was designed more for treatment guidance rather than as a definitive tool for BRD detection, exhibiting moderate accuracy with 60-80% specificity and sensitivity.
“Despite its widespread use, the Wisconsin Scoring System was designed more for treatment guidance rather than as a definitive tool for BRD detection, exhibiting moderate accuracy with 60–80% specificity and sensitivity [22,24,25].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Introduction (page not provided) reports Wisconsin-score sensitivity of 62.4% and specificity of 74.1% for detecting active BRD, supporting the claimed moderate accuracy. The passages do not say the Wisconsin Scoring System was designed primarily to guide treatment rather than detect BRD. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Other manifestations of BRD are coughing, along with nasal and ocular discharges.
“Other manifestations of BRD are coughing, along with nasal and ocular discharges [24,52,53,54].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [24]

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Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models (comment on article by Browne and Draper)
Gelman, A. (2006) · Bayesian Analysis · doi:10.1214/06-ba117a · Cited by 4,050 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The specific herd term (ε) accounted for data structure with calves clustered within specific farms: (4) ε∼ norm (0;τ) and τ∼ dgamma (1,1) The choice of gamma (γ=1, γ=1) for precision specification was considered as reasonably non-informative (Gelman, 2006) with γ≤ 1 avoiding γ→ 0 (eg 0.”
BackgroundInfluential
Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD statement
Collins, P. G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.639 · Cited by 3,312 · see citing works
Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating
Steyerberg, E. W. (2019) · Statistics for Biology and Health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16399-0 · Cited by 3,281 · see citing works
Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation and Updating
Mann, C. J. H. (2009) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k.2009.06738fae.002 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers
McGuirk, S. M. (2008) · Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003 · Cited by 629 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Various systemic clinical signs (fever, depression, anorexia) and respiratory signs (nasal discharge, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, etc…) characterize the classical BRD presentation (McGuirk, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Validation, updating and impact of clinical prediction rules: A review
Toll, D. B., Janssen, K. J. M., Vergouwe, Y., & Moons, K. G. M. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.04.008 · Cited by 584 · cited 4× · see citing works
“As an example, in 2008 more than 60 different prediction rules (with different covariates) existed to estimate the risk breast cancer in human medicine (Toll et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Estimation of diagnostic-test sensitivity and specificity through Bayesian modeling
Branscum, A. J., Gardner, I. A., & Johnson, W. O. (2005) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.12.005 · Cited by 534 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bayesian latent class models have received a lot of attention in the recent years to study diagnostic tests in the absence of gold standard (Branscum et al., 2005; van Smeden et al., 2014).”
Background
The Dynamic Air Bronchogram
Lichtenstein, D. A., Mezière, G. A., & Seitz, J. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.08-2281 · Cited by 429 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other lung lesions associated with ultrasonographic lung consolidation (atelectasia or pulmonary tumor) may also occur (Lichtenstein et al., 2009).”
Background
Logistic Regression When the Outcome Is Measured with Uncertainty
Magder, L. S., & Hughes, J. P. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009251 · Cited by 271 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This challenge is even more important in the absence of a gold standard to define the true disease status of each patient (Magder and Hughes, 1997; McInturff et al., 2004).”
Background
Should scoring rules be based on odds ratios or regression coefficients?
Moons, K. G. M., Harrell, F. E., & Steyerberg, E. W. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00453-5 · Cited by 241 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The regression coefficients were obtained (using rounded value of 10*β (Moons et al., 2002)) and the final weight attributed to every clinical sign is presented in Table 3 as well as comparison of the relative weight of each clinical sign when compared with the original BRD3 Californian score proposed by Love et al.”
Method
Development of a Novel Clinical Scoring System for On-Farm Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves
Love, W. J., Lehenbauer, T. W., Kass, P. H., Van Eenennaam, A. L., & Aly, S. S. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.238 · Cited by 228 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This challenge is even more important in the absence of a gold standard to define the true disease status of each patient (Magder and Hughes, 1997; McInturff et al., 2004).”
Background
Latent Class Models in Diagnostic Studies When There is No Reference Standard--A Systematic Review
van Smeden, M., Naaktgeboren, C. A., Reitsma, J. B., Moons, K. G. M., & de Groot, J. A. H. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt286 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
On-Farm Use of Ultrasonography for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Ollivett, T. L., & Buczinski, S. (2016) · Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.001 · Cited by 177 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The lung field caudal to the heart (right and left) and the cranial right lung field were screened as previously reported (Buczinski et al., 2016; Ollivett and Buczinski, 2016).”
MethodSelf-citation
Longitudinal study on morbidity and mortality in white veal calves in Belgium
Pardon, B., Bleecker, K. D., Hostens, M., Callens, J., Dewulf, J., & Deprez, P. R. (2012) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-26 · Cited by 170 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The BRD complex is one of the 2 most frequent diseases that can affect youngstock cattle including dairy, veal, preweaned beef, and feedlot calves (Assie et al., 2004; McGuirk, 2008; Pardon et al., 2012; Woolums et al., 2013).”
Background
Bayesian Estimation of the Performance of Using Clinical Observations and Harvest Lung Lesions for Diagnosing Bovine Respiratory Disease in Post-weaned Beef Calves
White, B. J., & Renter, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/104063870902100405 · Cited by 156 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The absence of a gold standard test is a recurrent issue in BRD research (White and Renter, 2009; Abdallah et al., 2016; Timsit et al., 2016; White et al., 2016).”
Background
Bayesian Measures of Model Complexity and Fit
Spiegelhalter, D. J., Best, N. G., Carlin, B. P., & Van Der Linde, A. (2002) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00353 · Cited by 151 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The deviance information criteria (DIC) and effective number of models’ parameters (pD) were noted as indicators of model fit accounting for overfitting risk (Spiegelhalter et al., 2002).”
Method
Two-graph receiver operating characteristic (TG-ROC): update version supports optimisation of cut-off values that minimise overall misclassification costs
Greiner, M. (1996) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(96)00013-0 · Cited by 124 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The accuracy of the scores using across all possible cut-offs was explored using the misclassification cost-term (MCT) approach considering the differential cost of false negative versus false positive cases (Greiner, 1996; Dufour et al., 2017).”
Method
Bayesian estimation of the accuracy of the calf respiratory scoring chart and ultrasonography for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves
Buczinski, S., L Ollivett, T., & Dendukuri, N. (2015) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.018 · Cited by 121 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The TUS was negative if consolidation was < 1 cm (Buczinski et al., 2015b) .”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Thoracic Ultrasonography and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Analysis in Holstein Calves with Subclinical Lung Lesions
Ollivett, T. L., Caswell, J. L., Nydam, D. V., Duffield, T., Leslie, K. E., Hewson, J., & Kelton, D. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.13605 · Cited by 113 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thoracic ultrasound is a fast and reliable test to detect BRD induced lung lesions (Ollivett et al., 2015).”
Background
Diagnostic accuracy of clinical illness for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) diagnosis in beef cattle placed in feedlots: A systematic literature review and hierarchical Bayesian latent-class meta-analysis
Timsit, E., Dendukuri, N., Schiller, I., & Buczinski, S. (2016) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.006 · Cited by 112 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The absence of a gold standard test is a recurrent issue in BRD research (White and Renter, 2009; Abdallah et al., 2016; Timsit et al., 2016; White et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Modelling risk when binary outcomes are subject to error
McInturff, P. S., Johnson, W. O., Cowling, D., & Gardner, I. A. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1656 · Cited by 107 · cited 3× · see citing works
“(4), we used the method of conditional means priors elicitation of different clinical profiles by two different experts on calf health (McInturff et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethod
Ultrasonographic findings in calves with respiratory disease
Rabeling, B., Rehage, J., Döpfer, D., & Scholz, H. (1998) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.143.17.468 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thoracic ultrasound findings correlates with necropsy findings (which can be considered as a gold standard) in chronic (Rabeling et al., 1998), subclinical BRD cases (Ollivett et al.”
Background
Dairy Calf Pneumonia
Ames, T. R. (1997) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30303-0 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In dairy calves specifically, BRD is commonly enzootic in a herd with periodic outbreaks (Ames, 1997).”
Background
Sensitivity and specificity of on-farm scoring systems and nasal culture to detect bovine respiratory disease complex in preweaned dairy calves
Love, W. J., Lehenbauer, T. W., Van Eenennaam, A. L., Drake, C. M., Kass, P. H., Farver, T. B., & Aly, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638715626204 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Three different scoring systems were reported but the third presented model (BRD3 score) using a threshold ≥5 to define a case was selected for further use by the authors Love et al., 2014 Love et al., , 2016 .”
Method
Bias due to composite reference standards in diagnostic accuracy studies
Schiller, I., van Smeden, M., Hadgu, A., Libman, M., Reitsma, J. B., & Dendukuri, N. (2015) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6803 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, this type of composite reference standard can lead to biased estimates due to spectrum bias risk (Schiller et al., 2016).”
Background
Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis ( TRIPOD ): the TRIPOD S tatement
Collins, P. G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12376 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Respiratory Pathogens in Québec Dairy Calves and Their Relationship with Clinical Status, Lung Consolidation, and Average Daily Gain
Francoz, D., Buczinski, S., Bélanger, A. M., Forté, G., Labrecque, O., Tremblay, D., Wellemans, V., & Dubuc, J. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.12531 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Viruses were uncommonly present except for bovine coronavirus at least in one recent study (Francoz et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Short communication: Ultrasonographic assessment of the thorax as a fast technique to assess pulmonary lesions in dairy calves with bovine respiratory disease
Buczinski, S., Forté, G., & Bélanger, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6577 · Cited by 55 · cited 2× · see citing works
“0 (moderate to perfect) in preweaned dairy calves (Buczinski et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Producer survey of herd-level risk factors for nursing beef calf respiratory disease
Woolums, A. R., Berghaus, R. D., Smith, D. R., White, B. J., Engelken, T. J., Irsik, M. B., Matlik, D. K., Jones, A. L., Ellis, R. W., Smith, I. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.243.4.538 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The BRD complex is one of the 2 most frequent diseases that can affect youngstock cattle including dairy, veal, preweaned beef, and feedlot calves (Assie et al., 2004; McGuirk, 2008; Pardon et al., 2012; Woolums et al., 2013).”
Background
Herd-level prevalence of the ultrasonographic lung lesions associated with bovine respiratory disease and related environmental risk factors.
Buczinski, S., Borris, M. E., & Dubuc, J. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13459 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
Systematic Review of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Haptoglobin, Serum Amyloid A, and Fibrinogen versus Clinical Reference Standards for the Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Abdallah, A., Hewson, J., Francoz, D., Selim, H., & Buczinski, S. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.13975 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The absence of a gold standard test is a recurrent issue in BRD research (White and Renter, 2009; Abdallah et al., 2016; Timsit et al., 2016; White et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Bayesian evaluation of clinical diagnostic test characteristics of visual observations and remote monitoring to diagnose bovine respiratory disease in beef calves
White, B. J., Goehl, D. R., Amrine, D. E., Booker, C., Wildman, B., & Perrett, T. (2016) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.027 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The absence of a gold standard test is a recurrent issue in BRD research (White and Renter, 2009; Abdallah et al., 2016; Timsit et al., 2016; White et al., 2016).”
Background
Assessment of l-lactatemia as a predictor of respiratory disease recognition and severity in feedlot steers
Buczinski, S., Rademacher, R. D., Tripp, H. M., Edmonds, M. D., Johnson, E. G., & Dufour, S. (2014) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.12.003 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We used wide ranges that were obtained on a previous study where four different experts were asked to determine this value in feedlot calves (Buczinski et al., 2015a) .”
MethodSelf-citation
Agreement between bovine respiratory disease scoring systems for pre-weaned dairy calves
Aly, S. S., Love, W. J., Williams, D. R., Lehenbauer, T. W., Eenennaam, A. L. V., Drake, C., Kass, P. H., & Farver, T. B. (2014) · Animal Health Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s1466252314000164 · Cited by 32 · cited 5× · see citing works
“The clinical signs data were collected as described elsewhere (Aly et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Bayesian Ideas and Data Analysis
Robert, C. P., Christensen, R., Johnson, W. O., Branscum, A. J., & Hanson, T. (2012) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2012.685376 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The herd was considered as a random effect (Robert et al., 2012) .”
Background
Incremental Value (Bayesian Framework) of Thoracic Ultrasonography over Thoracic Auscultation for Diagnosis of Bronchopneumonia in Preweaned Dairy Calves
Buczinski, S., Ménard, J., & Timsit, E. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.14361 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The lung field caudal to the heart (right and left) and the cranial right lung field were screened as previously reported (Buczinski et al., 2016; Ollivett and Buczinski, 2016).”
MethodSelf-citation
Bayesian model selection techniques as decision support for shaping a statistical analysis plan of a clinical trial: An example from a vertigo phase III study with longitudinal count data as primary endpoint
Adrion, C., & Mansmann, U. (2012) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-137 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A DIC difference of 5 or more was considered as indicative of a better fit although this is a debatable issue (Adrion and Mansmann, 2012).”
Background
Incidence of respiratory disorders during housing in non-weaned Charolais calves in cow–calf farms of Pays de la Loire (western France)
Assié, S., Seegers, H. H., & Beaudeau, F. (2004) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.01.014 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The BRD complex is one of the 2 most frequent diseases that can affect youngstock cattle including dairy, veal, preweaned beef, and feedlot calves (Assie et al., 2004; McGuirk, 2008; Pardon et al., 2012; Woolums et al., 2013).”
Background
Bayesian estimation of sensitivity and specificity of a milk pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-based ELISA and of transrectal ultrasonographic exam for diagnosis of pregnancy at 28–45 days following breeding in dairy cows
Dufour, S., Durocher, J., Dubuc, J., Dendukuri, N., Hassan, S., & Buczinski, S. (2017) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.03.008 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Determination of the optimal cut-off chosen to detect BRD in dairy calves The accuracy of the scores using across all possible cut-offs was explored using the misclassification cost-term (MCT) approach considering the differential cost of false negative versus false positive cases (Greiner, 1996; Dufour et al., 2017).”
MethodSelf-citation
Pen riding and evaluation of cattle in pens to identify compromised individuals
Portillo, T. A. (2014) · American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings · doi:10.21423/aabppro20143667 · Cited by 6 · cited 3× · see citing works
“It is difficult to “teach” how to be a good pen rider (Portillo, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential

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Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis
Buczinski, S., & Pardon, B. (2020) · Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citation
Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview
Kamel, M. S., Davidson, J. L., & Verma, M. S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14040627 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Other manifestations of BRD are coughing, along with nasal and ocular discharges [24,52–54].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Bayesian Estimation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Systematic Thoracic Ultrasound Exam for Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Pre-Weaned Calves
Berman, J., Francoz, D., Dufour, S., & Buczinski, S. (2019) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.025 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Scoping Review on Clinical Definition of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex and Related Clinical Signs in Dairy Cows
Ferraro, S., Fecteau, G., Dubuc, J., Francoz, D., Rousseau, M., Roy, J.-P., & Buczinski, S. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2020-19471 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Differences in the association of cough and other clinical signs with ultrasonographic lung consolidation in dairy, veal, and beef calves
Lowie, T., Van Leenen, K., Jourquin, S., Pas, M. L., Bokma, J., & Pardon, B. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21570 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review: Bovine Respiratory Disease, Current Insights into Epidemiology, Diagnostic Challenges, and Vaccination
O’Donoghue, S., Waters, S. M., Morris, D. W., & Earley, B. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12080778 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The severity and duration of these clinical signs can vary depending on the causative pathogen [3].”
Influential
Assessment of Brix refractometry to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in beef cow colostrum
Gamsjäger, L., Elsohaby, I., Pearson, J. M., Lévy, M., Pajor, E. A., Haines, D. M., & Windeyer, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15805 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The lowest MCT result can be considered as the Brix percentage that minimizes the cost.(31) The MCT decreased”
Background
Diagnostic accuracy of Wisconsin and California scoring systems to detect bovine respiratory disease in preweaning dairy calves under subtropical environmental conditions
Decaris, N., Buczinski, S., Tárdon, D. I. C., Camargo, L., Schllemer, N. R., Hagen, S. C. F., Woolums, A. R., & Gomes, V. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21491 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Feeding behavior and activity levels are associated with recovery status in dairy calves treated with antimicrobials for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Cantor, M. C., Renaud, D. L., Neave, H. W., & Costa, J. H. C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08131-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Literature Review of the Principal Diagnostic Tests to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease in Pre-Weaned Dairy and Veal Calves
Berman, J. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14020329 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Early detection of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves using sensor based feeding, movement, and social behavioural data
Bushby, E. V., Thomas, M., Vázquez-Diosdado, J. A., Occhiuto, F., & Kaler, J. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58206-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Development and validation of a clinical respiratory disease scoring system for guiding treatment decisions in veal calves using a Bayesian framework
Berman, J., Francoz, D., Abdallah, A., Dufour, S., & Buczinski, S. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21695 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The minimum value of MCT was considered as the value that minimizes the misclassification costs (Greiner, 1996; Buczinski et al., 2018b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Cross-sectional study of antimicrobial use and treatment decision for preweaning Canadian dairy calves
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“BRD clinical presentation comprises systemic signs and respiratory symptoms [6].”
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“The data that were collected in this study could be used for a reweighting of the clinical signs, similar to the work of Buczinski et al. (2018), to produce a clinical score that would most accurately characterize Irish dairy calves’ BRD status.”
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“These results may be linked to the relatively short onset of BRD clinical signs in the acute form of the disease, that ranges from 5 to 9 days (Buczinski et al. 2018); while in the chronic form the intensity of clinical signs decrease, and often clinical signs are not visible anymore (Bednarek et…”
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“…study showed sufficient data to evidence the efficacy of pulmonary ultrasonography in the diagnosis of BRD, consistent with the results found by Jung & Bostedt (2004), Buczinski et al. (2013), Adams & Buczinski (2016), Buczinski et al. (2018), Cramer & Ollivett (2019) and Rhodes et al. (2021).”
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Performance of various interpretations of clinical scoring systems for diagnosis of respiratory disease in dairy calves in a temperate climate using Bayesian latent class analysis
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Development of a Clinical Scoring System for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Weaned Dairy Calves
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Development of a Novel Clinical Scoring System for On-Farm Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves
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Authors: Buczinski, S., Fecteau, G., Dubuc, J., & Francoz, D.
Affiliations: Université de Montréal (CA)
Corresponding author: Buczinski, S.
ORCID: Buczinski, S.
Dubuc, J.
Francoz, D.
Venue: Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-08
Volume: 156
Pages: 102-112
ISSN: 0167-5877 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.004
PMC: PMC7114123
OpenAlex: W2801176393
Cited by: 43
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Preventive Veterinary Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Université de Montréal
Fondation du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire of the Université de Montréal
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
Keywords: bovine respiratory disease, preweaned dairy calves, clinical scoring systems, Bayesian latent class model, imperfect reference standard, thoracic ultrasound, lower respiratory tract infection, clinical signs, misclassification cost, prevalence
MeSH terms: Animals, Animals, Newborn, Bayes Theorem, Cattle, Ultrasonography, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

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Validation of a Clinical Scoring System for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Diagnosis in Preweaned Dairy Calves Using a Bayesian Framework

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